psutil库

psutil是一个非常强大的第三方库，用法简单，这里主要是做一下梳理。

先看看官方说明：

psutil (python system and process utilities) is a cross-platform library for retrieving information on running processes and system utilization (CPU, memory, disks, network, sensors) in Python. 

It is useful mainly for system monitoring, profiling, limiting process resources and the management of running processes. 

It implements many functionalities offered by UNIX command line tools such as: ps, top, lsof, netstat, ifconfig, who, df, kill, free, nice, ionice, iostat, iotop, uptime, pidof, tty, taskset, pmap.

psutil是一个跨平台库，可以获取系统硬件利用率（包括CPU, memory, disks, network, sensors）和正在运行的进程的信息。主要用于系统资源监控和进程管理。

安装psutil：

# pip3 install psutil

>>> import psutil
>>> dir(psutil)
['AF_LINK', 'AIX', 'AccessDenied', 'BSD', 'CONN_CLOSE', 'CONN_CLOSE_WAIT', 'CONN_CLOSING', 'CONN_ESTABLISHED', 'CONN_FIN_WAIT1', 'CONN_FIN_WAIT2', 'CONN_LAST_ACK', 'CONN_LISTEN', 'CONN_NONE', 'CONN_SYN_RECV', 'CONN_SYN_SENT', 'CONN_TIME_WAIT', 'Error', 'FREEBSD', 'IOPRIO_CLASS_BE', 'IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE', 'IOPRIO_CLASS_NONE', 'IOPRIO_CLASS_RT', 'LINUX', 'NETBSD', 'NIC_DUPLEX_FULL', 'NIC_DUPLEX_HALF', 'NIC_DUPLEX_UNKNOWN', 'NoSuchProcess', 'OPENBSD', 'OSX', 'POSIX', 'POWER_TIME_UNKNOWN', 'POWER_TIME_UNLIMITED', 'PROCFS_PATH', 'Popen', 'Process', 'RLIMIT_AS', 'RLIMIT_CORE', 'RLIMIT_CPU', 'RLIMIT_DATA', 'RLIMIT_FSIZE', 'RLIMIT_LOCKS', 'RLIMIT_MEMLOCK', 'RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE', 'RLIMIT_NICE', 'RLIMIT_NOFILE', 'RLIMIT_NPROC', 'RLIMIT_RSS', 'RLIMIT_RTPRIO', 'RLIMIT_RTTIME', 'RLIMIT_SIGPENDING', 'RLIMIT_STACK', 'RLIM_INFINITY', 'STATUS_DEAD', 'STATUS_DISK_SLEEP', 'STATUS_IDLE', 'STATUS_LOCKED', 'STATUS_RUNNING', 'STATUS_SLEEPING', 'STATUS_STOPPED', 'STATUS_TRACING_STOP', 'STATUS_WAITING', 'STATUS_WAKING', 'STATUS_ZOMBIE', 'SUNOS', 'TimeoutExpired', 'WINDOWS', 'ZombieProcess', '_PY3', '_TOTAL_PHYMEM', '__all__', '__author__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__version__', '_as_dict_attrnames', '_assert_pid_not_reused', '_common', '_compat', '_cpu_busy_time', '_cpu_tot_time', '_last_cpu_times', '_last_cpu_times_2', '_last_per_cpu_times', '_last_per_cpu_times_2', '_pmap', '_pslinux', '_psplatform', '_psposix', '_psutil_linux', '_psutil_posix', '_timer', '_wrap_numbers', 'boot_time', 'callable', 'collections', 'contextlib', 'cpu_count', 'cpu_percent', 'cpu_stats', 'cpu_times', 'cpu_times_percent', 'disk_io_counters', 'disk_partitions', 'disk_usage', 'errno', 'functools', 'long', 'net_connections', 'net_if_addrs', 'net_if_stats', 'net_io_counters', 'os', 'pid_exists', 'pids', 'process_iter', 'pwd', 'sensors_battery', 'sensors_fans', 'sensors_temperatures', 'signal', 'subprocess', 'swap_memory', 'sys', 'test', 'time', 'traceback', 'users', 'version_info', 'virtual_memory', 'wait_procs']

