ES6/ES2015常用知识点和概念

越来越多的开源库开始使用ES2015来构建代码了,大家知道ES6=ES2015,ES6在2015年被ECMAScript标准化组织approve,各大浏览器厂商要完全支持ES6的强大功能还须一些时日,对于喜爱新尝试的同学难道只有干等吗?幸运的是有了babel,traceur等transpiler的帮助,我们根本不用等待浏览器原生支持ES6才开始使用新技术了!其实babel做的事情很简单,他就是把es6的代码转换成浏览器认识的ES5代码。简单举一个例子,比如ES6中引入的语言原生支持模块的关键字import, export在仅实现ES5的浏览器中无法运行,因此babel做的就是将import, export转换为commonJS的模块格式require, exports, 随后在加载到浏览器端的SystemJS模块加载器的帮助下(或者通过webpack,browserify Module bundler工具整合),就能完全实现了ES6模块的功能。

本文视图整理我在学习ES6过程中遇到的一些常见重要知识点和疑惑的问题

Variable and Parameters

block scope

ES6中引入了block scope的概念,配合使用let来declare一个变量的话,该变量就只在block中可见

if (flag){
  let x = 3; // x只在这个{}block中可见  
}
return x; // x is not defined error! 

declared vs initialized

var x;  // declared

x = 5 ; // initialized

'use strict';
function udpate(){
  pid = 12;
}
let pid = null;
update();
console.log(pid); //12  和var声明的变量类似,外部scope可以被inner访问,由于pid在全局定义,函数内可以访问全局变量

 

let vs var

let支持块作用域,不会像var那样hoisted到前面 

同样let支持for block

for (let i=0;i <10; i++)
{
}
return i // i not defined, 原因是i只在for loop中可见

for (var i=0;i <10; i++)
{
}
return i // i==10

let在for loop中以及closure下和传统var的区别

'use strict';
let updatefns = [];
for (let i=0;i<2;i++){
    updatefns.push(function(){

    return i; //注意let在for loop中使用时,每一次循环都会在for block中定义一个新的i,所以updatefns[0]()将返回0而不是2~!!
//好好体会这一点:在es5中的closure则会返回2
});
  
consoloe.log(updatefns[0]()); //返回0 

consoloe.log(updatefns[1]()); //返回1 

 

const(chrome,firefox支持的,貌似非es6标准)

const MAX_AGE 130 
MAX_AGE = 200 //syntax error
const NOTINIT //语法错误,const必须初始化!

注意:const的scope和let是一致的,这是es6引入的新特性 

Destructuring

let x = 2; 
let y = 3;
[x,y] = [y,x] //[3,2]     
// 右边的是array, 左边不是array,而是destructuring,只对x,和y赋值
// destructuring assignment, 注意

let [x,y]=[2,3] //这里对x,y两个单个变量赋值: x=2, y=3并且在后面可以直接访问
expect(x).toBe(2)
expect(y).toBe(3);

var retv = function(){
      return [1,2,3];
}
let [, x , y] = retv(); // [1,2,3]解构  这里 , 号表示忽略部分结构单元
exepct(x).toBe(2) 
exepct(y).toBe(3) 

var retO = function(){
   return {
   firstName: "alice",
   lastName: "zhang",
   social: {
         qq: "13442",
         wechat: "wechatalice"
   }
  }
}

let { firstName: f, lastName: l, social:{wechat: weixin}} = retO();
//f = "alice", l = "zhang"  , weixin = "wechatalice"

let { firstName, lastNamel, social:{wechat}} = retO();
//firstName= "alice", lastName = "zhang"  , wechat = "wechatalice"


//模拟一个ajax call返回结果解构:
let ajax = function(url, {data, cache}{
       return data; //注意这里data是从ajax调用者传入的配置对象解构出来data字段后直接返回的
//在通常的ajax调用中,则从server端返回
}
let result = ajax("api/test", {
   data: "test data for ajax", //这是ajax调用的传入对象,可以被ajax解构成变量
   cache: false
});
expect(result).toBe("test data for ajax") // true

