玩转Mysql系列 - 第13篇:细说NULL导致的神坑,让人防不胜防
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这是Mysql系列第11篇。
环境:mysql5.7.25,cmd命令中进行演示。
当数据的值为NULL的时候,可能出现各种意想不到的效果,让人防不胜防,我们来看看NULL导致的各种神坑,如何避免?
比较运算符中使用NULL
认真看下面的效果
- mysql> select 1>NULL;
- +--------+
- | 1>NULL |
- +--------+
- | NULL |
- +--------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1<NULL;
- +--------+
- | 1<NULL |
- +--------+
- | NULL |
- +--------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1<>NULL;
- +---------+
- | 1<>NULL |
- +---------+
- | NULL |
- +---------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1>NULL;
- +--------+
- | 1>NULL |
- +--------+
- | NULL |
- +--------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1<NULL;
- +--------+
- | 1<NULL |
- +--------+
- | NULL |
- +--------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1>=NULL;
- +---------+
- | 1>=NULL |
- +---------+
- | NULL |
- +---------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1<=NULL;
- +---------+
- | 1<=NULL |
- +---------+
- | NULL |
- +---------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1!=NULL;
- +---------+
- | 1!=NULL |
- +---------+
- | NULL |
- +---------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1<>NULL;
- +---------+
- | 1<>NULL |
- +---------+
- | NULL |
- +---------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select NULL=NULL,NULL!=NULL;
- +-----------+------------+
- | NULL=NULL | NULL!=NULL |
- +-----------+------------+
- | NULL | NULL |
- +-----------+------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1 in (null),1 not in (null),null in (null),null not in (null);
- +-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
- | 1 in (null) | 1 not in (null) | null in (null) | null not in (null) |
- +-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
- | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
- +-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1=any(select null),null=any(select null);
- +--------------------+-----------------------+
- | 1=any(select null) | null=any(select null) |
- +--------------------+-----------------------+
- | NULL | NULL |
- +--------------------+-----------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1=all(select null),null=all(select null);
- +--------------------+-----------------------+
- | 1=all(select null) | null=all(select null) |
- +--------------------+-----------------------+
- | NULL | NULL |
- +--------------------+-----------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
结论:任何值和NULL使用运算符(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all)比较时,返回值都为NULL,NULL作为布尔值的时候,不为1也不为0。
准备数据
- mysql> create table test1(a int,b int);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-
- mysql> insert into test1 values (1,1),(1,null),(null,null);
- Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
-
- mysql> select * from test1;
- +------+------+
- | a | b |
- +------+------+
- | 1 | 1 |
- | 1 | NULL |
- | NULL | NULL |
- +------+------+
- 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上面3条数据,认真看一下,特别是注意上面NULL的记录。
IN、NOT IN和NULL比较
IN和NULL比较
- mysql> select * from test1;
- +------+------+
- | a | b |
- +------+------+
- | 1 | 1 |
- | 1 | NULL |
- | NULL | NULL |
- +------+------+
- 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null);
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null,1);
- +------+------+
- | a | b |
- +------+------+
- | 1 | 1 |
- | 1 | NULL |
- +------+------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
结论:当IN和NULL比较时,无法查询出为NULL的记录。
NOT IN 和NULL比较
- mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (1);
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null);
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null,2);
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (2);
- +------+------+
- | a | b |
- +------+------+
- | 1 | 1 |
- | 1 | NULL |
- +------+------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
结论:当NOT IN 后面有NULL值时,不论什么情况下,整个sql的查询结果都为空。
EXISTS、NOT EXISTS和NULL比较
- mysql> select * from test2;
- +------+------+
- | a | b |
- +------+------+
- | 1 | 1 |
- | 1 | NULL |
- | NULL | NULL |
- +------+------+
- 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from test1 t1 where exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);
- +------+------+
- | a | b |
- +------+------+
- | 1 | 1 |
- | 1 | NULL |
- +------+------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select * from test1 t1 where not exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);
- +------+------+
- | a | b |
- +------+------+
- | NULL | NULL |
- +------+------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面我们复制了表test1创建了表test2。
查询语句中使用exists、not exists对比test1.a=test2.a,因为=不能比较NULL,结果和预期一致。
判断NULL只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
- mysql> select 1 is not null;
- +---------------+
- | 1 is not null |
- +---------------+
- | 1 |
- +---------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select 1 is null;
- +-----------+
- | 1 is null |
- +-----------+
- | 0 |
- +-----------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select null is null;
- +--------------+
- | null is null |
- +--------------+
- | 1 |
- +--------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select null is not null;
- +------------------+
- | null is not null |
- +------------------+
- | 0 |
- +------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
看上面的效果,返回的结果为1或者0。
结论:判断是否为空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL。
聚合函数中NULL的坑
示例
- mysql> select count(a),count(b),count(*) from test1;
- +----------+----------+----------+
- | count(a) | count(b) | count(*) |
- +----------+----------+----------+
- | 2 | 1 | 3 |
- +----------+----------+----------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
count(a)返回了2行记录,a字段为NULL的没有统计出来。
count(b)返回了1行记录,为NULL的2行记录没有统计出来。
count(*)可以统计所有数据,不论字段的数据是否为NULL。
再继续看
- mysql> select * from test1 where a is null;
- +------+------+
- | a | b |
- +------+------+
- | NULL | NULL |
- +------+------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-
- mysql> select count(a) from test1 where a is null;
- +----------+
- | count(a) |
- +----------+
- | 0 |
- +----------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面第1个sql使用is null查询出了结果,第2个sql中count(a)返回的是0行。
结论:count(字段)无法统计字段为NULL的值,count(*)可以统计值为null的行。
NULL不能作为主键的值
- mysql> create table test3(a int primary key,b int);
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
-
- mysql> insert into test3 values (null,1);
- ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null
上面我们创建了一个表test3
,字段a
未指定不能为空,插入了一条NULL的数据,报错原因:a 字段的值不能为NULL
,我们看一下表的创建语句:
- mysql> show create table test3;
- +-------+------------+
- | Table | Create Table |
- +-------+------------+
- | test3 | CREATE TABLE `test3` (
- `a` int(11) NOT NULL,
- `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
- PRIMARY KEY (`a`)
- ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
- +-------+------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
从上面的脚本可以看出,当字段为主键的时候,字段会自动设置为not null
。
结论:当字段为主键的时候,字段会自动设置为not null。
看了上面这些还是比较晕,NULL的情况确实比较难以处理,容易出错,最有效的方法就是避免使用NULL。所以,强烈建议创建字段的时候字段不允许为NULL,设置一个默认值。
总结
NULL作为布尔值的时候,不为1也不为0
任何值和NULL使用运算符(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all),返回值都为NULL
当IN和NULL比较时,无法查询出为NULL的记录
当NOT IN 后面有NULL值时,不论什么情况下,整个sql的查询结果都为空
判断是否为空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
count(字段)无法统计字段为NULL的值,count(*)可以统计值为null的行
当字段为主键的时候,字段会自动设置为not null
NULL导致的坑让人防不胜防,强烈建议创建字段的时候字段不允许为NULL,给个默认值
Mysql系列目录
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来源:https://itsoku.blog.csdn.net/article/details/101444352