爬虫入门实例

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#1. 爬取强大的度娘，打印页面信息
#第一个爬虫示例，爬取度娘页面
import requests #导入爬虫的库，不然调用不了爬虫函数
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com") #生成一个respon对象
response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding  #设置编码格式
print("状态码："+ str(response.status_code))    #打印状态码
print(response.text)    #输出爬取的信息
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输出
状态码：200
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>  <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号  <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
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#2. get方法实例，和传参数实例
#第二个get实例
import requests #先导入爬虫的库，不然调用不了爬虫的函数
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")   #get方法
print(response.status_code) #状态码
print(response.text)
 
输出
200
{
  "args": {},
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.19.1",
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f8d9277-4092b3b60f705da706dc8bb4"
  },
  "origin": "218.82.89.82",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}
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# 3. post方法实例
import requests #导入爬虫模块
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post") #post方法访问
print(response.status_code) #状态码
print(response.text)
 
输出
200
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "",
  "files": {},
  "form": {},
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "0",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.19.1",
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f8d9f13-374fc5886007f75336920956"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "218.82.89.82",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

　　

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#4. put方法实例
import requests #导入爬虫模块
response = requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")   #put方法访问
print(response.status_code) #状态码
print(response.text)
 
输出
200
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "",
  "files": {},
  "form": {},
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Content-Length": "0",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.19.1",
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f8d9439-082da1a602cc68a9057238a7"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "218.82.89.82",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/put"
}
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#5. get方法传参数实例1
#如果需要传多个参数只需要用&符号连接即可
import requests #导入爬虫模块
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=kevin&age=30") #get传参
print(response.status_code) #状态码
print(response.text)
 
输出
200
{
  "args": {
    "age": "30",
    "name": "kevin"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.19.1",
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f8d959b-0a6253ed3c94f7f66ccde535"
  },
  "origin": "218.82.89.82",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=kevin&age=30"
}
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#6. get方法传参实例2
import requests #导入爬虫模块
data = {"name":"kevin",
        "age":30
        }
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)   #get传参
print(response.status_code) #状态码
print(response.text)
 
输出
200
{
  "args": {
    "age": "30",
    "name": "kevin"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.19.1",
    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5f8d9678-7cc154e278d1ac3c58ac4405"
  },
  "origin": "218.82.89.82",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=kevin&age=30"
}
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#7. post传参方法实例
import requests #导入爬虫模块
data = {
    "name":"kevin",
    "age":30
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post,params=data") #post传参
print(response.status_code) #状态码
print(response.text)
 
输出
404
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
<title>404 Not Found</title>
<h1>Not Found</h1>
<p>The requested URL was not found on the server.  If you entered the URL manually please check your spelling and try again.</p>
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#8. 爬取信息并保存到本地
#因为目录关系，在D盘建立一个叫做爬虫的文件夹，然后保存信息，注意文件保存时的encoding设置
#爬取一个html并保存
import requests
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
response = requests.get(url)
response.encoding = "utf-8" #设置接收编码格式
print("\nr的类型" + str(type(response)))
print("\n状态码是：" + str(response.status_code))
print("\n头部信息：" + str(response.headers))
print("\n响应内容：")
print(response.text)
 
#保存文件
file = open("D:\\爬虫\\baidu.html","w",encoding="utf")
#打开一个文件，w是文件不存在则新建一个文件，这里不用wb是因为不用保存成二进制
file.write(response.text)
file.close()
 
输出
r的类型<class 'requests.models.Response'>
 
状态码是：200
 
头部信息：{'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Date': 'Mon, 19 Oct 2020 14:05:20 GMT', 'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:36 GMT', 'Pragma': 'no-cache', 'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18', 'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked'}
 
响应内容：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>  <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号  <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

 

 

 

 

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#9. 爬取图片，保存到本地
#保存百度图片到本地
import requests #导入爬虫库
response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com/img/baidu_jgylogo3.gif")
file = open("D:\\爬虫\\baidu_logo.gif","wb")  #打开一个文件，wb表示以二进制格式打开一个文件只用于写入
file.write(response.content)    #写入文件
file.close()    #关闭文件操作，运行完毕后去你的目录检查下是否保存成功
 
输出

　　

 

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#10. 绕过反爬虫机制，以知乎为例
import requests #导入爬虫模块
response = requests.get("http://www.zhihu.com")   #第一次访问知乎，不设置头部信息
print("第一次，不设置头部信息，状态码："+response.status_code)  #没写headers,不能正常爬取，状态码不是200
 