再看一些例子:

let salary = ['1000',3000','2000'];
let [ low, ...remaining ] = salary; //在destructuring中使用rest操作符
console.log(remaining); // ["3000","2000"] 

let salary = ['1000',3000'];
let [ low, average, hight = '8000' ] = salary; //在destructuring中使用默认参数
console.log(high); // 8000


let salary = ['1000',3000'];
let low, average, hight; // 先let声明变量
[ low, average, hight = '8000' ] = salary;  //通过destructuring来赋值变量
console.log(high); // 8000

function reviewSalary([low, average], high = '8000'){
  console.log(average);  //在这里通过destructure传入的数组来赋值average
}
reviewSalary(['2000','3000']); //3000

 

destucturing object需要注意的点:

let salary = {
 low: '3000',
 average: '4000',
 high: '5000'
}
let newLow, newAverage, newHigh;
{ low: newLow, average: newAverage, high: newHigh} = salary; //注意额,这个是会出现syntax error的,原因是js引擎会认为是一条语句,
//解决方案是用()括起来
({ low: newLow, average: newAverage, high: newHigh} = salary); // 5000

let [high, low] = null; //会出错,destructure的对象必须要支持iterator

 

 default value(默认参数值)

var doWork = function(name){
    // es5中对默认name参数的处理方法:使用|| 操作符,如果不传入name,则name就为zhangsan
     name = name || "zhangsan" ;
     return name;
};

var doWork = function(name = "zhangsan"){
    // es6给name参数一个默认值,如果不传入name,则name就为zhangsan 
     return name;
};

doWork();

//默认参数同样适用于解构:
let ajax = function(url, {data = “default data”, cache}{
       return data; //注意这里data是从ajax调用者传入的配置对象解构出来data字段后直接返回的,
// 如果传入对象不含data,则取默认值 default data
//在通常的ajax调用中,则从server端返回
}
let result = ajax("api/test", {
   cache: false
});
expect(result).toBe("default data") // true

 Rest Parameters ...paraName (必须是最后一个参数)

let sum = function(name, ...numbers){
   // rest parameter必须是函数的最后一个参数 
   let result = 0;
   for (let i=0;i<numbers.length;i++){
      result += numbers[i];  
}
   return result;
}

let result = sum("alicechang") // 0    // 如果不传入numbers参数,则numbers就是一个空数组[]
let result = sum("alicechang",1,2,3) // 6 // 注意这时numbers就是一个数组了[1,2,3]  let result = sum("alicechang",1,3,5,6) //15 // 注意这时numbers就是一个数组了[1,3,5,6]

 Spread Operator ...[a1,a2,a3]

let dowork = function(x,y,z){
   return x+y+z;
}
var result =dowork(...[1,2,3]);  //将数组中的3个数分别传给x,y,z形参
expect(result).toBe(6)

//也可以用来构建新的数组:
var a = [4,5,6];
var b = [1,2,3, ...a, 7,8,9];
// b就等于 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]了!!

 同时也可以用在对字符串的操作上:

var maxCode = Math.max(..."43201");
console.log(maxCode);  // 4

var codeArray = ["A",..."BCD","E"];
console.log(codeArray);// ["A","B","C","D","E"];

通过...实现配置项的合并

export default {
    install(vue, opts){

        // Merge options argument into options defaults
        const options = { ...optionsDefaults, ...opts }
        
        ...
    }
}

 

Template Literal: `template String ${ varName }`

let category = "music";
let id = 1234;
let url = `http://myserver.com/${category}/${id}`;
//这时 url中的变量就会被替换,最后的value = http://myserver.com/music/1234

更多的例子:

let invoiceNum = '1350';
console.log(`Invoice Number: ${"INV-"+invoiceNum}`); //Invoice Number: INV-1350

