Python之路【第十八篇】:Web框架们
Python的WEB框架
Bottle
Bottle是一个快速、简洁、轻量级的基于WSIG的微型Web框架,此框架只由一个 .py 文件,除了Python的标准库外,其不依赖任何其他模块。
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pip install bottle easy_install bottle apt - get install python - bottle wget http: / / bottlepy.org / bottle.py |
Bottle框架大致可以分为以下部分:
- 路由系统,将不同请求交由指定函数处理
- 模板系统,将模板中的特殊语法渲染成字符串,值得一说的是Bottle的模板引擎可以任意指定:Bottle内置模板、mako、jinja2、cheetah
- 公共组件,用于提供处理请求相关的信息,如:表单数据、cookies、请求头等
- 服务,Bottle默认支持多种基于WSGI的服务,如:
123456789101112131415161718192021server_names
=
{
'cgi'
: CGIServer,
'flup'
: FlupFCGIServer,
'wsgiref'
: WSGIRefServer,
'waitress'
: WaitressServer,
'cherrypy'
: CherryPyServer,
'paste'
: PasteServer,
'fapws3'
: FapwsServer,
'tornado'
: TornadoServer,
'gae'
: AppEngineServer,
'twisted'
: TwistedServer,
'diesel'
: DieselServer,
'meinheld'
: MeinheldServer,
'gunicorn'
: GunicornServer,
'eventlet'
: EventletServer,
'gevent'
: GeventServer,
'geventSocketIO'
:GeventSocketIOServer,
'rocket'
: RocketServer,
'bjoern'
: BjoernServer,
'auto'
: AutoServer,
}
框架的基本使用
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle root = Bottle() @root .route( '/hello/' ) def index(): return "Hello World" # return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex") root.run(host = 'localhost' , port = 8080 ) |
一、路由系统
路由系统是的url对应指定函数,当用户请求某个url时,就由指定函数处理当前请求,对于Bottle的路由系统可以分为一下几类:
- 静态路由
- 动态路由
- 请求方法路由
- 二级路由
1、静态路由
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@root .route( '/hello/' ) def index(): return template( '<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!' , name = "Alex" ) |
2、动态路由
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@root .route( '/wiki/<pagename>' ) def callback(pagename): ... @root .route( '/object/<id:int>' ) def callback( id ): ... @root .route( '/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>' ) def callback(name): ... @root .route( '/static/<path:path>' ) def callback(path): return static_file(path, root = 'static' ) |
3、请求方法路由
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@root .route( '/hello/' , method = 'POST' ) def index(): ... @root .get( '/hello/' ) def index(): ... @root .post( '/hello/' ) def index(): ... @root .put( '/hello/' ) def index(): ... @root .delete( '/hello/' ) def index(): ... |
4、二级路由
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from bottle import template, Bottle 4 5 app01 = Bottle() 6 7 @app01.route('/hello/', method='GET') 8 def index(): 9 return template('<b>App01</b>!')
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from bottle import template, Bottle 4 5 app02 = Bottle() 6 7 8 @app02.route('/hello/', method='GET') 9 def index(): 10 return template('<b>App02</b>!')
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle from bottle import static_file root = Bottle() @root .route( '/hello/' ) def index(): return template( '<b>Root {{name}}</b>!' , name = "Alex" ) from framwork_bottle import app01 from framwork_bottle import app02 root.mount( 'app01' , app01.app01) root.mount( 'app02' , app02.app02) root.run(host = 'localhost' , port = 8080 ) |
二、模板系统
模板系统用于将Html和自定的值两者进行渲染,从而得到字符串,然后将该字符串返回给客户端。我们知道在Bottle中可以使用 内置模板系统、mako、jinja2、cheetah等,以内置模板系统为例:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 </head> 7 <body> 8 <h1>{{name}}</h1> 9 </body> 10 </html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle root = Bottle() @root .route( '/hello/' ) def index(): # 默认情况下去目录:['./', './views/']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html # 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中 return template( 'hello_template.tpl' , name = 'alex' ) root.run(host = 'localhost' , port = 8080 ) |
1、语法
- 单值
- 单行Python代码
- Python代码快
- Python、Html混合
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<h1> 1 、单值< / h1> {{name}} <h1> 2 、单行Python代码< / h1> % s1 = "hello" <h1> 3 、Python代码块< / h1> < % # A block of python code name = name.title().strip() if name = = "Alex" : name = "seven" % > <h1> 4 、Python、Html混合< / h1> % if True : <span>{{name}}< / span> % end <ul> % for item in name: <li>{{item}}< / li> % end < / ul> |
2、函数
include(sub_template, **variables)
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# 导入其他模板文件 % include( 'header.tpl' , title = 'Page Title' ) Page Content % include( 'footer.tpl' ) |
rebase(name, **variables)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <html> 2 <head> 3 <title>{{title or 'No title'}}</title> 4 </head> 5 <body> 6 {{!base}} 7 </body> 8 </html>
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# 导入母版 % rebase( 'base.tpl' , title = 'Page Title' ) <p>Page Content ...< / p> |
defined(name)
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# 检查当前变量是否已经被定义,已定义True,未定义False |
get(name, default=None)
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# 获取某个变量的值,不存在时可设置默认值 |
setdefault(name, default)
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# 如果变量不存在时,为变量设置默认值 |
扩展:自定义函数
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 </head> 7 <body> 8 <h1>自定义函数</h1> 9 {{ wupeiqi() }} 10 11 </body> 12 </html>
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate 4 root = Bottle() 5 6 7 def custom(): 8 return '123123' 9 10 11 @root.route('/hello/') 12 def index(): 13 # 默认情况下去目录:['./', './views/']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html 14 # 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中 15 return template('hello_template.html', name='alex', wupeiqi=custom) 16 17 root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)
注:变量或函数前添加 【 ! 】,则会关闭转义的功能
三、公共组件
由于Web框架就是用来【接收用户请求】-> 【处理用户请求】-> 【响应相关内容】,对于具体如何处理用户请求,开发人员根据用户请求来进行处理,而对于接收用户请求和相应相关的内容均交给框架本身来处理,其处理完成之后将产出交给开发人员和用户。
【接收用户请求】
当框架接收到用户请求之后,将请求信息封装在Bottle的request中,以供开发人员使用
【响应相关内容】
当开发人员的代码处理完用户请求之后,会将其执行内容相应给用户,相应的内容会封装在Bottle的response中,然后再由框架将内容返回给用户
所以,公共组件本质其实就是为开发人员提供接口,使其能够获取用户信息并配置响应内容。
1、request
Bottle中的request其实是一个LocalReqeust对象,其中封装了用户请求的相关信息:
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request.headers 请求头信息 request.query get请求信息 request.forms post请求信息 request.files 上传文件信息 request.params get和post请求信息 request.GET get请求信息 request.POST post和上传信息 request.cookies cookie信息 request.environ 环境相关相关 |
2、response
Bottle中的request其实是一个LocalResponse对象,其中框架即将返回给用户的相关信息:
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response response.status_line 状态行 response.status_code 状态码 response.headers 响应头 response.charset 编码 response.set_cookie 在浏览器上设置cookie response.delete_cookie 在浏览器上删除cookie |