输出

 

 

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#下面是可以正常爬取的区别，更改了user-agent字段
headers = {
    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/80.0.3987.122 Safari/537.36"
}   #设置头部信息，伪装浏览器
response = requests.get("http://www.zhihu.com",headers=headers) #get方法访问，传入headers参数
print(response.status_code) #200!访问成功的状态码
print(response.text)
 
输出
200
<!doctype html>
<html lang="zh" data-hairline="true" data-theme="light"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><title data-react-helmet="true">知乎 - 有问题，上知乎</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"/><meta name="renderer" content="webkit"/><meta name="force-rendering" content="webkit"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="FTeR0c8arOPKh8c5DYh_9uu98_zJbaWw53J-Sch9MTg"/><meta name="description" property="og:description" content="有问题，上知乎。知乎，可信赖的问答社区，以让每个人高效获得可信赖的解答为使命。知乎凭借认真、专业和友善的社区氛围，结构化、易获得的优质内容，基于问答的内容生产方式和独特的社区机制，吸引、聚集了各行各业中大量的亲历者、内行人、领域专家、领域爱好者，将高质量的内容透过人的节点来成规模地生产和分享。用户通过问答等交流方式建立信任和连接，打造和提升个人影响力，并发现、获得新机会。"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/assets/apple-touch-icon-152.67c7b278.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/assets/apple-touch-icon-152.67c7b278.png" sizes="152x152"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/assets/apple-touch-icon-120.b3e6278d.png" sizes="120x120"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/assets/apple-touch-icon-76.7a750095.png" sizes="76x76"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/assets/apple-touch-icon-60.a4a761d4.png" sizes="60x60"/><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/static/favicon.ico"/><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://static.zhihu.com/static/search.xml" title="知乎"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//static.zhimg.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic1.zhimg.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic2.zhimg.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic3.zhimg.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic4.zhimg.com"/><style>
.u-safeAreaInset-top {
  height: constant(safe-area-inset-top) !important;
  height: env(safe-area-inset-top) !important;
   
}
.u-safeAreaInset-bottom {
  height: constant(safe-area-inset-bottom) !important;
  height: env(safe-area-inset-bottom) !important;
   
}
</style><link href="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/main.app.216a26f4.cf8c3ff8885ef7c49bfc.css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/main.sign-page.216a26f4.951d6b376116775c6612.css" rel="stylesheet"/><script defer="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://unpkg.zhimg.com/@cfe/sentry-script@latest/dist/init.js" data-sentry-config="{"dsn":"https://2d8d764432cc4f6fb3bc78ab9528299d@crash2.zhihu.com/1224","sampleRate":0.1,"release":"889-d8ce7198","ignoreErrorNames":["NetworkError","SecurityError"],"ignoreErrors":["origin message","Network request failed","Loading chunk","这个系统不支持该功能。","Can't find variable: webkit","Can't find variable: $","内存不足","out of memory","DOM Exception 18","The operation is insecure","[object Event]","[object FileError]","[object DOMError]","[object Object]","拒绝访问。","Maximum call stack size exceeded","UploadError","无法 fetch","draft-js","缺少 JavaScript 对象","componentWillEnter","componentWillLeave","componentWillAppear","getInlineStyleAt","getCharacterList"],"whitelistUrls":["static.zhihu.com"]}"></script></head><body><div id="root"><div><div class="LoadingBar"></div><main role="main" class="App-main"><div class="SignFlowHomepage"><div class="SignFlowHomepage-content"><img class="SignFlowHomepage-logo" src="https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-a47051e92cf74930bedd7469978e6c08_hd.png"/><style data-emotion-css="i6bazn">.css-i6bazn{overflow:hidden;}</style><style data-emotion-css="zvnmar">.css-zvnmar{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;min-width:0;padding:0;background-color:#FFFFFF;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(18,18,18,0.1);border-radius:2px;background-color:#FFFFFF;width:400px;overflow:hidden;}.css-zvnmar+.css-zvnmar{margin-top:10px;}</style><div class="css-zvnmar"><div class="SignContainer-content"><div class="SignContainer-inner"><form novalidate="" class="SignFlow Login-content"><div class="SignFlow-tabs"><div class="SignFlow-tab 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