Except环境部署及使用示例

 

Expect是交互性很强的脚本语言，可以帮助运维人员实现批量管理成千上百台服务器操作，是一款很实用的批量部署工具！Expect依赖于tcl，而linux系统里一般不自带安装tcl，所以需要手动安装。下面记录下Expect的安装部署及使用过程：

1.  安装部署Expect

下载：expect-5.43.0.tar和tcl8.4.11-src.tar
下载地址：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1kVyeLt9
提取密码：af9p

将expect和tcl的软件包下载放到/usr/local/src目录下
1）解压tcl，进入tcl解压目录，然后进入unix目录进行编译安装
[root@xw4 src]# tar -zvxf tcl8.4.11-src.tar.gz
[root@xw4 src]# cd tcl8.4.11/unix
[root@xw4 unix]# ./configure
[root@xw4 unix]# make && make install

2）安装expect
[root@xw4 src]# tar -zvxf expect-5.43.0.tar.gz
[root@xw4 src]# cd expect-5.43.0
[root@xw4 expect-5.43.0]# ./configure --with-tclinclude=/usr/local/src/tcl8.4.11/generic --with-tclconfig=/usr/local/lib/
[root@xw4 expect-5.43.0]# make && make install

3)安装完成后进行测试
[root@xw4 ~]# expect
expect1.1>
expect1.1>

2.  Expect使用示例1

从本机自动登录到远程机器192.168.1.200（端口是22，密码是：PASSWORD），登录到远程机器后做以下几个操作：
1. useradd wangshibo
2. mkdir /opt/test
3. exit自动退出

1) 脚本内容如下
[root@xw4 tmp]# cat test-ssh.sh
#!/bin/bash
passwd='PASSWORD'
/usr/local/bin/expect <<-EOF
set time 30
spawn ssh -p22 root@192.168.1.201
expect {
"*yes/no" { send "yes\r"; exp_continue }
"*password:" { send "$passwd\r" }
}
expect "*#"
send "useradd wangshibo\r"
expect "*#"
send "mkdir /opt/test\r"
expect "*#"
send "exit\r"
interact
expect eof
EOF

执行脚本, 发现登录到远程主机192.168.1.201后确实自动执行了上面三个操作：
[root@xw4 tmp]# chmod 755 test.sh
[root@xw4 tmp]# sh test.sh
spawn ssh -p22 root@192.168.1.201
root@192.168.1.201's password:
Last login: Fri Sep 23 16:21:20 2016 from 192.168.1.23
[root@vm-002 ~]# useradd wangshibo
[root@vm-002 ~]# mkdir /opt/test
[root@xw4 tmp]# 

###########################################################################
上面示例如果只是想实现自动登陆目的，登陆机器后不做操作。则脚本只需改成下面即可：
[root@xw4 tmp]# cat test.sh
[root@xw4 tmp]# cat test.sh
#!/bin/bash
passwd='PASSWORD'
/usr/local/bin/expect <<-EOF
set time 30
spawn ssh -p22 root@192.168.1.201
expect {
"*yes/no" { send "yes\r"; exp_continue }
"*password:" { send "$passwd\r" }
}
expect eof
EOF
   
执行脚本：
[root@xw4 tmp]# sh test.sh
[root@xw4 tmp]# sh test.sh
spawn ssh -p22 root@192.168.1.201
root@192.168.1.201's password:
Last login: Fri Sep 23 16:21:20 2016 from 192.168.1.23
[root@vm-002 ~]#

##########################################################
如上示例只实现自动登录目的，如果使用expect脚本，则写法如下：
[root@xw4 tmp]# cat test
#!/bin/expect
set timeout 30
spawn ssh -p22 root@192.168.1.201
expect "*password:"
send "PASSWORD\r"
interact
   
执行脚本：
[root@xw4 tmp]# chmod 755 test
[root@xw4 tmp]#./test

###########################
需要注意：
spawn后面跟的是操作动作，比如登陆机器后执行uptime，即：
# spawn ssh -p22 root@192.168.1.201 "uptime"

2.  Expect使用示例2
在部署无密码访问时, 手工建立ssh互信需要好几个步骤，并且中途人工交互（输入密码等），如果机器数目多，则很繁琐！下面方法用于自动化生成authorized_keys, 免去了手工操作。具体思路：利用expect编写sshkey.exp在远程主机上生成id_rsa，并重定向到本地；在利用noscp.exp.把文件复制到远程主机。

1）查看expect安装后的路径是：
[root@xw4 ~]# which expect
/usr/local/bin/expect

2）做个expect执行文件的软件
[root@xw4 ~]# ln -s /usr/local/bin/expect /usr/bin/expect
[root@xw4 ~]# ll /usr/bin/expect