实例:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 from bottle import route, request 2 3 @route('/login') 4 def login(): 5 return ''' 6 <form action="/login" method="post"> 7 Username: <input name="username" type="text" /> 8 Password: <input name="password" type="password" /> 9 <input value="Login" type="submit" /> 10 </form> 11 ''' 12 13 @route('/login', method='POST') 14 def do_login(): 15 username = request.forms.get('username') 16 password = request.forms.get('password') 17 if check_login(username, password): 18 return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>" 19 else: 20 return "<p>Login failed.</p>"
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> 2 Category: <input type="text" name="category" /> 3 Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" /> 4 <input type="submit" value="Start upload" /> 5 </form> 6 7 8 @route('/upload', method='POST') 9 def do_upload(): 10 category = request.forms.get('category') 11 upload = request.files.get('upload') 12 name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename) 13 if ext not in ('.png','.jpg','.jpeg'): 14 return 'File extension not allowed.' 15 16 save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category) 17 upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automatically 18 return 'OK'
四、服务
对于Bottle框架其本身未实现类似于Tornado自己基于socket实现Web服务,所以必须依赖WSGI,默认Bottle已经实现并且支持的WSGI有:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 server_names = { 2 'cgi': CGIServer, 3 'flup': FlupFCGIServer, 4 'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer, 5 'waitress': WaitressServer, 6 'cherrypy': CherryPyServer, 7 'paste': PasteServer, 8 'fapws3': FapwsServer, 9 'tornado': TornadoServer, 10 'gae': AppEngineServer, 11 'twisted': TwistedServer, 12 'diesel': DieselServer, 13 'meinheld': MeinheldServer, 14 'gunicorn': GunicornServer, 15 'eventlet': EventletServer, 16 'gevent': GeventServer, 17 'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer, 18 'rocket': RocketServer, 19 'bjoern' : BjoernServer, 20 'auto': AutoServer, 21 }
使用时,只需在主app执行run方法时指定参数即可:
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import Bottle root = Bottle() @root .route( '/hello/' ) def index(): return "Hello World" # 默认server ='wsgiref' root.run(host = 'localhost' , port = 8080 , server = 'wsgiref' ) |
默认server="wsgiref",即:使用Python内置模块wsgiref,如果想要使用其他时,则需要首先安装相关类库,然后才能使用。如:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 # 如果使用Tornado的服务,则需要首先安装tornado才能使用 2 3 class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter): 4 """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """ 5 def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover 6 # 导入Tornado相关模块 7 import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop 8 container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler) 9 server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container) 10 server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host) 11 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
PS:以上WSGI中提供了19种,如果想要使期支持其他服务,则需要扩展Bottle源码来自定义一个ServerAdapter
更多参见:http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html
Flask
Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,然后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时,需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实可以 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。
默认情况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。
安装
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pip install Flask |
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response 4 5 @Request.application 6 def hello(request): 7 return Response('Hello World!') 8 9 if __name__ == '__main__': 10 from werkzeug.serving import run_simple 11 run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
一、第一次
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from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__) @app .route( "/" ) def hello(): return "Hello World!" if __name__ = = "__main__" : app.run() |
二、路由系统
- @app.route('/user/<username>')
- @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
- @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
常用路由系统有以上五种,所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理:
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DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = { 'default' : UnicodeConverter, 'string' : UnicodeConverter, 'any' : AnyConverter, 'path' : PathConverter, 'int' : IntegerConverter, 'float' : FloatConverter, 'uuid' : UUIDConverter, } |
注:对于Flask默认不支持直接写正则表达式的路由,不过可以通过自定义来实现,见:https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259
三、模板
1、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,所以其语法和Django无差别
2、自定义模板方法
Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似,创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template,如:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 </head> 7 <body> 8 <h1>自定义函数</h1> 9 {{ww()|safe}} 10 11 </body> 12 </html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask,render_template app = Flask(__name__) def wupeiqi(): return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>' @app .route( '/login' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def login(): return render_template( 'login.html' , ww = wupeiqi) app.run() |
四、公共组件
1、请求
对于Http请求,Flask会讲请求信息封装在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest),提供的如下常用方法和字段以供使用:
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request.method request.args request.form request.values request.files request.cookies request.headers request.path request.full_path request.script_root request.url request.base_url request.url_root request.host_url request.host |
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 @app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET']) 2 def login(): 3 error = None 4 if request.method == 'POST': 5 if valid_login(request.form['username'], 6 request.form['password']): 7 return log_the_user_in(request.form['username']) 8 else: 9 error = 'Invalid username/password' 10 # the code below is executed if the request method 11 # was GET or the credentials were invalid 12 return render_template('login.html', error=error)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 from flask import request 2 from werkzeug import secure_filename 3 4 @app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST']) 5 def upload_file(): 6 if request.method == 'POST': 7 f = request.files['the_file'] 8 f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename)) 9 ...
