KingbaseES 绑定变量窥探机制
概述:
对于数据严重倾斜的,极端如以下例子,不同的传入值,可能执行计划不同,制定执行计划时,就要求知道变量的值。对于绑定变量的情况,我们知道Oracle 有 _optim_peek_user_binds 参数,控制是否启用变量窥探。KingbaseES 也有类似参数,控制是否启用变量窥探。
窥探机制
KingbaseES 采用以下判断机制,决定是否固定执行计划:
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前5次执行时,每次都会根据实际传入的实际绑定变量新生成执行计划进行执行,即每次都是硬解析,同时会记录这5次的执行计划;
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当第6次开始执行时,会生成一个通用的执行计划(generic plan),同时与前5次的执行计划进行比较,如果比较的结果是通用执行计划不比前5次的执行计划差,以后就会把这个通用的执行计划固定下来,这之后即使传入的值发生变化后,执行计划也不再变化。这就相当于Oracle打开了绑定变量窥视的功能。
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当然,当第6次开始执行时,如果通用的执行计划(generic plan)比前5次的某一个执行计划差,则以后则每次都重新生成执行计划,即以后永远都是硬解析了。
构建例子
1、构建测试数据
create table t1(id integer,name text); insert into t1 select 1,repeat('a',100) from generate_series(1,1000000); insert into t1 select 2,repeat('b',100) ; create index ind_t1_id on t1(id); analyze t1;
prepare t1_plan(integer) AS select count(*) from t1 where id=$1;
2、测试窥探机制
测试一:
test=# prepare t1_plan(integer) AS select * from t1 where id=$1; PREPARE test=# test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = $1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(2); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = $1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(2); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = $1) (2 rows)
结论:可以看到,第6次执行时,变为 id=$1,说明执行计划变成通用执行计划了。后续,即使传入的 值是 2,也不会走索引。
测试二:
test=# prepare t1_plan(integer) AS select * from t1 where id=$1; PREPARE test=# explain execute t1_plan(2); QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Index Scan using ind_t1_id on t1 (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=105) Index Cond: (id = 2) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(2); QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Index Scan using ind_t1_id on t1 (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=105) Index Cond: (id = 2) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(2); QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Index Scan using ind_t1_id on t1 (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=105) Index Cond: (id = 2) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(2); QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Index Scan using ind_t1_id on t1 (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=105) Index Cond: (id = 2) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(2); QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Index Scan using ind_t1_id on t1 (cost=0.42..4.44 rows=1 width=105) Index Cond: (id = 2) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows) test=# explain execute t1_plan(1); QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on t1 (cost=0.00..29742.01 rows=1000001 width=105) Filter: (id = 1) (2 rows)
结论:如果第6次与前5次执行计划是不一致的,后续都不会走通用的执行计划。本例中,哪怕后续连续超过 5次 传入同一值,都不会固定执行计划。
3、窥探机制问题
与Oracle 相比,KES需要前 5 次执行绑定变量的SQL,都会窥探变量值,只有在执行计划都一致时,第6次执行时才会固定执行计划。可以看到,这种机制相比于Oracle,出现执行计划错误的概率更低,但是还是有一定的几率。为了解决该问题,KingbaseES提供参数,可以关闭变量窥探机制。
plan_cache_mode 参数控制是否固定执行计划(执行计划共享),还是永远进行硬解析。可以取以下三个值:
- auto: 默认值,即根据以上的机制选择是否固定执行计划。
- force_custom_plan: 关闭绑定变量窥视,永远进行硬解析。
- force_generic_plan: 走通用的固定执行计划(generic plan),不存在需要第6次执行固定执行计划,第1次执行时就已经固定执行计划。比如:是否走索引是根据distinct 值的数量,而不是第一个传入的变量值。
注意:与Oracle 实例级的执行计划共享不同,KingbaseES 只支持会话级执行计划共享。