DirectX9:基础篇 第一章 初始化Direct3D
一.简介
二.Direct3D类
1.创建D3D类
IDirect3D9* WINAPI Direct3DCreate9(UINT SDKVersion);
//Direct3D类的创建 IDirect3D9* d3d9=0; d3d9=Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
2.获取设备类型
STDMETHOD(GetDeviceCaps)(
THIS_ UINT Adapter, //设备显示器(显卡)
D3DDEVTYPE DeviceType, //要获取的设备类型
D3DCAPS9* pCaps //要获取的设备参数
) PURE;
- Adapter
D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT
- DeviceType
D3DDEVTYPE_HAL
D3DDEVTYPE_REF
D3DCAPS9 caps; D3DDEVTYPE deviceType; d3d9->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, deviceType, &caps);
3.判断显卡是否支持硬件加速
D3DCAPS9是设备参数结构体,不仅可以用来获取设备类型还可以用来判断是否支持硬件加速
int vp=0;
if(caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT)
vp=D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
else
vp=D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
4.填充显示参数结构体
typedef struct _D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS_{
UINT BackBufferWidth; //后台缓冲区宽度
UINT BackBufferHeight; //后台缓冲区高度
D3DFORMAT BackBufferFormat; //后台缓冲区像素格式
UINT BackBufferCount; //后台缓冲区数量
D3DMULTISAMPLE_TYPE MultiSampleType; //多重采样类型
DWORD MultiSampleQuality; //多重采样质量
D3DSWAPEFFECT SwapEffect; //缓冲区的交换方式
//Direct3D用交换链来交替两帧之间的过渡,用IDirect3DSwapChain接口来表示
HWND hDeviceWindow; //窗口句柄
BOOL Windowed; //全屏或者窗口
BOOL EnableAutoDepthStencil; //是否开启深度缓存和模板缓存
//深度缓存是一个表面,担不是存储图像数据而是用来记录像素深度信息,用来确定物体的前后关系正确绘制的z-buffering技术
D3DFORMAT AutoDepthStencilFormat; //指定深度缓冲及模板缓冲区的格式
DWORD Flags; //其他的附加特性标志（通常指定为0或NULL）
UINT FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz; //指定屏幕的刷新频率
UINT PresentationInterval; //指定屏幕的翻转模式
}D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS;
- BackBufferFormat
D3DFMT_UNKOWN:默认
D3DFMT_R8G8B8:表示24为像素
D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8:表示一个32为像素
- Multisampling
D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE:不使用全屏抗锯齿
D3DMULTISAMPLE_1_SAMPLE - D3DMULTISAMPLE_16_SAMPLE:设定1-16级
- SwapEffect
D3DSWAPEEFECT_COPY ：swap时，拷贝后缓冲区的内容到前缓冲区，后缓冲区的内容不变。
D3DSWAPEEFECT_FLIP ：swap时，交换前后缓冲区指针，完成翻页，之后后缓冲区的内容是前缓冲区的内容
D3DSWAPEEFECT_DISCARD：可能是COPY也可能是FLIP，由设备来确定最适合当前情况的方式。
D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD:清除后台缓存的内容
D3DSWAPEEFECT_FLIP:保留后台缓存的内容。当缓存区>1时。
D3DSWAPEFFECT_COPY: 保留后台缓存的内容，缓冲区=1时。
- AutoDepthStencilFormat
D3DFMT_D32：指定一个32位的深度缓冲区
D3DFMT_D24S8：指定一个32位的深度/模板缓冲区，其中24位用于深度缓冲区，8位用于模板缓冲区
D3DFMT_D24X8：指定一个32位的深度/模板缓冲区，其中24位用于的度缓冲区，8位空闲
D3DFMT_D24X4S4：指定一个32位的深度/模板缓冲区，其中24位用于深度缓冲区，4位用于模板缓冲区，4位空闲
D3DFMT_D16：指定一个16位的深度缓存区
D3DFMT_D15S1：指定一个16位的深度/模板缓冲区，其中15位用于深度缓冲区，1位用于模板缓冲区
- Flags
D3DPRESENTFLAG_LOCKABLE_BACKBUFFER：表示后缓冲区可以被锁定，需要注意的是这样缓冲区会降低程序的运行效率。
D3DPRESENTFLAG_DISCARD_DEPTHSTENCIL：指定深度缓冲区和模板缓冲区在后一个缓冲区被渲染（即调用Present方法后）的时候将被释放
- FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz
在窗口模式下，必须指定为0或D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT（即默认的），表示使用与当前屏幕相同的刷新率）
D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT：表示使用默认刷新率，即与屏幕刷新率相同。
D3DPRESENT_RATE_UNLIMITED：表示图形绘制结束后立刻将内容复制到前台缓冲区。
- PresentationInterval
在窗口模式下，其取值为0，只能选用D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_DEFAULT
D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_DEFAULT：D3D选择交换频率，通常等同于屏幕刷新率
D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE：立即显示更新（或立即交换），不推荐
D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_ONE：等待一个垂直扫描周期才更新，有助于减少剪断和撕裂效果（其实DEFAULT和ONE完全无区别）
D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_TWO~FOUR：分别对应等待相应个数周期才更新
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp; d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = width; d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = height; d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8; d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1; d3dpp.MultiSampleType = D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE; d3dpp.MultiSampleQuality = 0; d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD; d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = hwnd; d3dpp.Windowed = windowed; d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true; d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D24S8; d3dpp.Flags = 0; d3dpp.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT; d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
