sql 汇总

SQL基础知识整理

select 查询结果，如: [学号,平均成绩：组函数avg(成绩)]
from 从哪张表中查找数据，如:[涉及到成绩：成绩表score]
where 查询条件，如:[b.课程号='0003' and b.成绩>80]
group by 分组，如:[每个学生的平均：按学号分组](oracle,SQL server中出现在select 子句后的非分组函数，必须出现在group by子句后出现),MySQL中可以不用
having 对分组结果指定条件，如:[大于60分]
order by 对查询结果排序，如:[增序: 成绩 ASC / 降序: 成绩 DESC];
limit 使用limt子句返回topN（对应这个问题返回的成绩前两名），如:[ limit 2 ==>从0索引开始读取2个]limit==>从0索引开始 [0,N-1]

组函数: 去重 distinct() 统计总数sum() 计算个数count() 平均数avg() 最大值max() 最小数min()

多表连接: 内连接(省略默认inner) join ...on..左连接left join tableName as b on a.key ==b.key右连接right join 连接union(无重复(过滤去重))和union all(有重复[不过滤去重])

union 并集

union all(有重复)

oracle(SQL server)数据库

intersect 交集
minus(except) 相减(差集)

下图展示了 LEFT JOIN、RIGHT JOIN、INNER JOIN、OUTER JOIN 相关的 7 种用法。

oracle

一、数据库对象：表(table) 视图(view) 序列(sequence) 索引(index) 同义词(synonym)

1. 视图: 存储起来的 select 语句

create view emp_vw
as
select employee_id, last_name, salary
from employees
where department_id = 90;

select * from emp_vw;

可以对简单视图进行 DML 操作

update emp_vw
set last_name = 'HelloKitty'
where employee_id = 100;

select * from employees
where employee_id = 100;

1). 复杂视图

create view emp_vw2
as
select department_id, avg(salary) avg_sal
from employees
group by department_id;

select * from emp_vw2;

复杂视图不能进行 DML 操作

update emp_vw2
set avg_sal = 10000
where department_id = 100;

2. 序列：用于生成一组有规律的数值。（通常用于为主键设置值）

create sequence emp_seq1
start with 1
increment by 1
maxvalue 10000
minvalue 1
cycle
nocache;

select emp_seq1.currval from dual;

select emp_seq1.nextval from dual;

问题：裂缝，原因

当多个表共用同一个序列时。
rollback
发生异常

create table emp1(
       id number(10),
       name varchar2(30)
);

insert into emp1
values(emp_seq1.nextval, '张三');

select * from emp1;

3. 索引：提高查询效率

自动创建：Oracle 会为具有唯一约束(唯一约束，主键约束)的列，自动创建索引

create table emp2(
       id number(10) primary key,
       name varchar2(30)
)

手动创建

create index emp_idx
on emp2(name);

create index emp_idx2
on emp2(id, name);

4. 同义词

create synonym d1 for departments;

select * from d1;

5. 表：

DDL ：数据定义语言 create table .../ drop table ... / rename ... to..../ truncate table.../alter table ...

DML : 数据操纵语言

insert into ... values ...
update ... set ... where ...
delete from ... where ...

【重要】

select ... 组函数(MIN()/MAX()/SUM()/AVG()/COUNT())
from ...join ... on ... 左外连接：left join ... on ... 右外连接: right join ... on ...
where ...
group by ... (oracle,SQL server中出现在select 子句后的非分组函数，必须出现在 group by子句后)
having ... 用于过滤组函数
order by ... asc 升序， desc 降序
limit (0,4) 限制N条数据如: topN数据

union 并集
union all(有重复)
intersect 交集
minus 相减

DCL : 数据控制语言 commit : 提交 / rollback : 回滚 / 授权grant...to... /revoke

索引

何时创建索引:

问题：返回比本部门平均工资高的员工的last_name, department_id, salary及平均工资

case...when ... then... when ... then ... else ... end

查询：若部门为10 查看工资的 1.1 倍，部门号为 20 工资的1.2倍，其余 1.3 倍

SELECT
 employee_id,
 last_name,
 salary,
CASE
  department_id 
  WHEN 10 THEN
  salary * 1.1                                                           
  WHEN 20 THEN
  salary * 1.2  ELSE salary * 1.3                                                           
 END "new_salary" 
FROM
 employees;
SELECT
 employee_id,
 last_name,
 salary,
 decode( department_id, 10, salary * 1.1, 20, salary * 1.2,  salary * 1.3 ) "new_salary" 
FROM
 employees;

显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中，若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同，则location为’Canada’,其余则为’USA’。

select employee_id, last_name, case department_id when (
                    select department_id
                    from departments
                    where location_id = 1800
) then 'Canada' else 'USA' end "location"
from employees;

问题：查询员工的employee_id,last_name,要求按照员工的department_name排序

select employee_id, last_name
from employees e1
order by (
      select department_name
      from departments d1
      where e1.department_id = d1.department_id

SQL 优化：能使用 EXISTS 就不要使用 IN

问题：查询公司管理者的employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id信息

select employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
from employees
where employee_id in (
      select manager_id
      from employees
)

问题：查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

select department_id, department_name
from departments d1
where not exists (
      select 'x'
      from employees e1
      where e1.department_id = d1.department_id
)

更改 108 员工的信息: 使其工资变为所在部门中的最高工资, job 变为公司中平均工资最低的 job

update employees e1
set salary = (
    select max(salary)
    from employees e2
    where e1.department_id = e2.department_id
), job_id = (
   select job_id
   from employees
   group by job_id
   having avg(salary) = (
         select min(avg(salary))
         from employees
         group by job_id
   )
)
where employee_id = 108;

删除 108 号员工所在部门中工资最低的那个员工.

delete from employees e1
where salary = (
      select min(salary)
      from employees
      where department_id = (
            select department_id
            from employees
            where employee_id = 108
      )
)

select * from employees where employee_id = 108;
select * from employees where department_id = 100
order by salary;

rollback;

posted @ 2022-04-19 15:38 kisshappyboy 阅读(90) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报

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