Python基础02 基本数据类型

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简单的数据类型以及赋值

变量不需要声明

Python的变量不需要声明，你可以直接输入：

>>>a = 10

那么你的内存里就有了一个变量a，它的值是10，它的类型是integer (整数)。在此之前你不需要做什么特别的声明，而数据类型是Python自动决定的。

>>>print(a)

>>>print(type(a))

那么会有如下输出：

10
<class 'int'>

这里，我们学到一个内置函数type(), 用以查询变量的类型。

回收变量名

如果你想让a存储不同的数据，你不需要删除原有变量就可以直接赋值。

>>>a = 1.3

>>>print(a,type(a))

会有如下输出

1.3 <class 'float'>

我们看到print的另一个用法，也就是print后跟多个输出，以逗号分隔。

基本数据类型

a=10 # int 整数

a=1.3 # float 浮点数

a=True # 真值 (True/False)

a='Hello!' # 字符串。字符串也可以用双引号。

以上是最常用的数据类型。此外还有分数，字符，复数等其他类型，有兴趣的可以学习一下。

总结

变量不需要声明，不需要删除，可以直接回收适用。

type(): 查询数据类型

整数，浮点数，真值，字符串

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			<a href="#2559872" class="layer">#1楼</a><a name="2559872" id="comment_anchor_2559872"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2012-11-22 19:58</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2559872" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/RainingDays/" target="_blank">Raining Days</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Raining%20Days" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_2559872" class="blog_comment_body">我是初学者，毕竟要毕业了多学一点十一点，之前一直是c/c++的编程，也有参加过相应的比赛。这阵子不是特别忙，就想学点什么。之后再在博主这里学学linux。<br>我是刚来看的，这么说的话，在python里面可以随心所欲的定义数据，而且它会自动分配一个合适的数据类型给你，一个变量，可以是多种类型了吧。</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(2559872,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(2559872,'Bury',this)">反对(1)</a></div><span id="comment_2559872_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/397161/20130507205142.png</span>
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			<a href="#2559875" class="layer">#2楼</a><a name="2559875" id="comment_anchor_2559875"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2012-11-22 20:00</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2559875" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/RainingDays/" target="_blank">Raining Days</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Raining%20Days" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_2559875" class="blog_comment_body">我刚才有试过a=-1/5，可是输出来的a=-1，而且我试过a=-2i+3，想要输出发现有错误，求博主解释一下。</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(2559875,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(2559875,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_2559875_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/397161/20130507205142.png</span>
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Raining Days
第一个问题:
因为两个参与运算的数字都是整数，所以它默认结果为整数。
你可以尝试 a = -1.0/5 或者 a = -1/5.0。由于参与运算中有一个是浮点数，所以整数会转换成更高精度的浮点数，再进行运算。
你也可以尝试 a = -float(1)/5，原理一样。

第二个问题，虚部是j，不是i
>>> a = 3 - 2j
>>> b = 2 + 1j
>>> a + b
(5-1j)

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Raining Days
关于动态类型，你可以查看后面的教程中的介绍。

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			<a href="#2571086" class="layer">#5楼</a><a name="2571086" id="comment_anchor_2571086"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2012-12-06 00:28</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2571086" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/476590/" target="_blank">fz420</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/fz420" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_2571086" class="blog_comment_body">你好， 博主，<br><br>python 变量不需要声明<br><br>为什么下载这段代码中的   a  要先定义呢？？<br><br><img src="//i.minus.com/iIM0SEvp3D4jg.jpg" alt="" border="0" "=""><br><br></div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(2571086,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(2571086,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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			<a href="#2571238" class="layer">#6楼</a><a name="2571238" id="comment_anchor_2571238"></a>[<span class="louzhu">楼主</span>]  <span class="comment_date">2012-12-06 10:04</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2571238" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/" target="_blank">Vamei</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Vamei" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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fz420
是不需要声明类型。可你用在if判断里面，这个a总要是个什么东西吧，不然如何拿一个“虚无”的东西去做判断呢？

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			<a href="#2571454" class="layer">#7楼</a><a name="2571454" id="comment_anchor_2571454"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2012-12-06 13:18</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2571454" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/476590/" target="_blank">fz420</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/fz420" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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Vamei

引用@fz420
是不需要声明类型。可你用在if判断里面，这个a总要是个什么东西吧，不然如何拿一个“虚无”的东西去做判断呢？

我觉得 if 与 for 的情况是相同的，但是 for 可以执行不报错

#!/bin/python
 
#为什么这里a不用声明
 
for a in range(10):
       print a

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			<a href="#2571472" class="layer">#8楼</a><a name="2571472" id="comment_anchor_2571472"></a>[<span class="louzhu">楼主</span>]  <span class="comment_date">2012-12-06 13:34</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2571472" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/" target="_blank">Vamei</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Vamei" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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fz420
当然不一样了。
for是把iterator生成的值赋予给a，然后再使用a。
if没有赋值这一步