5.创建D3D设备类
HRESULT CreateDevice(
UINT Adapter, //默认显示适配器(显卡)
D3DDEVTYPE DeviceType, //设备类型
HWND hFocusWindow, //窗口句柄
DWORD BehaviorFlags, //是否支持硬件顶点处理的枚举值
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS *pPresentationParameters, //显示参数结构体
IDirect3DDevice9** ppReturnedDeviceInterface //要创建的D3D设备类
);
//Direct3D设备类的创建
IDirect3DDevice9* Device=0;
HRESULT hr=d3d9->CreateDevice(
D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
deviceType,
hwnd,
vp,
&d3dpp,
device);
五.完整版示例
1.d3dUntility.h
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// File: d3dUtility.h
//
// Author: Frank Luna (C) All Rights Reserved
//
// System: AMD Athlon 1800+ XP, 512 DDR, Geforce 3, Windows XP, MSVC++ 7.0
//
// Desc: Provides utility functions for simplifying common tasks.
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef __d3dUtilityH__
#define __d3dUtilityH__
#include <d3dx9.h>
#include <string>
#include <tchar.h>
#pragma comment(lib,"d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"winmm.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"d3dx9.lib")
namespace d3d
{
bool InitD3D(
HINSTANCE hInstance, // [in] Application instance.
int width, int height, // [in] Backbuffer dimensions.
bool windowed, // [in] Windowed (true)or full screen (false).
D3DDEVTYPE deviceType, // [in] HAL or REF
IDirect3DDevice9** device);// [out]The created device.
int EnterMsgLoop(
bool (*ptr_display)(float timeDelta));
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(
HWND hwnd,
UINT msg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam);
template<class T> void Release(T t)
{
if( t )
{
t->Release();
t = 0;
}
}
template<class T> void Delete(T t)
{
if( t )
{
delete t;
t = 0;
}
}
}
#endif // __d3dUtilityH__
2.d3dUntility.cpp
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// File: d3dUtility.cpp
//
// Author: Frank Luna (C) All Rights Reserved
//
// System: AMD Athlon 1800+ XP, 512 DDR, Geforce 3, Windows XP, MSVC++ 7.0
//
// Desc: Provides utility functions for simplifying common tasks.
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "d3dUnitility.h"
bool d3d::InitD3D(
HINSTANCE hInstance,
int width, int height,
bool windowed,
D3DDEVTYPE deviceType,
IDirect3DDevice9** device)
{
//
// Create the main application window.
//
WNDCLASS wc;
wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)d3d::WndProc;
wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
wc.hInstance = hInstance;
wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(0, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wc.lpszMenuName = 0;
wc.lpszClassName = _T("Direct3D9App");
if( !RegisterClass(&wc) )
{
::MessageBoxA(0, "RegisterClass() - FAILED", 0, 0);
return false;
}
HWND hwnd = 0;
hwnd = ::CreateWindow(_T("Direct3D9App"), _T("Direct3D9App"),
WS_EX_TOPMOST,
0, 0, width, height,
0 /*parent hwnd*/, 0 /* menu */, hInstance, 0 /*extra*/);
if( !hwnd )
{
::MessageBoxA(0, "CreateWindow() - FAILED", 0, 0);
return false;
}
::ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOW);
::UpdateWindow(hwnd);
//
// Init D3D:
//
HRESULT hr = 0;
// Step 1: Create the IDirect3D9 object.
IDirect3D9* d3d9 = 0;
d3d9 = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
if( !d3d9 )
{
::MessageBoxA(0, "Direct3DCreate9() - FAILED", 0, 0);
return false;
}
// Step 2: Check for hardware vp.
D3DCAPS9 caps;
d3d9->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, deviceType, &caps);
int vp = 0;
if( caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT )
vp = D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
else
vp = D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
// Step 3: Fill out the D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS structure.