用法如下：

CPU

psutil.cpu_times(percpu=False)
psutil.cpu_percent(interval=None, percpu=False)
psutil.cpu_times_percent(interval=None, percpu=False)
psutil.cpu_stats()
psutil.cpu_freq(percpu=False)

psutil.cpu_count(logical=True)：获取CPU个数或核心数。

Return the number of logical CPUs in the system (same as os.cpu_count() in Python 3.4) or None if undetermined. 
This number may not be equivalent to the number of CPUs the current process can actually use in case process CPU affinity has been changed or Linux cgroups are being used. 
The number of usable CPUs can be obtained with len(psutil.Process().cpu_affinity()). 
If logical is False return the number of physical cores only 

Memory

psutil.virtual_memory()：获取内存的使用信息。
psutil.swap_memory()：获取交换内存的使用信息。

Disk

psutil.disk_partitions(all=False)：获取硬盘分区信息。
psutil.disk_usage(path)：获取硬盘使用信息。
psutil.disk_io_counters(perdisk=False, nowrap=True)：获取磁盘IO信息。

Network

psutil.net_io_counters(pernic=False)：获取网络IO信息。
psutil.net_connections(kind='inet')：获取socket连接信息。
psutil.net_if_addrs()：获取各网卡的各种地址信息（包括IP地址、网络地址、广播地址等）。
psutil.net_if_stats()：获取网卡的硬件信息（包括是否启用、单工还是双工、speed、MTU）。

Sensor

psutil.sensors_temperatures(fahrenheit=False)：获取硬件的温度（包括CPU、硬盘等）。
psutil.sensors_fans()：获取风扇的转速。
psutil.sensors_battery()：获取电池状态信息。

其它系统信息

psutil.boot_time()：获取系统的启动时间，注意不是启动时长，是启动时的时间戳。
psutil.users()：获取当前登录系统的用户。

Process，获取进程信息

psutil.pids()：获取系统当前正在运行的所有PID。返回的是一个进程号列表。
psutil.pid_exists(pid)：检测指定的pid是否存在。
psutil.wait_procs(procs, timeout=None, callback=None)：等待进程结束。

psutil.process_iter(attrs=None, ad_value=None)：返回一个生成器，迭代获取所有进程的属性信息，可以用attrs指定要显示的属性，然后调用`Process.as_dict()`方法即可获取相关属性。

>>> psutil.process_iter()
<generator object process_iter at 0x7f5321d8e468>
>>> p = psutil.process_iter()
>>> for i in p:
...      print(i)
... 
psutil.Process(pid=1, name='systemd')
psutil.Process(pid=2, name='kthreadd')
psutil.Process(pid=3, name='ksoftirqd/0')
psutil.Process(pid=5, name='kworker/0:0H')
... ...
psutil.Process(pid=32284, name='bioset')
psutil.Process(pid=32285, name='dm-thin')
psutil.Process(pid=32286, name='bioset')

Process class

class psutil.Process(pid=None)：Process类。

Represents an OS process with the given pid. If pid is omitted current process pid (os.getpid()) is used. Raise NoSuchProcess if pid does not exist.

