Python笔记（6）

 数据结构

 

一.简介

数据结构基本上就是——它们是可以处理一些数据的结构。或者说，它们是用来存储一组相关数据的。

在Python中有三种内建的数据结构——列表、元组和字典。我们将会学习如何使用它们，以及它们如何使编程变得简单。

二.列表

list是处理一组有序项目的数据结构，即你可以在一个列表中存储一个序列的项目。

一旦你创建了一个列表，你可以添加、删除或是搜索列表中的项目。由于你可以增加或删除项目，我们说列表是可变的数据类型，即这种类型是可以被改变的。在某种程度上，与数组类似。

例如:

#!/usr/bin/python # Filename: using_list.py # This is my shopping list shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana'] print 'I have', len(shoplist),'items to purchase.' print 'These items are:', # Notice the comma at end of the line for item in shoplist: print item, print '\nI also have to buy rice.' shoplist.append('rice') print 'My shopping list is now', shoplist print 'I will sort my list now' shoplist.sort() print 'Sorted shopping list is', shoplist print 'The first item I will buy is', shoplist[0] olditem = shoplist[0] del shoplist[0] print 'I bought the', olditem print 'My shopping list is now', shoplist

输出为:

$ python using_list.py I have 4 items to purchase. These items are: apple mango carrot banana I also have to buy rice. My shopping list is now ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana', 'rice'] I will sort my list now Sorted shopping list is ['apple', 'banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice'] The first item I will buy is apple I bought the apple My shopping list is now ['banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']

三.元组

元组和列表十分类似，只不过元组和字符串一样是不可变的即你不能修改元组。元组通过圆括号中用逗号分割的项目定义。元组通常用在使语句或用户定义的函数能够安全地采用一组值的时候，即被使用的元组的值不会改变。

四.字典

字典类似于你通过联系人名字查找地址和联系人详细情况的地址簿，即，我们把键（名字）和值（详细情况）联系在一起。注意，键必须是唯一的。

注意，你只能使用不可变的对象（比如字符串）来作为字典的键，但是你可以不可变或可变的对象作为字典的值。基本说来就是，你应该只使用简单的对象作为键。

键值对在字典中以这样的方式标记：d = {key1 : value1, key2 : value2 }。注意它们的键/值对用冒号分割，而各个对用逗号分割，所有这些都包括在花括号中。

注意：字典中的键/值对是没有顺序的。如果你想要一个特定的顺序，那么你应该在使用前自己对它们排序。

例如:

#!/usr/bin/python # Filename: using_dict.py # 'ab' is short for 'a'ddress'b'ook ab = { 'Swaroop' : 'swaroopch@byteofpython.info', 'Larry' : 'larry@wall.org', 'Matsumoto' : 'matz@ruby-lang.org', 'Spammer' : 'spammer@hotmail.com' } print "Swaroop's address is %s" % ab['Swaroop'] # Adding a key/value pair ab['Guido'] = 'guido@python.org' # Deleting a key/value pair del ab['Spammer'] print '\nThere are %d contacts in the address-book\n' % len(ab) for name, address in ab.items(): print 'Contact %s at %s' % (name, address) if 'Guido' in ab: # OR ab.has_key('Guido') print "\nGuido's address is %s" % ab['Guido']

五.序列

列表、元组和字符串都是序列。序列的两个主要特点是索引操作符和切片操作符。索引操作符让我们可以从序列中抓取一个特定项目。切片操作符让我们能够获取序列的一个切片，即一部分序列。

例如:

#!/usr/bin/python # Filename: seq.py shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana'] # Indexing or 'Subscription' operation print 'Item 0 is', shoplist[0] print 'Item 1 is', shoplist[1] print 'Item 2 is', shoplist[2] print 'Item 3 is', shoplist[3] print 'Item -1 is', shoplist[-1] print 'Item -2 is', shoplist[-2] # Slicing on a list print 'Item 1 to 3 is', shoplist[1:3] print 'Item 2 to end is', shoplist[2:] print 'Item 1 to -1 is', shoplist[1:-1] print 'Item start to end is', shoplist[:] # Slicing on a string name = 'swaroop' print 'characters 1 to 3 is', name[1:3] print 'characters 2 to end is', name[2:] print 'characters 1 to -1 is', name[1:-1] print 'characters start to end is', name[:]