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = width;
d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = height;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8;
d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1;
d3dpp.MultiSampleType = D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE;
d3dpp.MultiSampleQuality = 0;
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = hwnd;
d3dpp.Windowed = windowed;
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true;
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D24S8;
d3dpp.Flags = 0;
d3dpp.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT;
d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
// Step 4: Create the device.
hr = d3d9->CreateDevice(
D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, // primary adapter
deviceType, // device type
hwnd, // window associated with device
vp, // vertex processing
&d3dpp, // present parameters
device); // return created device
if( FAILED(hr) )
{
// try again using a 16-bit depth buffer
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
hr = d3d9->CreateDevice(
D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
deviceType,
hwnd,
vp,
&d3dpp,
device);
if( FAILED(hr) )
{
d3d9->Release(); // done with d3d9 object
::MessageBoxA(0, "CreateDevice() - FAILED", 0, 0);
return false;
}
}
d3d9->Release(); // done with d3d9 object
return true;
}
int d3d::EnterMsgLoop( bool (*ptr_display)(float timeDelta) )
{
MSG msg;
::ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));
static float lastTime = (float)timeGetTime();
while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
if(::PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
::TranslateMessage(&msg);
::DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
else
{
float currTime = (float)timeGetTime();
float timeDelta = (currTime - lastTime)*0.001f;
ptr_display(timeDelta);
lastTime = currTime;
}
}
return msg.wParam;
}
3.d3dInit.cpp
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// File: d3dinit.cpp
//
// Author: Frank Luna (C) All Rights Reserved
//
// System: AMD Athlon 1800+ XP, 512 DDR, Geforce 3, Windows XP, MSVC++ 7.0
//
// Desc: Demonstrates how to initialize Direct3D, how to use the book's framework
// functions, and how to clear the screen to black. Note that the Direct3D
// initialization code is in the d3dUtility.h/.cpp files.
//
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "d3dUnitility.h"
#include <windows.h>
//
// Globals
//
IDirect3DDevice9* Device = 0;
//
// Framework Functions
//
bool Setup()
{
// Nothing to setup in this sample.
return true;
}
void Cleanup()
{
// Nothing to cleanup in this sample.
}
bool Display(float timeDelta)
{
if( Device ) // Only use Device methods if we have a valid device.
{
// Instruct the device to set each pixel on the back buffer black -
// D3DCLEAR_TARGET: 0x00000000 (black) - and to set each pixel on
// the depth buffer to a value of 1.0 - D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER: 1.0f.
Device->Clear(0, 0, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0x00000000, 1.0f, 0);
// Swap the back and front buffers.
Device->Present(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
return true;
}
//
// WndProc
//
LRESULT CALLBACK d3d::WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch( msg )
{
case WM_DESTROY:
::PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
if( wParam == VK_ESCAPE )
::DestroyWindow(hwnd);
break;
}
return ::DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
//
// WinMain
//
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hinstance,
HINSTANCE prevInstance,
PSTR cmdLine,
int showCmd)
{
if(!d3d::InitD3D(hinstance,
640, 480, true, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, &Device))
{
::MessageBox(0, "InitD3D() - FAILED", 0, 0);
return 0;
}
if(!Setup())
{
::MessageBox(0, "Setup() - FAILED", 0, 0);
return 0;
}
d3d::EnterMsgLoop( Display );
Cleanup();
Device->Release();
return 0;
}
三.简化版示例
因为完整版代码比较多理解有点难,所以有些不必要的可以去掉,这样我们写些例子的时候,也可以精简一些
我们用一个.cpp和一个.hpp就可以实现了,它把窗口的创建和显示图像隔离开
1.d3dInit_k5.cpp
#include "d3dInit_k5.hpp"
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
//函数开始
int WINAPI/*基本调用_stdcall*/ WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,/*当前运行程序的实例句柄*/
HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,/*前一个句柄，一般都是NULL*/
LPSTR lpCmdLine,/*命令行参数,以空终止的字符串*/
int nCmdShow /*显示方式*/)
{
//声明一个窗口类结构体
WNDCLASS wc = { 0 }; //WNDCLASSEX比WNDCLASS多两个参数
//wc.cbSize = sizeof(PWNDCLASSEX);//表示该结构体的字节数大小
wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; // 窗口的风格样式 水平大小或垂直大小变化发生重绘
wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;//窗口的回调函数，响应事件的系统触发函数
wc.cbClsExtra = 0; //窗口类附加内存