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 from flask import request 2 3 @app.route('/setcookie/') 4 def index(): 5 username = request.cookies.get('username') 6 # use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a 7 # KeyError if the cookie is missing. 8 9 10 11 12 from flask import make_response 13 14 @app.route('/getcookie') 15 def index(): 16 resp = make_response(render_template(...)) 17 resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username') 18 return resp
2、响应
当用户请求被开发人员的逻辑处理完成之后,会将结果发送给用户浏览器,那么就需要对请求做出相应的响应。
a.字符串
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@app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def index(): return "index" |
b.模板引擎
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from flask import Flask,render_template,request app = Flask(__name__) @app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def index(): return render_template( "index.html" ) app.run() |
c.重定向
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask, redirect, url_for app = Flask(__name__) @app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def index(): # return redirect('/login/') return redirect(url_for( 'login' )) @app .route( '/login/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def login(): return "LOGIN" app.run() |
d.错误页面
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 from flask import Flask, abort, render_template 2 app = Flask(__name__) 3 4 @app.route('/e1/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) 5 def index(): 6 abort(404, 'Nothing') 7 app.run()
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from flask import Flask, abort, render_template app = Flask(__name__) @app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def index(): return "OK" @app .errorhandler( 404 ) def page_not_found(error): return render_template( 'page_not_found.html' ), 404 app.run() |
e.设置相应信息
使用make_response可以对相应的内容进行操作
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from flask import Flask, abort, render_template,make_response app = Flask(__name__) @app .route( '/index/' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def index(): response = make_response(render_template( 'index.html' )) # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型 # response.delete_cookie # response.set_cookie # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value' return response app.run() |
3、Session
除请求对象之外,还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你需要设置一个密钥。
-
设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'
- 删除:session.pop('username', None)
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from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request app = Flask(__name__) @app .route( '/' ) def index(): if 'username' in session: return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session[ 'username' ]) return 'You are not logged in' @app .route( '/login' , methods = [ 'GET' , 'POST' ]) def login(): if request.method = = 'POST' : session[ 'username' ] = request.form[ 'username' ] return redirect(url_for( 'index' )) return ''' <form action="" method="post"> <p><input type=text name=username> <p><input type=submit value=Login> </form> ''' @app .route( '/logout' ) def logout(): # remove the username from the session if it's there session.pop( 'username' , None ) return redirect(url_for( 'index' )) # set the secret key. keep this really secret: app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT' |
4.message
message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合,其特点是:使用一次就删除
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 </head> 7 <body> 8 {% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %} 9 {% if messages %} 10 <ul class=flashes> 11 {% for message in messages %} 12 <li>{{ message }}</li> 13 {% endfor %} 14 </ul> 15 {% endif %} 16 {% endwith %} 17 </body> 18 </html>
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from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'some_secret' @app .route( '/' ) def index1(): return render_template( 'index.html' ) @app .route( '/set' ) def index2(): v = request.args.get( 'p' ) flash(v) return 'ok' if __name__ = = "__main__" : app.run() |
5.中间件
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from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'some_secret' @app .route( '/' ) def index1(): return render_template( 'index.html' ) @app .route( '/set' ) def index2(): v = request.args.get( 'p' ) flash(v) return 'ok' class MiddleWare: def __init__( self ,wsgi_app): self .wsgi_app = wsgi_app def __call__( self , * args, * * kwargs): return self .wsgi_app( * args, * * kwargs) if __name__ = = "__main__" : app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app) app.run(port = 9999 ) |
Flask还有众多其他功能,更多参见:
http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/
http://flask.pocoo.org/
Tornado
Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp,不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境,这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具 和优化。
Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架(包括大多数 Python 的框架)有着明显的区别:它是非阻塞式服务器,而且速度相当快。得利于其 非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用,Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接,这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说,Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。(关于如何扩容 服务器,以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题,请参阅 C10K problem。)
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pip install tornado 源码安装 https: / / pypi.python.org / packages / source / t / tornado / tornado - 4.3 .tar.gz |
一、快速上手
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self ): self .write( "Hello, world" ) application = tornado.web.Application([ (r "/index" , MainHandler), ]) if __name__ = = "__main__" : application.listen( 8888 ) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() |
第一步:执行脚本,监听 8888 端口
第二步:浏览器客户端访问 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
第三步:服务器接受请求,并交由对应的类处理该请求
第四步:类接受到请求之后,根据请求方式(post / get / delete ...)的不同调用并执行相应的方法
第五步:方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 5 6 import tornado.ioloop 7 import tornado.web 8 from tornado import httpclient 9 from tornado.web import asynchronous 10 from tornado import gen 11 12 import uimodules as md 13 import uimethods as mt 14 15 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 16 @asynchronous 17 @gen.coroutine 18 def get(self): 19 print 'start get ' 20 http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() 21 http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback) 22 self.write('end') 23 24 def callback(self, response): 25 print response.body 26 27 settings = { 28 'template_path': 'template', 29 'static_path': 'static', 30 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 31 'ui_methods': mt, 32 'ui_modules': md, 33 } 34 35 application = tornado.web.Application([ 36 (r"/index", MainHandler), 37 ], **settings) 38 39 40 if __name__ == "__main__": 41 application.listen(8009) 42 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