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			<a href="#2718281" class="layer">#9楼</a><a name="2718281" id="comment_anchor_2718281"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2013-07-02 16:23</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2718281" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/544208/" target="_blank">boke_hh</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/boke_hh" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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Vamei
@Raining Days的第一个问题应该是3.0版本以下中出现的，3.0以上的版本中得到的值为-0.2。不需要考虑运算符前后元素的类型

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			<a href="#2718479" class="layer">#10楼</a><a name="2718479" id="comment_anchor_2718479"></a>[<span class="louzhu">楼主</span>]  <span class="comment_date">2013-07-02 19:48</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2718479" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/" target="_blank">Vamei</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Vamei" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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boke_hh
我之前还没有考虑过版本的问题，不错！

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			<a href="#2719477" class="layer">#11楼</a><a name="2719477" id="comment_anchor_2719477"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2013-07-03 18:35</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2719477" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/544208/" target="_blank">boke_hh</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/boke_hh" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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Vamei
博主，那个import怎么用啊，还有一些内置函数，查了下资料，还是不太明白

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			<a href="#2719811" class="layer">#12楼</a><a name="2719811" id="comment_anchor_2719811"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2013-07-04 10:29</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2719811" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/539978/" target="_blank">jinghuali</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/jinghuali" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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boke_hh
import就是导入你需要的模块

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			<div id="comment_body_2895803" class="blog_comment_body">我有两个问题，一个是上一篇的问题，一起问了吧<br>1.我知道Linux的目录结构有树的概念，可以一直相对路径/找到文件,但是我用的windows，例如如果我安装在C盘，但是我在F盘建立了一个存放脚本的文件目录python script，建立了一个hello.py,我怎样通过命令执行这个脚本文件hello.py<br>2.9楼的说过得到的值是-0.2，这说明python默认把-1/2的-1当做float类型了，但是如果我现在想获得c语言中的-1/2的值，应该是0，我改成(int)-1/2或者-(int)1/2为什么都会报错，另外怎么实现像c语言一样</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(2895803,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(2895803,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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			<a href="#2895837" class="layer">#14楼</a><a name="2895837" id="comment_anchor_2895837"></a>[<span class="louzhu">楼主</span>]  <span class="comment_date">2014-03-14 22:52</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2895837" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/" target="_blank">Vamei</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Vamei" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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山之巅
第一个问题，可以加上绝对路径执行。
第二个问题，你试试int(1)/int(2)？

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			<a href="#2897365" class="layer">#15楼</a><a name="2897365" id="comment_anchor_2897365"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2014-03-17 20:25</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2897365" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/558035/" target="_blank">山之巅</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E5%B7%85" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_2897365" class="blog_comment_body">1.我上网查了，可以通过cmd中f:\python script&gt;C:\Python33\python.exe hello.py这样才能执行，但是这样必须切换到脚本所在的目录，如果我想直接在python shell中执行呢?像这样&gt;&gt;&gt; f:\python script\hello.py，就报错了SyntaxError: invalid syntax(:会变成红色)，怎样才能在shell中直接执行？<br>2.print(1/2);和print(int(1)/int(2));的答案都是0.5，看来是不行了？</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(2897365,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(2897365,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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山之巅
1. 还真不知道能不能在Python内部运行Python脚本。应该有一些特殊方法可以做到，比如利用os包里的功能，运行外部命令？
2. 似乎彻底改掉了。我还在用2.7，所以无法复制你说的效果。

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			<a href="#2905438" class="layer">#17楼</a><a name="2905438" id="comment_anchor_2905438"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2014-03-27 14:25</span> <a id="a_comment_author_2905438" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/zeliliu/" target="_blank">Triangle23</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Triangle23" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_2905438" class="blog_comment_body">关于进制表示能否讲一下，如2**010=256，2**10=1024，谢谢</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(2905438,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(2905438,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_2905438_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/u300489.jpg?id=14181149</span>
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			<a href="#3003689" class="layer">#18楼</a><a name="3003689" id="comment_anchor_3003689"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2014-08-08 17:43</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3003689" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/533669/" target="_blank">东篱雪</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E4%B8%9C%E7%AF%B1%E9%9B%AA" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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Triangle23
1、2010中的 010表示的是八进制，实际就是 010（八进制）= 18^1 + 08^0 = 8（十进制）；
2、210中的10就是十进制当中的10；
3、所以：

2010 = 2^8 = 256;
210 = 2^10 = 1024;

4、关于进制的表示：

十进制：生活中最常用的；0,1,2...
十二进制：钟表的时针；
六十进制：钟表的分针和秒针；
二进制：101010101011（零和一表示），互联网最底层的数据表示；