wc.cbWndExtra = 0; //窗口的附加内存
wc.hInstance = hInstance; //指定包含窗口过程的程序的实例句柄
wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(0,/*程序句柄加载系统图标第一个参数为NULL，加载用户图标第一个参数为实例句柄*/
IDI_APPLICATION/*系统图标，或用户图标路径字符串*/);//窗口类的图标资源句柄
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);//箭头光标用法同上
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);//背景画刷句柄
wc.lpszMenuName = 0; //指定菜单资源的名字，字符串形式
wc.lpszClassName = "Direct3D9App";//自定义的窗口类名字
//wc.hIconSm = 0;//托盘中应用程序的小图标
if (!RegisterClass(&wc))
{
::MessageBox(0, TEXT("RegisterClass() - FAILED"), 0, 0);
return 0;
}
HWND hwnd = 0;
hwnd = CreateWindow("Direct3D9App",//对应窗口类的名称
"K5窗口", //指定创建的窗口名字
WS_MAXIMIZEBOX, //创建窗口的样式
CW_USEDEFAULT, //水平位置
CW_USEDEFAULT, //竖直位置
width, //宽
height, //高
0 /*父窗口的句柄*/,
0 /* 菜单资源句柄 */,
hInstance, //程序实例句柄
0 /*WM_CREATE消息lParam数据指针*/);
if (!hwnd)
{
::MessageBox(0, TEXT("CreateWindow() - FAILED"), 0, 0);
return 0;
}
::ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOW);
::UpdateWindow(hwnd);
Cd3d d3d;
d3d.InitD3D(hwnd);
//消息循环
MSG msg = { 0 };
float lastTime = (float)timeGetTime();
while (msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
if (PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
else
{
float curTime = (float)timeGetTime();
float timeDelta = (curTime - lastTime)*0.001f;
if (Device)
{
d3d.RenderD3D();
}
lastTime = curTime;
}
}
UnregisterClass("Direct3D9App",wc.hInstance);
return 0;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(
HWND hwnd,
UINT msg,
WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam)
{
switch (msg)
{
case WM_DESTROY:
::PostQuitMessage(0);
break;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
if (wParam == VK_ESCAPE)
::DestroyWindow(hwnd);
break;
}
return ::DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
2.d3dInit_k5.hpp
#include <Windows.h>
#include <d3d9.h>
#include <d3dx9.h>
#pragma comment(lib,"d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"d3dx9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"winmm.lib")
//声明
const int width = 800;
const int height = 600;
IDirect3DDevice9* Device = 0;
D3DDEVTYPE deviceType = D3DDEVTYPE_HAL;
class Cd3d{
public:
bool InitD3D(HWND hwnd);
void RenderD3D();
};
bool Cd3d::InitD3D(HWND hwnd){
//初始化DirectX
HRESULT hr = 0;
IDirect3D9* d3d9 = 0;
d3d9 = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
if (!d3d9)
{
::MessageBox(0, TEXT("Direct3DCreate9() - FAILED"), 0, 0);
return false;
}
D3DCAPS9 caps;
d3d9->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, deviceType, &caps);
int vp = 0;
if (caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT)
vp = D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
else
vp = D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = width;//后备缓冲表面的宽度
d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = height;//后备缓冲表面的高度
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8;//后备缓冲表面的像素格式
d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1;//后备缓冲表面的数量
d3dpp.MultiSampleType = D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE;//全屏抗锯齿的类型
d3dpp.MultiSampleQuality = 0;//全屏抗锯齿的质量等级
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;//指定表面在交换链中是如何被交换
d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = hwnd;//与设备相关的窗口句柄,想在哪个窗口绘制就写那个窗口的句柄
d3dpp.Windowed = true;//true为窗口模式，false则为全屏模式
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true;//设为true，D3D将自动创建深度/模板缓冲
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D24S8;//深度/模板缓冲的格式
d3dpp.Flags = 0; //一些附加特性,设为0或者D3DPRESENTFLAG类型的一个成员,一个表面能够被锁定，降低程序的性能,一个深度/模板缓冲调用present后会被删除,提升程序性能
d3dpp.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT;//刷新频率
d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;//交换方式(D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE立即交换,D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_DEFAULT 等于刷新频率)
hr = d3d9->CreateDevice(
D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, // 指定对象要表示的物理显示设备
deviceType, // 设备类型
hwnd, // 设备的窗口句柄
vp, // 采用硬件顶点处理或者软件顶点处理
&d3dpp, // 初始化好的D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS实例
&Device); // 返回创建的设备
if (FAILED(hr))
{
// try again using a 16-bit depth buffer
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
hr = d3d9->CreateDevice(
D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
deviceType,
hwnd,
vp,
&d3dpp,
&Device);
if (FAILED(hr))
{
d3d9->Release(); // done with d3d9 object
::MessageBox(0, TEXT("CreateDevice() - FAILED"), 0, 0);
return 0;
}
}
else{
//开始设置参数
}
d3d9->Release(); // done with d3d9 object
return true;
}
void Cd3d::RenderD3D(){
Device->Clear(0, 0, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 0xffff0000, 1.0f, 0);
//开始显示
Device->Present(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