二、路由系统
路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系,这里不同于其他框架,其他很多框架均是 url 对应 函数,Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self ): self .write( "Hello, world" ) class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self , story_id): self .write( "You requested the story " + story_id) class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self ): self .write( "buy.wupeiqi.com/index" ) application = tornado.web.Application([ (r "/index" , MainHandler), (r "/story/([0-9]+)" , StoryHandler), ]) application.add_handlers( 'buy.wupeiqi.com$' , [ (r '/index' ,BuyHandler), ]) if __name__ = = "__main__" : application.listen( 80 ) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() |
三、模板
Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似,模板引擎将模板文件载入内存,然后将数据嵌入其中,最终获取到一个完整的字符串,再将字符串返回给请求者。
Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”,控制语句是使用 {%
和 %}
包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}
。表达语句是使用 {{
和 }}
包起来的,例如 {{ items[0] }}
。
控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if
、for
、while
和 try
,这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %}
做标记。还通过 extends
和 block
语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template
模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head> 4 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> 5 <title>老男孩</title> 6 <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 7 {% block CSS %}{% end %} 8 </head> 9 <body> 10 11 <div class="pg-header"> 12 13 </div> 14 15 {% block RenderBody %}{% end %} 16 17 <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script> 18 19 {% block JavaScript %}{% end %} 20 </body> 21 </html>
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 {% extends 'layout.html'%} 2 {% block CSS %} 3 <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 4 {% end %} 5 6 {% block RenderBody %} 7 <h1>Index</h1> 8 9 <ul> 10 {% for item in li %} 11 <li>{{item}}</li> 12 {% end %} 13 </ul> 14 15 {% end %} 16 17 {% block JavaScript %} 18 19 {% end %}
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self ): self .render( 'home/index.html' ) settings = { 'template_path' : 'template' , } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r "/index" , MainHandler), ], * * settings) if __name__ = = "__main__" : application.listen( 80 ) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() |
在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用:
escape
:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape
的別名xhtml_escape
:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape
的別名url_escape
:tornado.escape.url_escape
的別名json_encode
:tornado.escape.json_encode
的別名squeeze
:tornado.escape.squeeze
的別名linkify
:tornado.escape.linkify
的別名datetime
: Python 的datetime
模组handler
: 当前的RequestHandler
对象request
:handler.request
的別名current_user
:handler.current_user
的別名locale
:handler.locale
的別名_
:handler.locale.translate
的別名static_url
: forhandler.static_url
的別名xsrf_form_html
:handler.xsrf_form_html
的別名
Tornado默认提供的这些功能其实本质上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule,我们也可以自定义从而实现类似于Django的simple_tag的功能:
1、定义
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 # uimethods.py 2 3 def tab(self): 4 return 'UIMethod'
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from tornado.web import UIModule 4 from tornado import escape 5 6 class custom(UIModule): 7 8 def render(self, *args, **kwargs): 9 return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>') 10 #return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
2、注册
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 5 6 import tornado.ioloop 7 import tornado.web 8 from tornado.escape import linkify 9 import uimodules as md 10 import uimethods as mt 11 12 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 13 def get(self): 14 self.render('index.html') 15 16 settings = { 17 'template_path': 'template', 18 'static_path': 'static', 19 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 20 'ui_methods': mt, 21 'ui_modules': md, 22 } 23 24 application = tornado.web.Application([ 25 (r"/index", MainHandler), 26 ], **settings) 27 28 29 if __name__ == "__main__": 30 application.listen(8009) 31 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
3、使用
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 7 </head> 8 <body> 9 <h1>hello</h1> 10 {% module custom(123) %} 11 {{ tab() }} 12 </body>
四、实用功能
1、静态文件
对于静态文件,可以配置静态文件的目录和前段使用时的前缀,并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 7 8 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 9 def get(self): 10 self.render('home/index.html') 11 12 settings = { 13 'template_path': 'template', 14 'static_path': 'static', 15 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 16 } 17 18 application = tornado.web.Application([ 19 (r"/index", MainHandler), 20 ], **settings) 21 22 23 if __name__ == "__main__": 24 application.listen(80) 25 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 7 </head> 8 <body> 9 <h1>hello</h1> 10 </body> 11 </html>
备注:静态文件缓存的实现
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 def get_content_version(cls, abspath): 2 """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path. 3 4 This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The 5 default implementation is a hash of the file's contents. 6 7 .. versionadded:: 3.1 8 """ 9 data = cls.get_content(abspath) 10 hasher = hashlib.md5() 11 if isinstance(data, bytes): 12 hasher.update(data) 13 else: 14 for chunk in data: 15 hasher.update(chunk) 16 return hasher.hexdigest()
2、csrf
Tornado中的夸张请求伪造和Django中的相似,跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 settings = { 2 "xsrf_cookies": True, 3 } 4 application = tornado.web.Application([ 5 (r"/", MainHandler), 6 (r"/login", LoginHandler), 7 ], **settings)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <form action="/new_message" method="post"> 2 {{ xsrf_form_html() }} 3 <input type="text" name="message"/> 4 <input type="submit" value="Post"/> 5 </form>
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 function getCookie(name) { 2 var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b"); 3 return r ? r[1] : undefined; 4 } 5 6 jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) { 7 args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf"); 8 $.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST", 9 success: function(response) { 10 callback(eval("(" + response + ")")); 11 }}); 12 };
注:Ajax使用时,本质上就是去获取本地的cookie,携带cookie再来发送请求
3、cookie
Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作,并且还可以对cookie进行签名以放置伪造。
a、基本操作
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 2 def get(self): 3 if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"): 4 self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") 5 self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") 6 else: 7 self.write("Your cookie was set!")
