K8S--- yaml配置文件

一、YAML基础

  YAML是专门用来写配置的语言,非常简洁和强大,使用比json更方便。它实质上是一种通用的串行数据化格式。

YAML语法规则:

  • 大小写敏感
  • 使用缩进表示层级关系
  • 缩进时不允许使用Tab键,只允许使用空格
  • 缩进的空格数目不重要,只要相同层级的元素左侧对齐即可
  •  # 表注释,该行会被解析器忽略

在K8S中,只需知道两种结构类型即可:

  • maps
  • lists

 

  1.1 YAML Maps

  字典,即一个 Key:Value 的键值对信息。例如:

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod

  注:---为可选的分隔符 ,当需要在一个文件中定义多个结构的时候需要使用。上述内容表示有两个键apiVersion和kind,分别对应的值为v1和Pod。

  Maps的value既能够对应字符串也能够对应一个Maps。例如:

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kube100-site
  labels:
    app: web

  注:上述的YAML文件中,metadata这个KEY对应的值为一个Maps,而嵌套的labels这个KEY的值又是一个Map。实际使用中可视情况进行多层嵌套。

  YAML处理器根据行缩进来知道内容之间的关联。上述例子中,使用两个空格作为缩进,但空格的数据量并不重要,只是至少要求一个空格并且所有缩进保持一致的空格数 。例如,name和labels是相同缩进级别,因此YAML处理器知道他们属于同一map;它知道app是lables的值因为app的缩进更大。

  注意:在YAML文件中绝对不要使用tab键

 

  1.2 YAML Lists

  List即列表,说白了就是数组,例如:

args
 -beijing
 -shanghai
 -shenzhen
 -guangzhou

当然Lists的子项也可以是Maps,Maps的子项也可以是List,例如:

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kube100-site
  labels:
    app: web
spec:
  containers:
    - name: front-end
      image: nginx
      ports:
        - containerPort: 80
    - name: flaskapp-demo
      image: jcdemo/flaskapp
      ports: 8080

如上述文件所示,定义一个containers的List对象,每个子项都由name、image、ports组成,每个ports都有一个KEY为containerPort的Map组成,转成JSON格式文件:

{
  "apiVersion": "v1",
  "kind": "Pod",
  "metadata": {
        "name": "kube100-site",
        "labels": {
            "app": "web"
        },
 
  },
  "spec": {
        "containers": [{
            "name": "front-end",
            "image": "nginx",
            "ports": [{
                "containerPort": "80"
            }]
        }, {
            "name": "flaskapp-demo",
            "image": "jcdemo/flaskapp",
            "ports": [{
                "containerPort": "5000"
            }]
        }]
  }
}

 

二、说明

  • 定义配置时,指定最新稳定版API
  • 配置文件应该存储在集群之外的版本控制仓库中。如果需要,可以快速回滚配置、重新创建和恢复
  • 应该使用YAML格式编写配置文件,而不是json。YAML对用户更加友好
  • 可以将相关对象组合成单个文件,通常会更容易管理
  • 不要没必要指定默认值,简单和最小配置减小错误
  • 在注释中说明一个对象描述更好维护

 

三、使用YAML创建Pod

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kube100-site
  labels:
    app: web
spec:
  containers:
    - name: front-end
      image: nginx
      ports:
        - containerPort: 80
    - name: flaskapp-demo
      image: jcdemo/flaskapp
      ports:
        - containerPort: 5000 
  • apiVersion:此处值是v1,这个版本号需要根据安装的Kubernetes版本和资源类型进行变化,记住不是写死的。
  • kind:此处创建的是Pod,根据实际情况,此处资源类型可以是Deployment、Job、Ingress、Service等。
  • metadata:包含Pod的一些meta信息,比如名称、namespace、标签等信息。
  • spe:包括一些container,storage,volume以及其他Kubernetes需要的参数,以及诸如是否在容器失败时重新启动容器的属性。可在特定Kubernetes API找到完整的Kubernetes Pod的属性。