//插值早于函数被调用!
function showMsg(message){
  let invoiceNum = '99';  //注意这个invoiceNum不会被用到,因为插值要早于函数调用
}
let invoiceNum = '1350';
showMsg(`Invoice Number: ${invoiceNum}`); //Invoice Number: 1350

 

template还支持所谓的tag, tag template literal 比如:

let upper = function(strings,...values){
   let result = "";
   for (var i=0; i <strings.length; i++){
    result+=strings[i];
    if (i<values.length){
        result+= values [i];
  }
}
return result.toUpperCase();
}
var x = 1; y =3;
var result = upper `${x} + ${y} is equal to ${x+y}`;
// result为: 1 + 3 IS EQUAL TO 4

再看看几个所谓tag template literal的例子:

function processInvoice(segments){
  console.log(segments);
}
processInvoice `template` ; // ["template"] 这是我们的template literal的value

//更复杂一点的例子:
function processInvoice(segments, ...values){
  console.log(segments);
  console.log(values);
}
let invoiceNum = '1350';
let amount = '2000';
// 在这里tag就是processInvoice, template literal就是`Invoice......${amount}`
processInvoice `Invoice: ${invoiceNum} for ${amount}`;  
//输出内容
["Invoice: "," for ", ""]   //这就是所有独立的string内容
[1350,2000] //这就是所有插值的value

 

 可以参考: http://exploringjs.com/es6/ch_template-literals.html 来详细了解所谓tag template literal的功用

 

 Arrow Functions =>(this指向问题)

var getPrice = () => 5.99;
console.log(typeof getPrice); // function
var getPrice = count => count*4.00; //只有一个参数时,可以不用()
console.log(getPrice(2)); // 8

arrow functions除了具有以上语法格式简洁的优点外,更重要的是为了解决es5中的this难题:

document.addEventListener('click',function(){
   console.log(this); //这里this为#document(接收事件的哪个对象),而不
//不是代码执行的context(代码执行时function的context实际上应该是window!
});
document.addEventListener('click',() =>
   console.log(this); //这里this为window!也就是function执行时的context
);

更多关于arrow function中的this指向问题

var invoice = {
  number: 123,
  process: function(){
   consoloe.log(this);
 }
}
invoice.process(); // object invoice, ES5中this is being set to the object on which the function(owns the this) is called
 

var invoice = {
  number: 123,
  process: () =>{
   consoloe.log(this);
 }
}
invoice.process(); // window, arrow function中的this指向context the code running on 

var invoice = {
  number: 123,
  process: function(){
    return () => consoloe.log(this.number);
 }
}
involice.process()(); //123, this指向invoice


var invoice = {
  number: 123,
  process: function(){
    return () => consoloe.log(this.number);
 }
}
var newInvoice = {
  number: 456
}
involice.process().bind(newInvoice)(); //123, 注意bind不能绑定一个对象到一个arrow function!甚至js会抛出错误, 不能修改arrow的this
involice.process().call(newInvoice); //123, 注意call也不能绑定一个对象到一个arrow function!甚至js会抛出错误, 不能修改arrow的this
    

arrow function不具有prototype属性(传统ES5的函数都具有该属性可以访问使用)

var getPrice = () => 5.99;
console.log(getPrice.hasOwnProperty('prototype') //false,因为arrow function不具有prototype属性!

Object Literal extension

var price = 5, quantity = 30;
var productView = {
  price,   // = price: price
  quantity // =quantity: quantity
}
console.log(productView); // {price: 5, quantity: 30}

var field = 'dynamicField';
var price = 5;
var productView = {
  [field+"-001"]: price
}
console.log(productView); //返回{dynamicFiled-001: 5}

for ... of loops

var cates = ['hardware','software'];
for (var item of cates){
   cosole.log(item);   // hardware software
}

var cates = [,,];
for (var item of cates){
   cosole.log(item);   // undefined undefined
}


var codes = "ABCDE";
var count = 0;
for (var code of codes){
count++;
}
console.log(count); //5 for ... of可以loop字符串

 

posted @ 2016-08-23 11:24  世有因果知因求果  阅读(1989)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报