3）编写expect脚本：sshkey.exp和noscp.exp
[root@xw4 ~]# cat sshkey.exp
#!/usr/bin/expect
#sshkey.exp
 
if {$argc<3} {
puts stderr "Usage: $argv0 host user passwd "
exit 1
}
 
set host [ lindex $argv 0 ]
set user [ lindex $argv 1 ]
set pwd [ lindex $argv 2 ]
 
set timeout 30
 
#spawn ssh ${user}@${host} "rm -rf ~/.ssh/id_rsa*"
#
#expect {
# "*yes/no" { send "yes\r"; exp_continue }
# "*password:" { send "$pwd\r"; exp_continue }
#}
 
spawn ssh ${user}@${host} "ssh-keygen -t rsa"            #如果ssh端口是非22，比如22222，那么这一行的ssh后面添加"-p22222"
 
expect {
"*yes/no" { send "yes\r"; exp_continue }
"*password:" { send "$pwd\r"; exp_continue }
"Enter file in which to save the key*" { send "\n\r"; exp_continue }
"Overwrite*" { send "y\n"; exp_continue }
"Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):" { send "\n\r"; exp_continue }
"Enter same passphrase again:" { send "\n\r" }
}
 
spawn ssh ${user}@${host} "cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"     #如果ssh端口是非22，比如22222，那么这一行的ssh后面添加"-p22222"
 
expect {
"*yes/no" { send "yes\r"; exp_continue }
"*password:" { send "$pwd\r" }
}
 
expect eof

#############################################################
[root@xw4 ~]# cat noscp.exp
#!/usr/bin/expect
#noscp.exp
 
if {$argc<4} {
puts stderr "Usage: $argv0 localfile remotefile user passwd "
exit 1
}
 
set localfile [ lindex $argv 0 ]
set remotefile [ lindex $argv 1 ]
set user [ lindex $argv 2 ]
set pwd [ lindex $argv 3 ]
 
set timeout 30
 
spawn scp ${localfile} ${user}@${remotefile}         #如果ssh端口是非22，那么这一行里面的scp后面添加"-P 22222"
 
expect {
"*yes/no" { send "yes\r"; exp_continue }
"*password:" { send "$pwd\r" }
}
 
expect eof

4）对上面两个脚本授执行权限
[root@xw4 ~]# chmod 755 sshkey.exp
[root@xw4 ~]# chmod 755 noscp.exp

这两个脚本文件用法：
# ./sshkey.exp 主机名 用户名 密码                   #在远程主机生成id_rsa
# ./noscp.exp 本地文件 远程路径 远程用户密码        #无密码拷贝文件

5）验证
[root@xw4 ~]# ./sshkey.exp 192.168.1.201 root PASSWORD |grep ssh-rsa >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
[root@xw4 ~]# ./noscp.exp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 192.168.1.201:~/.ssh root PASSWORD
spawn scp /root/.ssh/authorized_keys root@192.168.1.201:~/.ssh
root@192.168.1.201's password:
authorized_keys

这样，就能无密码登陆了!
[root@xw4 ~]# ssh 192.168.1.201
Last login: Fri Sep 23 18:33:21 2016 from 192.168.1.7
[root@vm-002 ~]#

######## 上面示例2中，如果是多台机器的话，可以结合shell脚本进行批量执行  ########

[root@xw4 ~]# cat /root/ip.list
192.168.1.100
192.168.1.101
192.168.1.102
192.168.1.103
192.168.1.104
......
......

[root@xw4 ~]# cat sshkey.sh
#!/bin/bash
for ip in `cat /root/ip.list`
do
/root/sshkey.exp $ip root PASSWORD |grep ssh-rsa >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
/root/noscp.exp ~/.ssh/authorized_keys $ip:~/.ssh root PASSWORD
done

[root@xw4 ~]# sh -x sshkey.sh

########  贴一个简单的expect跳转脚本  ########

localhost:huan kevin$ cat jump
#!/usr/bin/expect
 
set timeout 30
spawn /usr/bin/ssh -p 2200  -l wangshibo 111.133.132.144
expect "password:"
send "shai3raesh2Uici\r"
interact
 
localhost:huan kevin$ ./jump
spawn /usr/bin/ssh -p 2200 -l wangshibo 111.133.132.144
wangshibo@111.133.132.144's password:
Last login: Fri Oct 13 16:43:13 2017 from 210.12.101.146
 
Welcome to aliyun Elastic Compute Service!
 
[wangshibo@sh-sre-man01 ~]$