b、签名
Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息,你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。 要使用这些方法,你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥,名字为 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中:
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 2 def get(self): 3 if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"): 4 self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") 5 self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") 6 else: 7 self.write("Your cookie was set!") 8 9 application = tornado.web.Application([ 10 (r"/", MainHandler), 11 ], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts): 2 hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1) 3 for part in parts: 4 hash.update(utf8(part)) 5 return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) 6 7 8 def _create_signature_v2(secret, s): 9 hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256) 10 hash.update(utf8(s)) 11 return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None, 2 key_version=None): 3 if version is None: 4 version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION 5 if clock is None: 6 clock = time.time 7 8 timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock()))) 9 value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value)) 10 if version == 1: 11 signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp) 12 value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature]) 13 return value 14 elif version == 2: 15 # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of 16 # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a 17 # signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in 18 # decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an 19 # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including 20 # the final pipe. 21 # 22 # The fields are: 23 # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix) 24 # - key version (integer, default is 0) 25 # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch) 26 # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric) 27 # - value (base64-encoded) 28 # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix) 29 def format_field(s): 30 return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s) 31 to_sign = b"|".join([ 32 b"2", 33 format_field(str(key_version or 0)), 34 format_field(timestamp), 35 format_field(name), 36 format_field(value), 37 b'']) 38 39 if isinstance(secret, dict): 40 assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used' 41 assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support' 42 secret = secret[key_version] 43 44 signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign) 45 return to_sign + signature 46 else: 47 raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): 2 parts = utf8(value).split(b"|") 3 if len(parts) != 3: 4 return None 5 signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1]) 6 if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature): 7 gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value) 8 return None 9 timestamp = int(parts[1]) 10 if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: 11 gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value) 12 return None 13 if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400: 14 # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the 15 # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing 16 # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the 17 # signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp 18 # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature. 19 gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r", 20 value) 21 return None 22 if parts[1].startswith(b"0"): 23 gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value) 24 return None 25 try: 26 return base64.b64decode(parts[0]) 27 except Exception: 28 return None 29 30 31 def _decode_fields_v2(value): 32 def _consume_field(s): 33 length, _, rest = s.partition(b':') 34 n = int(length) 35 field_value = rest[:n] 36 # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must 37 # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2. 38 if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|': 39 raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field") 40 rest = rest[n + 1:] 41 return field_value, rest 42 43 rest = value[2:] # remove version number 44 key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest) 45 timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest) 46 name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest) 47 value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest) 48 return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig 49 50 51 def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): 52 try: 53 key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value) 54 except ValueError: 55 return None 56 signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)] 57 58 if isinstance(secret, dict): 59 try: 60 secret = secret[key_version] 61 except KeyError: 62 return None 63 64 expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string) 65 if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig): 66 return None 67 if name_field != utf8(name): 68 return None 69 timestamp = int(timestamp) 70 if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: 71 # The signature has expired. 72 return None 73 try: 74 return base64.b64decode(value_field) 75 except Exception: 76 return None 77 78 79 def get_signature_key_version(value): 80 value = utf8(value) 81 version = _get_version(value) 82 if version < 2: 83 return None 84 try: 85 key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value) 86 except ValueError: 87 return None 88 89 return key_version
签名Cookie的本质是:
写cookie过程:
- 将值进行base64加密
- 对除值以外的内容进行签名,哈希算法(无法逆向解析)
- 拼接 签名 + 加密值
读cookie过程:
- 读取 签名 + 加密值
- 对签名进行验证
- base64解密,获取值内容
注:许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 7 8 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 9 10 def get(self): 11 login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None) 12 if login_user: 13 self.write(login_user) 14 else: 15 self.redirect('/login') 16 17 18 class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 19 def get(self): 20 self.current_user() 21 22 self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) 23 24 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): 25 26 username = self.get_argument('name') 27 password = self.get_argument('pwd') 28 if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': 29 self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐') 30 self.redirect('/') 31 else: 32 self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) 33 34 settings = { 35 'template_path': 'template', 36 'static_path': 'static', 37 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 38 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' 39 } 40 41 application = tornado.web.Application([ 42 (r"/index", MainHandler), 43 (r"/login", LoginHandler), 44 ], **settings) 45 46 47 if __name__ == "__main__": 48 application.listen(8888) 49 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 7 class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 