  (1)查看apiVersion

# kubectl api-versions
admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 apiregistration.k8s.io/v1 apiregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 apps/v1 apps/v1beta1 apps/v1beta2 authentication.k8s.io/v1 authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 authorization.k8s.io/v1 authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 autoscaling/v1 autoscaling/v2beta1 batch/v1 batch/v1beta1 certificates.k8s.io/v1beta1 events.k8s.io/v1beta1 extensions/v1beta1 networking.k8s.io/v1 policy/v1beta1 rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 storage.k8s.io/v1 storage.k8s.io/v1beta1 v1

  (2)下面是一个典型的容器定义:

…
spec:
  containers:
    - name: front-end
      image: nginx
      ports:
        - containerPort: 80
…
  • 上述例子只是一个简单的最小定义:一个名字(front-end)、基于nginx的镜像,以及容器将会监听的指定端口号(80)。
  • 除了上述的基本属性外,还能够指定复杂的属性,包括容器启动运行的命令、使用的参数、工作目录以及每次实例化是否拉取新的副本。 还可以指定更深入的信息,例如容器的退出日志的位置。容器可选的设置属性包括:

    name、image、command、args、workingDir、ports、env、resource、volumeMounts、livenessProbe、readinessProbe、livecycle、terminationMessagePath、imagePullPolicy、securityContext、stdin、stdinOnce、tty

  (3)kubectl创建Pod

# kubectl create -f test_pod.yaml
pod "kube100-site" created

  (4)查看Pod状态

# kubectl get pod
 
NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube100-site                  2/2       Running   0          2m

 

四、创建 Deployment

  名词解释

 1 #test-pod 
 2 apiVersion: v1 #指定api版本,此值必须在kubectl apiversion中   
 3 kind: Pod #指定创建资源的角色/类型   
 4 metadata: #资源的元数据/属性   
 5   name: test-pod #资源的名字,在同一个namespace中必须唯一   
 6   labels: #设定资源的标签 
 7     k8s-app: apache   
 8     version: v1   
 9     kubernetes.io/cluster-service: "true"   
10   annotations:            #自定义注解列表   
11     - name: String        #自定义注解名字   
12 spec: #specification of the resource content 指定该资源的内容   
13   restartPolicy: Always #表明该容器一直运行,默认k8s的策略,在此容器退出后,会立即创建一个相同的容器   
14   nodeSelector:     #节点选择,先给主机打标签kubectl label nodes kube-node1 zone=node1   
15     zone: node1   
16   containers:   
17   - name: test-pod #容器的名字   
18     image: 10.192.21.18:5000/test/chat:latest #容器使用的镜像地址   
19     imagePullPolicy: Never #三个选择Always、Never、IfNotPresent,每次启动时检查和更新(从registery)images的策略, 
20                            # Always,每次都检查 
21                            # Never,每次都不检查(不管本地是否有) 
22                            # IfNotPresent,如果本地有就不检查,如果没有就拉取 
23     command: ['sh'] #启动容器的运行命令,将覆盖容器中的Entrypoint,对应Dockefile中的ENTRYPOINT   
24     args: ["$(str)"] #启动容器的命令参数,对应Dockerfile中CMD参数   
25     env: #指定容器中的环境变量   
26     - name: str #变量的名字   
27       value: "/etc/run.sh" #变量的值   
28     resources: #资源管理 
29       requests: #容器运行时,最低资源需求,也就是说最少需要多少资源容器才能正常运行   
30         cpu: 0.1 #CPU资源(核数),两种方式,浮点数或者是整数+m,0.1=100m,最少值为0.001核(1m) 
31         memory: 32Mi #内存使用量   
32       limits: #资源限制   
33         cpu: 0.5   
34         memory: 1000Mi   
35     ports:   
36     - containerPort: 80 #容器开发对外的端口 
37       name: httpd  #名称 
38       protocol: TCP   
39     livenessProbe: #pod内容器健康检查的设置 
40       httpGet: #通过httpget检查健康,返回200-399之间,则认为容器正常   
41         path: / #URI地址   
42         port: 80   
43         #host: 127.0.0.1 #主机地址   
44         scheme: HTTP   
45       initialDelaySeconds: 180 #表明第一次检测在容器启动后多长时间后开始   
46       timeoutSeconds: 5 #检测的超时时间   
47       periodSeconds: 15  #检查间隔时间   
48       #也可以用这种方法   
49       #exec: 执行命令的方法进行监测,如果其退出码不为0,则认为容器正常   
50       #  command:   
51       #    - cat   
52       #    - /tmp/health   
53       #也可以用这种方法   
54       #tcpSocket: //通过tcpSocket检查健康    
55       #  port: number    
56     lifecycle: #生命周期管理   
57       postStart: #容器运行之前运行的任务   
58         exec:   
59           command:   
60             - 'sh'   
61             - 'yum upgrade -y'   
62       preStop:#容器关闭之前运行的任务   
63         exec:   
64           command: ['service httpd stop']   
65     volumeMounts:  #挂载持久存储卷 
66     - name: volume #挂载设备的名字,与volumes[*].name 需要对应     
67       mountPath: /data #挂载到容器的某个路径下   
68       readOnly: True   
69   volumes: #定义一组挂载设备   
70   - name: volume #定义一个挂载设备的名字   
71     #meptyDir: {}   
72     hostPath:   
73       path: /opt #挂载设备类型为hostPath,路径为宿主机下的/opt,这里设备类型支持很多种 
74     #nfs

