连词(conjunction)

从属连词:

1） 从属连词可以引导状语从句。 

引导时间状语从句的连词: when , while, as, before, after, until, till, whenever
引导条件状语从句的连词: if, unless supposing, providing, provided, suppose
引导目的状语从句的连词: in order that, so that, so, that, lest
引导结果状语从句的连词: so…that, such…that, so that, so
引导原因状语从句的连词: because, as, since
引导让步状语从句的连词: although, though, even though, even if, while
引导方式状语从句的连词: as, like, the way, as if, as though
引导地点状语从句的连词: where, wherever
引导比较状语从句的连词: than, as2） 从属连词连词可以引导名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）。

a) 从属连词连词引导主语从句
* That you will win the medal seems unlikely. 你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
* What you need is more practice. 你需要的是更多的练习。
* Why he did it will remain a puzzle for ever. 为什么他做那件事将永远是个谜团。
* Whether he will join us won't make too much difference. 他是否加入我们，没有太大的差别。

b) 从属连词连词引导宾语从句
* I hope that he will be fine soon．我希望他很快好起来。
* Do you know who will come this afternoon？你知道今天下午谁来吗？
* We didn't know when she would come back．我们不知道她什么时候回来。
* Nobody knows whether (if) it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。

c) 从属连词连词引导同位语从句
* There is no doubt that he will keep his promise. 我们相信他会守信。
* There is no evidence that he committed crime. 没有他犯罪的证据。
* He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。

3） 从属连词可以引导表语从句
* The truth is that he was very shy. 事实是他很害羞。
* The problem was who could do the work. 问题是谁能做这项工作。
* The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。
* That's because we never thought of it. 这是因为我们从未想过此事。
* It looked as if it was going to snow. 看起来好像要下雪了。

并列连词:

1. 并列连词有以下几类。
a) 表示意思转折的连词: but, yet, nevertheless, still
b) 表示因果关系的连词: for, so, therefore, hence
c) 其他并列连词: and, or, as well as, either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only...but also
d) 另外, hence 和 therefore 为副词，但在用法上类似于并列连词

2. and 和 or
1) and 和 or 是用得最多的并列连词，可以连接各种并列结构。
* Proper diet and exercise are important to health.适当的饮食和锻炼对健康很重要。
* He was cold and hungry. 他又冷又饿。
* Come and have tea with me. 过来和我一起喝茶。
* We waited for hours and hours. 我们等了一个又一个小时。
* Work hard and you will succeed.（条件，前面部分常为祈使句）如果你努力工作，就会成功。
* He never smokes or drinks. 他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。
* Do you want tea or coffee? 你要喝茶还是咖啡？

2) or 可以表示“否则”的意思。
* Put on your overcoat, or you will catch cold. 穿上你的大衣，不然你会着凉。
* Hurry or you'll be late. 赶紧， 否则你会迟到。

3. 表示转折的连词
表示转折的连词主要有but, yet 等。
1) but
a) but 通常用于连接两个并列的分句：
* Excuse me for breaking in, but I have some news for you.请原谅我冒然闯入，但我有消息告诉你。
* He doesn't like music but his wife does. 他不喜欢音乐, 可他的妻子却很喜欢。

b) but 也可以连接其它并列成分：
* It is not yours, but mine. 这不是你的， 而是我的。
* The weather will be sunny but cold. 天气会晴朗但很冷。
* He is not a teacher, but a doctor. 他不是一位老师，而是一名医生。
* They see the trees, but not the forest. 他们只见到树木，而不见森林。

2) yet
a) yet 通常用于连接两个并列的分句：
* He was in deep trouble, yet he didn't lose heart. 他深陷困境，然而他没有丧失信心。
* Our team was good, yet it lost. 虽然我们队训练有素，但还是输了。

b) yet 有时连接两个形容词：
It is strange, yet true. 这很奇怪，却是真的。

c) yet 还可与 and 和 but 连用。
The question was so simple, and yet he couldn't answer it. 这么简单的问题他竞然没能回答。
She's a funny girl, but yet you can't help liking her.　她是个奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住会喜欢她。

4. 表示因果关系的连词 for
* He felt no fear, for he was very brave. 他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧。
* I missed the beginning of the play, for I was late. 我没有看到话剧的开头部分， 因为我迟到了。

5. as well as
* I have read his novels as well as his plays. 我读过他的小说和剧本。
* John can speak Chinese as well as French. 约翰除法语外，还能说汉语。

6. either…or 表示“(或)...或...; 要么...要么...”
* Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错，就是我错。
* She will be back either today or tomorrow. 她不是今天回来，就是明天回来。
* Either burn it or burry it. Don't throw it away. 把它烧了或埋了。 别扔。

7. neither…nor 表示“既不...也不...; 既没...也没...”
* It is neither hot nor cold. 天气既不热又不冷。
* She can neither read nor write. 他既不识字， 也不会写字。

8. both…and 表示“(...和...两者)都, 既...又...”
* She spoke both French and English. 她既会说法语也会说英语。
* Both his brother and sister are married. 他的哥哥和姐姐两人都已婚。
* My sister is both beautiful and clever. 我妹妹既漂亮又聪明。

9. not only…but also 表示“不仅...而且...”
* He can speak not only French but (also) English.他不但会讲法而且会讲英语。
* Not only the parents but also the children enjoyed the program. 不但父母喜欢， 孩子们也喜欢这个节目。

【高中以上】
10. 副词therefore 和 hence 也可表因果关系。
* Good technique in medicine means less pain and fewer deaths, therefore it is our duty to master it.治疗中采用先进的技术就意味着减少痛苦与死亡，因此掌握先进的技术是我们的职责。
My mother is by herself; hence I must go home now. 我妈一个人在家, 因此我得回去了。

[注] hence 有时后面可以不是完整的句子，而只跟名词。
* I fell off my bike yesterday hence the bruises. 我昨天骑自行车摔倒了， 所以青一块﹑ 紫一块的.

11. nevertheless, all the same 也表示转折关系
* He has faults; nevertheless, we love him. 他有缺点，可是我们喜欢他。
He's charming; nevertheless, I don't trust him. 他很迷人, 但我不太信任他。

* He's a bit naughty, but I like him all the same. 他有点顽皮, 可是我还是喜欢他。
* I tried to walk upstairs quietly but they woke up all the same. 我试图轻轻地上楼,可他们还是被吵醒了.

12. not…but… 表示“不是...而是...”
* He is not a teacher, but a politician. 他不是一位老师，而是一位政客。
* We meet not in the drawing-room, but in the hunting field. 我们不在客厅集会, 而在猎场。

13. not…nor…
* Not a building nor a tree was left standing. 地面没剩下一座建筑物，甚至一颗树都没有。
* Not a leaf nor an insect stirred. 不单是树叶, 连个虫子都不动。

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