8 9 def get_current_user(self): 10 return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user") 11 12 class MainHandler(BaseHandler): 13 14 @tornado.web.authenticated 15 def get(self): 16 login_user = self.current_user 17 self.write(login_user) 18 19 20 21 class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 22 def get(self): 23 self.current_user() 24 25 self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) 26 27 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): 28 29 username = self.get_argument('name') 30 password = self.get_argument('pwd') 31 if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123': 32 self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齐') 33 self.redirect('/') 34 else: 35 self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) 36 37 settings = { 38 'template_path': 'template', 39 'static_path': 'static', 40 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 41 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 42 'login_url': '/login' 43 } 44 45 application = tornado.web.Application([ 46 (r"/index", MainHandler), 47 (r"/login", LoginHandler), 48 ], **settings) 49 50 51 if __name__ == "__main__": 52 application.listen(8888) 53 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
4、Ajax上传文件
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif)
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 </head> 7 <body> 8 <input type="file" id="img" /> 9 <input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" /> 10 <script> 11 function UploadFile(){ 12 var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0]; 13 14 var form = new FormData(); 15 form.append("k1", "v1"); 16 form.append("fff", fileObj); 17 18 var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); 19 xhr.open("post", '/index', true); 20 xhr.send(form); 21 } 22 </script> 23 </body> 24 </html>
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1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 5 6 import tornado.ioloop 7 import tornado.web 8 9 10 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 11 def get(self): 12 13 self.render('index.html') 14 15 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): 16 file_metas = self.request.files["fff"] 17 # print(file_metas) 18 for meta in file_metas: 19 file_name = meta['filename'] 20 with open(file_name,'wb') as up: 21 up.write(meta['body']) 22 23 settings = { 24 'template_path': 'template', 25 } 26 27 application = tornado.web.Application([ 28 (r"/index", MainHandler), 29 ], **settings) 30 31 32 if __name__ == "__main__": 33 application.listen(8000) 34 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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1 var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0]; 2 var form = new FormData(); 3 form.append("k1", "v1"); 4 form.append("fff", fileObj); 5 6 $.ajax({ 7 type:'POST', 8 url: '/index', 9 data: form, 10 processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data 11 contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType 12 success: function(arg){ 13 console.log(arg); 14 } 15 })
五、扩展功能
1、自定义Session
a.知识储备
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- class Foo( object ): def __getitem__( self , key): print '__getitem__' ,key def __setitem__( self , key, value): print '__setitem__' ,key,value def __delitem__( self , key): print '__delitem__' ,key obj = Foo() result = obj[ 'k1' ] #obj['k2'] = 'wupeiqi' #del obj['k1'] |
b.session实现机制
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from hashlib import sha1 import os, time session_container = {} create_session_id = lambda : sha1( '%s%s' % (os.urandom( 16 ), time.time())).hexdigest() class Session( object ): session_id = "__sessionId__" def __init__( self , request): session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id) if not session_value: self ._id = create_session_id() else : self ._id = session_value request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self ._id) def __getitem__( self , key): return session_container[ self ._id][key] def __setitem__( self , key, value): if session_container.has_key( self ._id): session_container[ self ._id][key] = value else : session_container[ self ._id] = {key: value} def __delitem__( self , key): del session_container[ self ._id][key] class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def initialize( self ): # my_session['k1']访问 __getitem__ 方法 self .my_session = Session( self ) class MainHandler(BaseHandler): def get( self ): print self .my_session[ 'c_user' ] print self .my_session[ 'c_card' ] self .write( 'index' ) class LoginHandler(BaseHandler): def get( self ): self .render( 'login.html' , * * { 'status' : ''}) def post( self , * args, * * kwargs): username = self .get_argument( 'name' ) password = self .get_argument( 'pwd' ) if username = = 'wupeiqi' and password = = '123' : self .my_session[ 'c_user' ] = 'wupeiqi' self .my_session[ 'c_card' ] = '12312312309823012' self .redirect( '/index' ) else : self .render( 'login.html' , * * { 'status' : '用户名或密码错误' }) settings = { 'template_path' : 'template' , 'static_path' : 'static' , 'static_url_prefix' : '/static/' , 'cookie_secret' : 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' , 'login_url' : '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r "/index" , MainHandler), (r "/login" , LoginHandler), ], * * settings) if __name__ = = "__main__" : application.listen( 8888 ) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() |
c. Session框架
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1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 #coding:utf-8 3 4 import sys 5 import math 6 from bisect import bisect 7 8 9 if sys.version_info >= (2, 5): 10 import hashlib 11 md5_constructor = hashlib.md5 12 else: 13 import md5 14 md5_constructor = md5.new 15 16 17 class HashRing(object): 18 """一致性哈希""" 19 20 def __init__(self,nodes): 21 '''初始化 22 nodes : 初始化的节点,其中包含节点已经节点对应的权重 23 默认每一个节点有32个虚拟节点 24 对于权重,通过多创建虚拟节点来实现 25 如:nodes = [ 26 {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, 27 {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, 28 {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, 29 ] 30 ''' 31 32 self.ring = dict() 33 self._sorted_keys = [] 34 35 self.total_weight = 0 36 37 self.__generate_circle(nodes) 38 39 40 41 def __generate_circle(self,nodes): 42 for node_info in nodes: 43 self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1) 44 45 for node_info in nodes: 46 weight = node_info.get('weight',1) 47 node = node_info.get('host',None) 48 49 virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight) 50 for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): 51 key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) 52 if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): 53 raise Exception('该节点已经存在.') 54 self.ring[key] = node 55 self._sorted_keys.append(key) 56 57 def add_node(self,node): 58 ''' 新建节点 59 node : 要添加的节点,格式为:{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},其中第一个元素表示节点,第二个元素表示该节点的权重。 60 ''' 61 node = node.get('host',None) 62 if not node: 63 raise Exception('节点的地址不能为空.') 