自建NAS如何使用大于2TB的硬盘(从分区开始）
自建NAS如何使用大于2TB的硬盘(从分区开始）
需求说明：
自建NAS，自备了两块3T的硬盘，如何操作才能正常的使用？
思路说明：
- 按照自己的需求对两块3T硬盘分区；
- 对分区进行格式化；
- 挂载到某一目录（需设置开机自动挂载）
- 上传文件测试；
硬盘分区
最常见的分区如下所示：
#系统
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Debian
Description: Debian GNU/Linux 9.4 (stretch)
Release: 9.4
Codename: stretch
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] kyeup 的密码：
Disk /dev/sda: 74.5 GiB, 80026361856 bytes, 156301488 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: E57E46D1-111A-4C41-BAFD-62AA237015D1
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/sda2 1050624 148615167 147564544 70.4G Linux filesystem
/dev/sda3 148615168 156301311 7686144 3.7G Linux swap
Disk /dev/sdc: 2.7 TiB, 3000592982016 bytes, 5860533168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disk /dev/sdb: 2.7 TiB, 3000592982016 bytes, 5860533168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.29.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
The size of this disk is 2.7 TiB (3000592982016 bytes). DOS partition table format can not be used on drives for volumes larger than 2199023255040 bytes for 512-byte sectors. Use GUID partition table format (GPT).
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x4d35f874.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-4294967295, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-4294967294, default 4294967294):
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 TiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 2.7 TiB, 3000592982016 bytes, 5860533168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x4d35f874
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4294967294 4294965247 2T 83 Linux
Command (m for help): q
根据上面的提示：
The size of this disk is 2.7 TiB (3000592982016 bytes). DOS partition table format can not be used on drives for volumes larger than 2199023255040 bytes for 512-byte sectors. Use GUID partition table format (GPT).
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4294967294 4294965247 2T 83 Linux
MBR 分区表类型最大支持2T，对于大于2T的硬盘需要使用GPT分区。另外，fdisk只对mbr分区有效，故而使用parted分区。
MBR（Master Boot Record）
主引导记录，是传统的分区机制，应用于绝大多数使用BIOS的PC设备
MBR支持32位和64位系统。
MBR支持分区数量有限。
MBR只支持不超过2T的硬盘，超过2T的硬盘将只能用2T空间（有第三方解决方法）。
GPT（GUID Partition Table）
全局唯一标识分区表，是一个较新的分区机制，解决了MBR很多缺点。
支持超过2T的磁盘（64位寻址空间）。fdisk最大只能建立2TB大小的分区，创建一个大于2TB的分区使用parted。
向后兼容MBR。
必须在支持uEFI的硬件上才能使用（Intel提出，用于取代BIOS）。
必须使用64位系统。
Mac、Linux系统都能支持GPT分区格式。
Windows 7/8 64bit、Windows Server 2008 64bit支持GPT。
以上就是Linux系统MBR和GPT分区的区别，总得来说GPT比MBR更先进，但是MBR的兼容性比GPT要好。
kyeup@kyeup-nas:/sys/block$ sudo parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) p
Model: ATA WD30EZRZ-64D85Y0 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 3001GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? fun1
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 0%
End? 1T
(parted) p
Model: ATA WD30EZRZ-64D85Y0 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 3001GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 1000GB 1000GB ext4 fun1
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? fun2
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 1T
End? 100%
(parted) p
Model: ATA WD30EZRZ-64D85Y0 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 3001GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 1000GB 1000GB ext4 fun1
2 1000GB 3001GB 2001GB ext4 fun2
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo parted /dev/sdc
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdc
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) p
Model: ATA WD30EFRX-68EUZN0 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 3001GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? work1
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 0%
End? 1T
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? work2
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 1T
End? 100%
(parted) p