  (1)创建一个yaml文件

 1 apiVersion: apps/v1beta2
 2 kind: Deployment
 3 metadata:
 4   name: nginx-deployment
 5 spec:
 6   replicas: 3
 7   selector:
 8     matchLabels:
 9       app: nginx
10   template:
11     metadata:
12       labels:
13         app: nginx
14     spec:
15       containers:
16       - name: nginx
17         image: nginx:1.10
18         ports:
19         - containerPort: 80

  (2)创建deployment

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" created
[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod -o  wide
NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP              NODE
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.184.83    master-01
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.190.60    node-01
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          2m        10.20.254.108   node-03
[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get deployment
NAME               DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
nginx-deployment   3         3         3            3           2m

  (3)查看标签

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod --show-labels
NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       LABELS
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          3m        app=nginx,pod-template-hash=2636081360

  (4)通过标签查找Pod

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get pod -l app=nginx
NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj   1/1       Running   0          6m
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm   1/1       Running   0          6m
nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t   1/1       Running   0          6m

  (5)deployment创建过程

Deployment 管理的是replicaset-controller,RC会创建Pod。Pod自身会下载镜像并启动镜像

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl describe rs nginx-deployment
...
...
...
Events:
  Type    Reason            Age   From                   Message
  ----    ------            ----  ----                   -------
  Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-9w7tm
  Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj
  Normal  SuccessfulCreate  33m   replicaset-controller  Created pod: nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-mhh8t
 
 
[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl describe pod nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj
 
...
...
...
Events:
  Type    Reason                 Age   From                Message
  ----    ------                 ----  ----                -------
  Normal  Scheduled              36m   default-scheduler   Successfully assigned nginx-deployment-6b7b4d57b4-26wzj to master-01
  Normal  SuccessfulMountVolume  36m   kubelet, master-01  MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "default-token-v5vw9"
  Normal  Pulled                 36m   kubelet, master-01  Container image "nginx:1.10" already present on machine
  Normal  Created                36m   kubelet, master-01  Created container
  Normal  Started                36m   kubelet, master-01  Started container

  (6)升级镜像(nginx1.10-->nginx1.11)

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl set image deploy/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.11
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment" image updated
 
[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl exec -it nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf bash
root@nginx-deployment-b96c97dc-2pxjf:/# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.11.13

升级镜像的过程是逐步进行的,pod不会一下子全部关闭,而是一个一个升级

  (7)查看发布状态

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment
deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