64 65 weight = node.get('weight',1) 66 67 self.total_weight += weight 68 nodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1 69 70 virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight) 71 for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): 72 key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) 73 if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): 74 raise Exception('该节点已经存在.') 75 self.ring[key] = node 76 self._sorted_keys.append(key) 77 78 def remove_node(self,node): 79 ''' 移除节点 80 node : 要移除的节点 '127.0.0.1:8000' 81 ''' 82 for key,value in self.ring.items(): 83 if value == node: 84 del self.ring[key] 85 self._sorted_keys.remove(key) 86 87 def get_node(self,string_key): 88 '''获取 string_key 所在的节点''' 89 pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key) 90 if pos is None: 91 return None 92 return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':') 93 94 def get_node_pos(self,string_key): 95 '''获取 string_key 所在的节点的索引''' 96 if not self.ring: 97 return None 98 99 key = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key) 100 nodes = self._sorted_keys 101 pos = bisect(nodes, key) 102 return pos 103 104 def gen_key_thirty_two(self, key): 105 106 m = md5_constructor() 107 m.update(key) 108 return long(m.hexdigest(), 16) 109 110 def gen_key_sixteen(self,key): 111 112 b_key = self.__hash_digest(key) 113 return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x) 114 115 def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn): 116 return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] ) 117 118 def __hash_digest(self, key): 119 m = md5_constructor() 120 m.update(key) 121 return map(ord, m.digest()) 122 123 124 """ 125 nodes = [ 126 {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, 127 {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, 128 {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, 129 ] 130 131 ring = HashRing(nodes) 132 result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087') 133 print result 134 135 """
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1 from hashlib import sha1 2 import os, time 3 4 5 create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest() 6 7 8 class Session(object): 9 10 session_id = "__sessionId__" 11 12 def __init__(self, request): 13 session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id) 14 if not session_value: 15 self._id = create_session_id() 16 else: 17 self._id = session_value 18 request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id) 19 20 def __getitem__(self, key): 21 # 根据 self._id ,在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP 22 # 找到相对应的redis服务器,如: r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0) 23 # 使用python redis api 链接 24 # 获取数据,即: 25 # return self._redis.hget(self._id, name) 26 27 def __setitem__(self, key, value): 28 # 根据 self._id ,在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP 29 # 使用python redis api 链接 30 # 设置session 31 # self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value) 32 33 34 def __delitem__(self, key): 35 # 根据 self._id 找到相对应的redis服务器 36 # 使用python redis api 链接 37 # 删除,即: 38 return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)
2、自定义模型版定
模型绑定有两个主要功能:
- 自动生成html表单
- 用户输入验证
在之前学习的Django中为程序员提供了非常便捷的模型绑定功能,但是在Tornado中,一切需要自己动手!!!
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1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 7 </head> 8 <body> 9 <h1>hello</h1> 10 <form action="/index" method="post"> 11 12 <p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p> 13 <p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p> 14 <p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p> 15 <p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p> 16 <input type="submit" /> 17 </form> 18 </body> 19 </html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from hashlib import sha1 import os, time import re class MainForm( object ): def __init__( self ): self .host = "(.*)" self .ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$" self .port = '(\d+)' self .phone = '^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$' def check_valid( self , request): form_dict = self .__dict__ for key, regular in form_dict.items(): post_value = request.get_argument(key) # 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配 ret = re.match(regular, post_value) print key,ret,post_value class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get( self ): self .render( 'index.html' ) def post( self , * args, * * kwargs): obj = MainForm() result = obj.check_valid( self ) self .write( 'ok' ) settings = { 'template_path' : 'template' , 'static_path' : 'static' , 'static_url_prefix' : '/static/' , 'cookie_secret' : 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' , 'login_url' : '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r "/index" , MainHandler), ], * * settings) if __name__ = = "__main__" : application.listen( 8888 ) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() |
由于请求的验证时,需要考虑是否可以为空以及正则表达式的复用,所以:
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1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 import re 7 8 9 class Field(object): 10 11 def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required): 12 self.id_valid = False 13 self.value = None 14 self.error = None 15 self.name = None 16 self.error_msg = error_msg_dict 17 self.required = required 18 19 def match(self, name, value): 20 self.name = name 21 22 if not self.required: 23 self.id_valid = True 24 self.value = value 25 else: 26 if not value: 27 if self.error_msg.get('required', None): 28 self.error = self.error_msg['required'] 29 else: 30 self.error = "%s is required" % name 31 else: 32 ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value) 33 if ret: 34 self.id_valid = True 35 self.value = ret.group() 36 else: 37 if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): 38 self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] 39 else: 40 self.error = "%s is invalid" % name 41 42 43 class IPField(Field): 44 REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$" 45 46 def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): 47 48 error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} 49 if error_msg_dict: 50 error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) 51 52 super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) 53 54 55 class IntegerField(Field): 56 REGULAR = "^\d+$" 57 58 def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): 59 error_msg = {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'} 60 if error_msg_dict: 61 error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) 62 63 super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) 64 65 66 class CheckBoxField(Field): 67 68 def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): 69 error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} 70 if error_msg_dict: 71 error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) 72 73 super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) 74 75 def match(self, name, value): 76 self.name = name 77 78 if not self.required: 79 self.id_valid = True 80 self.value = value 81 else: 82 if not value: 83 if self.error_msg.get('required', None): 84 self.error = self.error_msg['required'] 85 else: 86 self.error = "%s is required" % name 87 else: 88 if