中间件
解析
django 中的中间件(middleware),在django中,中间件其实就是一个类,在请求到来和结束后,
django会根据自己的规则在合适的时机执行中间件中相应的方法。
在django项目的settings模块中,有一个 MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES 变量,
其中每一个元素就是一个中间件,
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', # 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', # 跨站请求伪造 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ]
以上方法的返回值可以是None和HttpResonse对象,如果是None,则继续按照django定义的规则向下执行,
如果是HttpResonse对象,则直接将该对象返回给用户。
流程图
上面的流程图可能有些乱,为了解流程花的草图;
上面是Django 1.9版本的流程图,到django 1.10就变了;
变成了request在相对应的response中找。
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class test1Middleware(object): def process_request(self, request): print('11111111') def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print('process_view1') def process_response(self, request, response): print('response 111111') return response def process_template_response(self, request, response): print('template1') return response def process_exception(self, request, exception): print('ex1') class test2Middleware(object): def process_request(self, request): #if request.META['REMOTE_ADDR'] in ['1.1.1.1','1.1.1.2']: # return HttpResponse('SB') # return HttpResponse('SB') print('22222') def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print('process_view2') def process_template_response(self, request, response): print('template2') return response def process_exception(self, request, exception): print('ex2') class test3Middleware(object): def process_request(self, request): print('33333') def process_response(self, request, response): print('response 33333') return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print('process_view3') def process_template_response(self, request, response): print('template3') return response def process_exception(self, request, exception): print('ex3') return HttpResponse('500')
自定义中间件
1、创建中间件的类
class RequestExeute(object): def process_request(self,request): pass def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): i =1 pass def process_exception(self, request, exception): pass def process_response(self, request, response): return response
2、注册中间件
MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = ( 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', 'wupeiqi.middleware.auth.RequestExeute', )
缓存
解析
由于Django是动态网站,一般来说需要实时地生成访问的网页,展示给访问者,这样内容可以随时变化,
但是从数据库读多次把所需要的数据取出来,要比从内存或者硬盘中读出来 付出的成本大很多。
最简单解决方式是使用:缓存,缓存将一个某个views的返回值保存至内存或者Redis中,一定时间内再有人来访问时,
则不再去执行view中的操作,而是直接从内存或者Redis中之前缓存的内容拿到,并返回。
Django中提供6种缓存方式:
开发调试
内存
文件
数据库
Memcache缓存(python-memcached模块)
Memcache缓存(pylibmc模块)
配置
a、开发调试
# 此为开始调试用,实际内部不做任何操作 # 配置: CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.dummy.DummyCache', # 引擎 'TIMEOUT': 300, # 缓存超时时间(默认300,None表示永不过期,0表示立即过期) 'OPTIONS':{ 'MAX_ENTRIES': 300, # 最大缓存个数(默认300) 'CULL_FREQUENCY': 3, # 缓存到达最大个数之后,剔除缓存个数的比例,即:1/CULL_FREQUENCY(默认3) }, 'KEY_PREFIX': '', # 缓存key的前缀(默认空) 'VERSION': 1, # 缓存key的版本(默认1) 'KEY_FUNCTION' 函数名 # 生成key的函数(默认函数会生成为:【前缀:版本:key】) } } # 自定义key def default_key_func(key, key_prefix, version): """ Default function to generate keys. Constructs the key used by all other methods. By default it prepends the `key_prefix'. KEY_FUNCTION can be used to specify an alternate function with custom key making behavior. """ return '%s:%s:%s' % (key_prefix, version, key) def get_key_func(key_func): """ Function to decide which key function to use. Defaults to ``default_key_func``. """ if key_func is not None: if callable(key_func): return key_func else: return import_string(key_func) return default_key_func
b、内存
# 此缓存将内容保存至内存的变量中 # 配置: CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.locmem.LocMemCache', 'LOCATION': 'unique-snowflake', } } # 注:其他配置同开发调试版本
c、文件
# 此缓存将内容保存至文件 # 配置: CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.filebased.FileBasedCache', 'LOCATION': '/var/tmp/django_cache', } } # 注:其他配置同开发调试版本
d、数据库
# 此缓存将内容保存至数据库 # 配置: CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache', 'LOCATION': 'my_cache_table', # 数据库表 } } # 注:执行创建表命令 python manage.py createcachetable
e、Memcache缓存(python-memcached模块)
# 此缓存使用python-memcached模块连接memcache CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.MemcachedCache', 'LOCATION': '127.0.0.1:11211', } } CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.MemcachedCache', 'LOCATION': 'unix:/tmp/memcached.sock', } } CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.MemcachedCache', 'LOCATION': [ '172.19.26.240:11211', '172.19.26.242:11211', ] } }
f、Memcache缓存(pylibmc模块)
# 此缓存使用pylibmc模块连接memcache CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache', 'LOCATION': '127.0.0.1:11211', } } CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache', 'LOCATION': '/tmp/memcached.sock', } } CACHES = { 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache', 'LOCATION': [ '172.19.26.240:11211', '172.19.26.242:11211', ] } }
应用
a. 全站使用
使用中间件,经过一系列的认证等操作,如果内容在缓存中存在,则使用FetchFromCacheMiddleware获取内容并返回给用户,
当返回给用户之前,判断缓存中是否已经存在,如果不存在则UpdateCacheMiddleware会将缓存保存至缓存,从而实现全站缓存 MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.cache.UpdateCacheMiddleware', # 其他中间件... 'django.middleware.cache.FetchFromCacheMiddleware', ] CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ALIAS = "" CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_SECONDS = "" CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_KEY_PREFIX = ""