  (8)查看deployment历史修订版本

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE
1         <none>
2         <none>
 
# 显示历史有两个版本
 
[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=1
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #1
Pod Template:
  Labels:   app=nginx
    pod-template-hash=2636081360
  Containers:
   nginx:
    Image:  nginx:1.10
    Port:   80/TCP
    Host Port:  0/TCP
    Environment:    <none>
    Mounts: <none>
  Volumes:  <none>
 
[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=2
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #2
Pod Template:
  Labels:   app=nginx
    pod-template-hash=65275387
  Containers:
   nginx:
    Image:  nginx:1.11
    Port:   80/TCP
    Host Port:  0/TCP
    Environment:    <none>
    Mounts: <none>
  Volumes:  <none>

  (8)编辑deployment

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl edit deploy/nginx-deployment
 
 
# 将nginx版本改为1.12
...
...
...
   spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx:1.12
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

  升级过程:

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy/nginx-deployment
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 2 out of 3 new replicas have been updated...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
Waiting for rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
deployment "nginx-deployment" successfully rolled out

  (10)扩容/缩容(指定--replicas的数量)

[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl get pod
NAME                                READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-8mjkr   1/1       Running   0          1m
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-kr978   1/1       Running   0          1m
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-tvhvl   1/1       Running   0          1m
[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl scale deploy/nginx-deployment --replicas=5
deployment.extensions "nginx-deployment" scaled
[root@master-01 ~]# kubectl get pod
NAME                                READY     STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-6r5dz   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          4s
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-7sjtt   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          4s
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-8mjkr   1/1       Running             0          2m
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-kr978   1/1       Running             0          2m
nginx-deployment-6b47cf4878-tvhvl   1/1       Running             0          2m

  (11)创建Service提供对外访问的接口

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-service
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 88
    targetPort: 80
  selector:
    app: nginx
 
####
apiVersion: 指定版本
 
kind: 类型
 
name: 指定服务名称
 
labels: 标签
 
port: Service 服务暴露的端口
 
targetPort: 容器暴露的端口
 
seletor: 关联的Pod的标签

  创建service

# kubectl create -f nginx-service.yaml

  查看service(访问Pod是有负载均衡的)

[root@master-01 YAML_k8s]# kubectl get svc/nginx-service
NAME            TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
nginx-service   ClusterIP   10.254.131.176   <none>        88/TCP    1m
 
 
# curl 10.254.131.176:88
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
 
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
 
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

  对service的描述

# kubectl describe svc/nginx-service
Name:              nginx-service
Namespace:         default
Labels:            app=nginx
Annotations:       <none>
Selector:          app=nginx
Type:              ClusterIP
IP:                10.254.131.176
Port:              <unset>  88/TCP
TargetPort:        80/TCP
Endpoints:         10.20.184.19:80,10.20.184.84:80,10.20.190.62:80 + 2 more...
Session Affinity:  None
Events:            <none

  (12)回滚到以前的版本

# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE
1         <none>
2         <none>
3         <none>
 
# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment --revision=3
deployments "nginx-deployment" with revision #3
Pod Template:
  Labels:   app=nginx
    pod-template-hash=2603790434
  Containers:
   nginx:
    Image:  nginx:1.12
    Port:   80/TCP
    Host Port:  0/TCP
    Environment:    <none>
    Mounts: <none>
  Volumes:  <none>
 
 
# 回滚到上一个版本
# kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"
 
# 查看版本
# kubectl describe deploy/nginx-deployment
...
...
Labels:  app=nginx
  Containers:
   nginx:
    Image:        nginx:1.11

  (13)回滚到指定版本

# kubectl rollout history deploy/nginx-deployment
deployments "nginx-deployment"
REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE
1         <none>
3         <none>
4         <none>
 
# 指定版本
# kubectl rollout undo deploy/nginx-deployment --to-revision=1
deployment.apps "nginx-deployment"

 

posted on 2020-03-31 11:01  Karlkiller  阅读(1933)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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