isinstance(name, list): 89 self.id_valid = True 90 self.value = value 91 else: 92 if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): 93 self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] 94 else: 95 self.error = "%s is invalid" % name 96 97 98 class FileField(Field): 99 REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$" 100 101 def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): 102 error_msg = {} # {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'} 103 if error_msg_dict: 104 error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) 105 106 super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) 107 108 def match(self, name, value): 109 self.name = name 110 self.value = [] 111 if not self.required: 112 self.id_valid = True 113 self.value = value 114 else: 115 if not value: 116 if self.error_msg.get('required', None): 117 self.error = self.error_msg['required'] 118 else: 119 self.error = "%s is required" % name 120 else: 121 m = re.compile(self.REGULAR) 122 if isinstance(value, list): 123 for file_name in value: 124 r = m.match(file_name) 125 if r: 126 self.value.append(r.group()) 127 self.id_valid = True 128 else: 129 self.id_valid = False 130 if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): 131 self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] 132 else: 133 self.error = "%s is invalid" % name 134 break 135 else: 136 if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): 137 self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] 138 else: 139 self.error = "%s is invalid" % name 140 141 def save(self, request, upload_path=""): 142 143 file_metas = request.files[self.name] 144 for meta in file_metas: 145 file_name = meta['filename'] 146 with open(file_name,'wb') as up: 147 up.write(meta['body']) 148 149 150 class Form(object): 151 152 def __init__(self): 153 self.value_dict = {} 154 self.error_dict = {} 155 self.valid_status = True 156 157 def validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""): 158 159 self.initialize() 160 self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key) 161 162 def initialize(self): 163 pass 164 165 def __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key): 166 """ 167 验证用户表单请求的数据 168 :param form_obj: Form对象(Form派生类的对象) 169 :param request: Http请求上下文(用于从请求中获取用户提交的值) 170 :param depth: 对Form内容的深度的支持 171 :param pre_key: Html中name属性值的前缀(多层Form时,内部递归时设置,无需理会) 172 :return: 是否验证通过,True:验证成功;False:验证失败 173 """ 174 175 depth -= 1 176 if depth < 0: 177 return None 178 form_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__ 179 for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items(): 180 print key,field_obj 181 if isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field): 182 if isinstance(field_obj, Form): 183 # 获取以key开头的所有的值,以参数的形式传至 184 self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key) 185 continue 186 if pre_key: 187 key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key) 188 189 if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField): 190 post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None) 191 elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField): 192 post_value = [] 193 file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None) 194 for file_item in file_list: 195 post_value.append(file_item['filename']) 196 else: 197 post_value = request.get_argument(key, None) 198 199 print post_value 200 # 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配 201 field_obj.match(key, post_value) 202 if field_obj.id_valid: 203 self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value 204 else: 205 self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error 206 self.valid_status = False 207 208 209 class ListForm(object): 210 def __init__(self, form_type): 211 self.form_type = form_type 212 self.valid_status = True 213 self.value_dict = {} 214 self.error_dict = {} 215 216 def validate(self, request): 217 name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys() 218 index = 0 219 flag = False 220 while True: 221 pre_key = "[%d]" % index 222 for name in name_list: 223 if name.startswith(pre_key): 224 flag = True 225 break 226 if flag: 227 form_obj = self.form_type() 228 form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index) 229 if form_obj.valid_status: 230 self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dict 231 else: 232 self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dict 233 self.valid_status = False 234 else: 235 break 236 237 index += 1 238 flag = False 239 240 241 class MainForm(Form): 242 243 def __init__(self): 244 # self.ip = IPField(required=True) 245 # self.port = IntegerField(required=True) 246 # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) 247 # self.second = SecondForm() 248 self.fff = FileField(required=True) 249 super(MainForm, self).__init__() 250 251 # 252 # class SecondForm(Form): 253 # 254 # def __init__(self): 255 # self.ip = IPField(required=True) 256 # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) 257 # 258 # super(SecondForm, self).__init__() 259 260 261 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 262 def get(self): 263 self.render('index.html') 264 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): 265 # for i in dir(self.request): 266 # print i 267 # print self.request.arguments 268 # print self.request.files 269 # print self.request.query 270 # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() 271 # print name_list 272 273 # list_form = ListForm(MainForm) 274 # list_form.validate(self) 275 # 276 # print list_form.valid_status 277 # print list_form.value_dict 278 # print list_form.error_dict 279 280 # obj = MainForm() 281 # obj.validate(self) 282 # 283 # print "验证结果:", obj.valid_status 284 # print "符合验证结果:", obj.value_dict 285 # print "错误信息:" 286 # for key, item in obj.error_dict.items(): 287 # print key,item 288 # print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor')) 289 # print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor')) 290 # print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff') 291 # print self.request.files 292 # obj = MainForm() 293 # obj.validate(self) 294 # print obj.valid_status 295 # print obj.value_dict 296 # print obj.error_dict 297 # print self.request,type(self.request) 298 # obj.fff.save(self.request) 299 # from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest 300 # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() 301 # print name_list 302 # print self.request.files,type(self.request.files) 303 # print len(self.request.files.get('fff')) 304 305 # obj = MainForm() 306 # obj.validate(self) 307 # print obj.valid_status 308 # print obj.value_dict 309 # print obj.error_dict 310 # obj.fff.save(self.request) 311 self.write('ok') 312 313 314 315 settings = { 316 'template_path': 'template', 317 'static_path': 'static', 318 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 319 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 320 'login_url': '/login' 321 } 322 323 application = tornado.web.Application([ 324 (r"/index", MainHandler), 325 ], **settings) 326 327 328 if __name__ == "__main__": 329 application.listen(8888) 330 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()