输出为:

$ python seq.py Item 0 is apple Item 1 is mango Item 2 is carrot Item 3 is banana Item -1 is banana Item -2 is carrot Item 1 to 3 is ['mango', 'carrot'] Item 2 to end is ['carrot', 'banana'] Item 1 to -1 is ['mango', 'carrot'] Item start to end is ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana'] characters 1 to 3 is wa characters 2 to end is aroop characters 1 to -1 is waroo characters start to end is swaroop

切片操作符是序列名后跟一个方括号，方括号中有一对可选的数字，并用冒号分割。注意这与你使用的索引操作符十分相似。记住数是可选的，而冒号是必须的。

shoplist[1:3]返回从位置1开始，包括位置2，但是停止在位置3的一个序列切片，因此返回一个含有两个项目的切片。类似地，shoplist[:]返回整个序列的拷贝。

六.参考

当你创建一个对象并给它赋一个变量的时候，这个变量仅仅参考那个对象，而不是表示这个对象本身。也就是说，变量名指向你计算机中存储那个对象的内存。这被称作名称到对象的绑定。

例如:

#!/usr/bin/python # Filename: reference.py print 'Simple Assignment' shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana'] mylist = shoplist # mylist is just another name pointing to the same object! del shoplist[0] print 'shoplist is', shoplist print 'mylist is', mylist # notice that both shoplist and mylist both print the same list without # the 'apple' confirming that they point to the same object print 'Copy by making a full slice' mylist = shoplist[:] # make a copy by doing a full slice del mylist[0] # remove first item print 'shoplist is', shoplist print 'mylist is', mylist # notice that now the two lists are different

输出为:

$ python reference.py Simple Assignment shoplist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana'] mylist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana'] Copy by making a full slice shoplist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana'] mylist is ['carrot', 'banana']

在某种程度上，类似于C中的指针。

七.一些关于字符串的补充

你在程序中使用的字符串都是str类的对象。这个类的一些有用的方法会在下面这个例子中说明。如果要了解这些方法的完整列表，请参见help(str)。

例如:

#!/usr/bin/python # Filename: str_methods.py name = 'Swaroop' # This is a string object if name.startswith('Swa'): print 'Yes, the string starts with "Swa"' if 'a' in name: print 'Yes, it contains the string "a"' if name.find('war') != -1: print 'Yes, it contains the string "war"' delimiter = '_*_' mylist = ['Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China'] print delimiter.join(mylist)

输出为：

$ python str_methods.py Yes, the string starts with "Swa" Yes, it contains the string "a" Yes, it contains the string "war" Brazil_*_Russia_*_India_*_China

#!/usr/bin/python # Filename: using_tuple.py zoo = ('wolf', 'elephant', 'penguin') print 'Number of animals in the zoo is', len(zoo) new_zoo = ('monkey', 'dolphin', zoo) print 'Number of animals in the new zoo is', len(new_zoo) print 'All animals in new zoo are', new_zoo print 'Animals brought from old zoo are', new_zoo[2] print 'Last animal brought from old zoo is', new_zoo[2][2]

输出为:

$ python using_tuple.py Number of animals in the zoo is 3 Number of animals in the new zoo is 3 All animals in new zoo are ('monkey', 'dolphin', ('wolf', 'elephant', 'penguin')) Animals brought from old zoo are ('wolf', 'elephant', 'penguin') Last animal brought from old zoo is penguin

变量zoo是一个元组，我们看到len函数可以用来获取元组的长度。这也表明元组也是一个序列。

含有0个或1个项目的元组。一个空的元组由一对空的圆括号组成，如myempty = ()。然而，含有单个元素的元组就不那么简单了。你必须在第一个（唯一一个）项目后跟一个逗号，这样Python才能区分元组和表达式中一个带圆括号的对象。即如果你想要的是一个包含项目2的元组的时候，你应该指明singleton = (2 , )。

例如：

#!/usr/bin/python # Filename: print_tuple.py age = 22 name = 'Swaroop' print '%s is %d years old' % (name, age) print 'Why is %s playing with that python?' % name

输出为：

$ python print_tuple.py Swaroop is 22 years old Why is Swaroop playing with that python?