b. 单独视图缓存
方式一: from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page @cache_page(60 * 15) def my_view(request): ... 方式二: from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page urlpatterns = [ url(r'^foo/([0-9]{1,2})/$', cache_page(60 * 15)(my_view)), ]
示例:
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,HttpResponseRedirect import time # from django_nanian import pizza_done from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page class Response: def __init__(self, request, html, *args, **kwargs): self.request = request self.args = args self.html = html self.kwargs = kwargs def render(self, *args, **kwargs): return render(self.request, self.html, *self.args, **self.kwargs) # Create your views here. def index(request): print('views') return Response(request, 'index.html') @cache_page(10) # 使用装饰器进行局部缓存,生效时间十秒 def cache1(request, page): t = time.time() return render(request, 'cache.html', {'t': t}) def cache2(request): t = time.time() # pizza_done.send(sender='cache2', toppings=1, size=3) return render(request, 'cache.html', {'t': t})
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {{ t }} </body> </html>
c、局部模板使用
在前端页面
a. 引入TemplateTag {% load cache %} b. 使用缓存 {% cache 5000 缓存key %} 缓存内容 {% endcache %}
示例:
def cache3(request): # 局部视图缓存 print(type(request)) t = time.time() from app01 import models print('before') # models.UserInfo.objects.create(name='test') print('after') # pizza_done.send(sender='cache3', toppings=123, size=456) return render(request, 'cache3.html', {'t': t})
{% load cache %} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {{ t }} <hr /> {% cache 10 nnn %} {# 缓存十秒 #} {{ t }} {% endcache %} </body> </html>
信号
Django中提供了“信号调度”,用于在框架执行操作时解耦。通俗来讲,就是一些动作发生的时候,信号允许特定的发送者去提醒一些接受者。
Django内置信号
Model signals pre_init # django的modal执行其构造方法前,自动触发 post_init # django的modal执行其构造方法后,自动触发 pre_save # django的modal对象保存前,自动触发 post_save # django的modal对象保存后,自动触发 pre_delete # django的modal对象删除前,自动触发 post_delete # django的modal对象删除后,自动触发 m2m_changed # django的modal中使用m2m字段操作第三张表(add,remove,clear)前后,自动触发 class_prepared # 程序启动时,检测已注册的app中modal类,对于每一个类,自动触发 Management signals pre_migrate # 执行migrate命令前,自动触发 post_migrate # 执行migrate命令后,自动触发 Request/response signals request_started # 请求到来前,自动触发 request_finished # 请求结束后,自动触发 got_request_exception # 请求异常后,自动触发 Test signals setting_changed # 使用test测试修改配置文件时,自动触发 template_rendered # 使用test测试渲染模板时,自动触发 Database Wrappers connection_created # 创建数据库连接时,自动触发
对于Django内置的信号,仅需注册指定信号,当程序执行相应操作时,自动触发注册函数:
from django.core.signals import request_finished from django.core.signals import request_started from django.core.signals import got_request_exception from django.db.models.signals import class_prepared from django.db.models.signals import pre_init, post_init from django.db.models.signals import pre_save, post_save from django.db.models.signals import pre_delete, post_delete from django.db.models.signals import m2m_changed from django.db.models.signals import pre_migrate, post_migrate from django.test.signals import setting_changed from django.test.signals import template_rendered from django.db.backends.signals import connection_created def callback(sender, **kwargs): print("xxoo_callback") print(sender,kwargs) xxoo.connect(callback) # xxoo指上述导入的内容
from django.core.signals import request_finished from django.dispatch import receiver @receiver(request_finished) def my_callback(sender, **kwargs): print("Request finished!")
自定义信号
a. 定义信号
import django.dispatch pizza_done = django.dispatch.Signal(providing_args=["toppings", "size"])
b. 注册信号
def callback(sender, **kwargs): print("callback") print(sender,kwargs) pizza_done.connect(callback)
c. 触发信号
from 路径 import pizza_done pizza_done.send(sender='seven',toppings=123, size=456)
由于内置信号的触发者已经集成到Django中,所以其会自动调用,而对于自定义信号则需要开发者在任意位置触发。
上传文件
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="/upload_file/" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="POST"> {% csrf_token %} <input type="file" name="fafafa" /> <input type="submit" value="提交" /> </form> </body> </html>
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. def upload_file(request): if request.method == "POST": # 以POST 的方式 file_name = request.FILES file_obj = file_name.get("file_name_1") # 获取到封装了文件操作的对象 f = open(file_obj.name, "wb") for line in file_obj.chunks(): # 循环取数据 f.write(line) f.close() return HttpResponse("上传成功") else: return render(request, "upload.html")
序列化
关于Django中的序列化主要应用在将数据库中检索的数据返回给客户端用户,特别的Ajax请求一般返回的为Json格式。
1、serializers
from django.core import serializers ret = models.BookType.objects.all() data = serializers.serialize("json", ret)
2、json.dumps
import json #ret = models.BookType.objects.all().values('caption') ret = models.BookType.objects.all().values_list('caption') ret=list(ret) result = json.dumps(ret)
由于json.dumps时无法处理datetime日期,所以可以通过自定义处理器来做扩展,如:
import json from datetime import date from datetime import datetime class JsonCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, field): if isinstance(field, datetime): return o.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') elif isinstance(field, date): return o.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') else: return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, field)
更多详见:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5246483.html