Model: ATA WD30EFRX-68EUZN0 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 3001GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 1000GB 1000GB ext4 work1
2 1000GB 3001GB 2001GB ext4 work2
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 74.5 GiB, 80026361856 bytes, 156301488 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: E57E46D1-111A-4C41-BAFD-62AA237015D1
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/sda2 1050624 148615167 147564544 70.4G Linux filesystem
/dev/sda3 148615168 156301311 7686144 3.7G Linux swap
Disk /dev/sdc: 2.7 TiB, 3000592982016 bytes, 5860533168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 16CD8258-758E-4FE4-B198-DF40ABE49BE3
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdc1 2048 1953124351 1953122304 931.3G Linux filesystem
/dev/sdc2 1953124352 5860532223 3907407872 1.8T Linux filesystem
Disk /dev/sdb: 2.7 TiB, 3000592982016 bytes, 5860533168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: BD41449F-41EB-43DB-B797-185363963AE1
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 1953124351 1953122304 931.3G Linux filesystem
/dev/sdb2 1953124352 5860532223 3907407872 1.8T Linux filesystem
Start? 0%
End? 1T
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? work2
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 1T
End? 100%
注意此处是0% 100%
对分区进行格式化
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 74.5 GiB, 80026361856 bytes, 156301488 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: E57E46D1-111A-4C41-BAFD-62AA237015D1
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System
/dev/sda2 1050624 148615167 147564544 70.4G Linux filesystem
/dev/sda3 148615168 156301311 7686144 3.7G Linux swap
Disk /dev/sdc: 2.7 TiB, 3000592982016 bytes, 5860533168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 16CD8258-758E-4FE4-B198-DF40ABE49BE3
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdc1 2048 1953124351 1953122304 931.3G Linux filesystem
/dev/sdc2 1953124352 5860532223 3907407872 1.8T Linux filesystem
Disk /dev/sdb: 2.7 TiB, 3000592982016 bytes, 5860533168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: BD41449F-41EB-43DB-B797-185363963AE1
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 1953124351 1953122304 931.3G Linux filesystem
/dev/sdb2 1953124352 5860532223 3907407872 1.8T Linux filesystem
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
创建含有 244140288 个块（每块 4k）和 61038592 个inode的文件系统
文件系统UUID：a5fc03f1-255b-4561-b3b2-9c17c324d935
超级块的备份存储于下列块：
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
正在分配组表： 完成
正在写入inode表： 完成
创建日志（262144 个块）完成
写入超级块和文件系统账户统计信息： 已完成
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
创建含有 488425984 个块（每块 4k）和 122109952 个inode的文件系统
文件系统UUID：b4e66cc9-f7c0-489b-beda-8e5a481c61e0
超级块的备份存储于下列块：
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
正在分配组表： 完成
正在写入inode表： 完成
创建日志（262144 个块）完成
写入超级块和文件系统账户统计信息： 已完成
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
创建含有 244140288 个块（每块 4k）和 61038592 个inode的文件系统
文件系统UUID：b568092d-ccba-47ca-ba38-af90db375983
超级块的备份存储于下列块：
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
正在分配组表： 完成
正在写入inode表： 完成
创建日志（262144 个块）完成
写入超级块和文件系统账户统计信息： 已完成
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc2
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
创建含有 488425984 个块（每块 4k）和 122109952 个inode的文件系统
文件系统UUID：837dfafb-3cff-4c15-9bea-33cc18abc3bb
超级块的备份存储于下列块：
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
正在分配组表： 完成
正在写入inode表： 完成
创建日志（262144 个块）完成
写入超级块和文件系统账户统计信息： 已完成
挂载到某一目录（需设置开机自动挂载）
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo blkid
/dev/sda1: UUID="8982-B086" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="b5461768-be0f-4ff2-bccb-44ebc7f84a5d"
/dev/sda2: UUID="17dbffb4-ff98-4ba4-b0c0-270d0ac12f07" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="4be18a0f-4d18-47a5-8c94-580251b97803"