八进制：010,076,... 一般前面无缘无故带个零的，你就要考虑是不是八进制了，如果0后面的最大数没有超过8，那极有可能是八进制表示的数；

十六进制：0x091abcdef ，一般前面带有0x的，就是十六进制表示的数，0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f 总共16个字符表示十六进制的数，一般都是计算十六进制转十进制；计算时，a表示10,b表示11，...，f表示15；IPV6就是用十六进制表示的。

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			<a href="#3031675" class="layer">#19楼</a><a name="3031675" id="comment_anchor_3031675"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2014-09-21 11:27</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3031675" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/646846/" target="_blank">vagabond1132</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/vagabond1132" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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Raining Days

应该是 -1/5.0
因为默认为int 而不是float输出

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			<a href="#3034705" class="layer">#20楼</a><a name="3034705" id="comment_anchor_3034705"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2014-09-25 20:18</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3034705" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/676156/" target="_blank">小驰子</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E5%B0%8F%E9%A9%B0%E5%AD%90" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_3034705" class="blog_comment_body">15楼兄弟说的第一个问题，把Python安装路径放到环境变量里应该就可以和在shell里一样直接输入.py文件</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3034705,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3034705,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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			<a href="#3105550" class="layer">#21楼</a><a name="3105550" id="comment_anchor_3105550"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2015-01-12 21:51</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3105550" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/7oranger/" target="_blank">oblivion</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/oblivion" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_3105550" class="blog_comment_body">b type int<br>为什么b=1/5 输出0<br>而 b=-1/5 输出-1</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3105550,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3105550,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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			<a href="#3196862" class="layer">#22楼</a><a name="3196862" id="comment_anchor_3196862"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2015-05-30 17:01</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3196862" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/bkkl/" target="_blank">迷途ing</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E8%BF%B7%E9%80%94ing" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_3196862" class="blog_comment_body">b = 1/5 输出０ 都是int型且是正数<br>b = -1/5 输出 -1  python带有负数除法是按距离来做除法运算也就-1 到　５的距离是６　６/5 = 1 然后在加上符号－<br>这一点可验证<br><div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter"><div><div id="highlighter_828781" class="syntaxhighlighter  python"><div class="toolbar"><span><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">1</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python value">5</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">10</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python value">5</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python value">10</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">5</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python value">15</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">5</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">16</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python value">5</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><br>所以在取模运算时　商的结果会影响取模结果，c/c++ java 是求余</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3196862,'Digg',this)">支持(1)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3196862,'Bury',this)">反对(1)</a></div><span id="comment_3196862_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/763804/20150530161809.png</span>
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			<a href="#3278690" class="layer">#23楼</a><a name="3278690" id="comment_anchor_3278690"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2015-10-05 10:32</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3278690" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/521049/" target="_blank">苏生不惑</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E8%8B%8F%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8D%E6%83%91" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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oblivion
整数相除返回的是商

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			<a href="#3352636" class="layer">#24楼</a><a name="3352636" id="comment_anchor_3352636"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2016-01-22 16:55</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3352636" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/yeayee/" target="_blank">yeayee</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/yeayee" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_3352636" class="blog_comment_body">第3课已巩固www.yeayee.com</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3352636,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3352636,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3352636_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/816924/20170922082617.png</span>
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			<a href="#3449909" class="layer">#25楼</a><a name="3449909" id="comment_anchor_3449909"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2016-06-11 16:57</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3449909" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/twosnail/" target="_blank">两只蜗牛</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E4%B8%A4%E5%8F%AA%E8%9C%97%E7%89%9B" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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迷途ing
博主，我感觉 -1 到 5的距离是5　5/5 = 1 然后在加上符号－
0 到 5的距离是4　4/5 = 0 ，不知道我说的对不对，刚看你博客学python

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			<a href="#3525792" class="layer">#26楼</a><a name="3525792" id="comment_anchor_3525792"></a>  <span class="comment_date">2016-10-08 16:33</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3525792" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/scplee/" target="_blank">dao_lee</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/dao_lee" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_3525792" class="blog_comment_body">print(type(a))时，python2.x显示&lt;type 'int'&gt;，python3.x显示&lt;class 'int'&gt;。</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3525792,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3525792,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3525792_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/632374/20160511132915.png</span>
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			<a href="#3993866" class="layer">#27楼</a><a name="3993866" id="comment_anchor_3993866"></a><span id="comment-maxId" style="display:none;">3993866</span><span id="comment-maxDate" style="display:none;">2018/6/8 10:28:04</span>  <span class="comment_date">2018-06-08 10:28</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3993866" href="http://www.cnblogs.com/suyuloying/" target="_blank">suyuloying</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/suyuloying" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This">&nbsp;</a>
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			<div id="comment_body_3993866" class="blog_comment_body">&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 3 - 2j<br>&gt;&gt;&gt; b = 2 + 1j<br>&gt;&gt;&gt; a + b<br>(5-1j)<br><br>楼主  您好 请问下怎么查到复数是j而不是数学表达式中的i</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3993866,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3993866,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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