pid：The process PID. This is the only (read-only) attribute of the class.
ppid()：The process parent PID.
name()：The process name.
exe()：The process executable as an absolute path.
cmdline()：The command line this process has been called with as a list of strings. The return value is not cached because the cmdline of a process may change.
environ()：The environment variables of the process as a dict. Note: this might not reflect changes made after the process started.
create_time()：The process creation time as a floating point number expressed in seconds since the epoch, in UTC. The return value is cached after first call.
parent()：Utility method which returns the parent process as a Process object preemptively checking whether PID has been reused. If no parent PID is known return None.
status()：The current process status as a string.
cwd()：The process current working directory as an absolute path.
username()：The name of the user that owns the process. On UNIX this is calculated by using real process uid.
uids()：The real, effective and saved user ids of this process as a named tuple.
gids()：The real, effective and saved group ids of this process as a named tuple.
terminal()：The terminal associated with this process, if any, else None.
io_counters()：Return process I/O statistics as a named tuple. 
num_fds()：The number of file descriptors currently opened by this process (non cumulative).
num_handles()：The number of handles currently used by this process (non cumulative).
num_threads()：The number of threads currently used by this process (non cumulative).
threads()：Return threads opened by process as a list of named tuples including thread id and thread CPU times (user/system).
cpu_times()：Return a (user, system, children_user, children_system) named tuple representing the accumulated process time, in seconds.
cpu_percent(interval=None)：Return a float representing the process CPU utilization as a percentage which can also be > 100.0 in case of a process running multiple threads on different CPUs.
cpu_affinity(cpus=None)：Get or set process current CPU affinity. CPU affinity consists in telling the OS to run a process on a limited set of CPUs only. If no argument is passed it returns the current CPU affinity as a list of integers. If passed it must be a list of integers specifying the new CPUs affinity. If an empty list is passed all eligible CPUs are assumed (and set).
cpu_num()：Return what CPU this process is currently running on.
memory_info()：Return a named tuple with variable fields depending on the platform representing memory information about the process.
memory_percent(memtype="rss")：Compare process memory to total physical system memory and calculate process memory utilization as a percentage. memtype argument is a string that dictates what type of process memory you want to compare against. You can choose between the named tuple field names returned by memory_info() and memory_full_info() (defaults to "rss").
children(recursive=False)：Return the children of this process as a list of Process objects, preemptively checking whether PID has been reused. If recursive is True return all the parent descendants.
open_files()：Return regular files opened by process as a list of named tuples.
connections(kind="inet")：Return socket connections opened by process as a list of named tuples.
is_running()：Return whether the current process is running in the current process list.
send_signal(signal)：Send a signal to process preemptively checking whether PID has been reused.
suspend()：Suspend process execution with SIGSTOP signal preemptively checking whether PID has been reused.
resume()：Resume process execution with SIGCONT signal preemptively checking whether PID has been reused.
terminate()：Terminate the process with SIGTERM signal preemptively checking whether PID has been reused.
kill()：Kill the current process by using SIGKILL signal preemptively checking whether PID has been reused.
wait(timeout=None)：Wait for process termination and if the process is a children of the current one also return the exit code, else None. To wait for multiple processes use psutil.wait_procs().

Popen class

class psutil.Popen(*args, **kwargs)：Popen类。

A more convenient interface to stdlib subprocess.Popen. It starts a sub process and you deal with it exactly as when using subprocess.Popen but in addition it also provides all the methods of psutil.Process class.

是一个比subprocess.Popen标准库更方便的接口。它启动一个子进程，使用方法与 subprocess.Popen 完全相同，不过它提供所有 psutil.Process 的类，所以它的使用方法除了上面列出的方法，还需要参考 subprocess.Popen 支持的方法。不同的是，它会事先检查PID是否被复用，不会意外杀掉其它进程。

>>> import psutil
>>> from subprocess import PIPE
>>> p = psutil.Popen(["/usr/bin/python", "-c", "print('hello')"], stdout=PIPE)
>>> 
>>> p.name()
'python'
>>> p.username()
'root'
>>> p.communicate()
(b'hello\n', None)
>>> p.wait()
0

需要总结一下的是，subprocess和psutil.Popen常用来调用外部命令，也就是执行系统命令，进程间只能通过管道进行文本交流，从上面例子中的 PIPE 可见一斑，这里可以阅读一下subprocess的官方文档便知。

另外，常用来调用系统命令的接口还有 os.system()和os.popen()，不过设计和使用上更简单一些。

官方文档非常详细，其它细节请查阅官方文档。

参考：
http://psutil.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psutil/
https://docs.python.org/3/library/subprocess.html