/dev/sda3: UUID="effcd1ac-b4ed-4c62-894c-66aca5fc61f2" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="4a1dfc34-9c37-4345-8516-7e5d868eaef6"
/dev/sdc1: UUID="b568092d-ccba-47ca-ba38-af90db375983" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="work1" PARTUUID="e57513c5-a3d4-4b5d-a4a7-0ab1980f153b"
/dev/sdc2: UUID="837dfafb-3cff-4c15-9bea-33cc18abc3bb" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="work2" PARTUUID="0a993b35-34b6-49fc-80e3-aac086304ff0"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="a5fc03f1-255b-4561-b3b2-9c17c324d935" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="fun1" PARTUUID="00edb0eb-153a-41bd-9aa8-99749c1dac4a"
/dev/sdb2: UUID="b4e66cc9-f7c0-489b-beda-8e5a481c61e0" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="fun2" PARTUUID="dc10cdd3-4d52-47f7-be6d-85e04f7c1acd"
#新建挂载的目录
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo mkdir /fun1 /fun2 /work1 /work2
#编辑 /etc/fstab
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo cat /etc/fstab
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# / was on /dev/sda2 during installation
UUID=17dbffb4-ff98-4ba4-b0c0-270d0ac12f07 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /boot/efi was on /dev/sda1 during installation
UUID=8982-B086 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1
# swap was on /dev/sda3 during installation
UUID=effcd1ac-b4ed-4c62-894c-66aca5fc61f2 none swap sw 0 0
UUID=a5fc03f1-255b-4561-b3b2-9c17c324d935 /fun1 ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=b4e66cc9-f7c0-489b-beda-8e5a481c61e0 /fun2 ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=b568092d-ccba-47ca-ba38-af90db375983 /work1 ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=837dfafb-3cff-4c15-9bea-33cc18abc3bb /work2 ext4 defaults 0 0
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo mount -a
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
udev 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 362M 5.5M 356M 2% /run
/dev/sda2 69G 3.5G 62G 6% /
tmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 511M 132K 511M 1% /boot/efi
tmpfs 362M 0 362M 0% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 916G 77M 870G 1% /fun1
/dev/sdb2 1.8T 77M 1.7T 1% /fun2
/dev/sdc1 916G 77M 870G 1% /work1
/dev/sdc2 1.8T 77M 1.7T 1% /work2
上传文件测试；
kyeup@kyeup-nas:/fun2$ ls /fun[12] /work[12]
/fun1:
lost+found
/fun2:
lost+found
/work1:
lost+found
/work2:
lost+found
kyeup@kyeup-nas:/fun1$ sudo mkdir movie
kyeup@kyeup-nas:/fun1$ ls
lost+found movie
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo chown kyeup:kyeup /fun1/movie/
kyeup@kyeup-nas:/fun1/movie$ mkdir study
补充
在分区的时候一定格外注意：
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo parted /dev/sdc
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdc
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mktable
New disk label type? work1
parted: invalid token: work1
New disk label type? gpt
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? work1
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 0
End? 1T
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
Ignore/Cancel? i
(parted) mkpart
Partition name? []? work2
File system type? [ext2]? ext4
Start? 1T
End? 100%
(parted) p
Model: ATA WD30EFRX-68EUZN0 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdc: 3001GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 17.4kB 1000GB 1000GB ext4 work1
2 1000GB 3001GB 2001GB ext4 work2
在start的时候，不能输入 0 或者 1，在网上大多采用这种方法，但是在后面的格式化中出现：
kyeup@kyeup-nas:~$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
/dev/sdb1 未对齐，偏移了 3072 个字节。
这可能导致性能下降，建议重新进行分区。
创建含有 244140620 个块（每块 4k）和 61038592 个inode的文件系统
文件系统UUID：d16b9bfe-8485-4795-a4ef-aeb6bf2d914e
超级块的备份存储于下列块：
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848
正在分配组表： 完成
正在写入inode表： 完成
创建日志（262144 个块）完成
写入超级块和文件系统账户统计信息： 已完成
所以出现了“4K对齐”的问题，网上有解决办法，但是试过不行之有效，所以最好的办法是使用百分比（%）的方式划分。
希望大家遇到此类问题能很快的解决！o(∩_∩)o
