英文文法学习笔记(9)名词及冠词
2021-10-19 22:41 AlfredZhao 阅读(391) 评论(0) 编辑 收藏 举报本篇为第9篇笔记:名词及冠词。
一、经典例句
1.1 名词
1. School begins in September.
2. There are three schools in this town.
3. Whales are mammals.
=> A whale is a mammal.
=> The whale is a mammal.
4. I met a boy, the boy had a ball in his hands.
5. His family is a big one.
6. His family are all tall.
7. Our team has won the championship.
8. The team were all excited.
9. The police have caught him.
10. Many people were angry at the case.
11. Do you eat much fruit?
12. The potato is not a fruit but a vegetable.
13. His success was the fruits of hard work.
14. I catch three fish yesterday.
15. There are a lot of fishes living in the sea.
16. Ten people were injured in the accident.
=> Ten persons were injured in the accident.
17. The Chinese are said to be an industrious people.
18. She has thick hair.
19. He pulled out two white hairs.
20. I like music.
21. This is important information.
22. I have little hope of succeeding.
23. I have a lot of homework to do.
24. Necessity is the mother of invention.
25. You should know the difficulty of learning how to drive a car.
26. He gave me a wonderful piece of advice.
27. She sent us an item of news.
28. The computer is a marvelous invention.
29. I will tell you my views of the matter.
🌟30. He is a man of ability.
=> He is an able man.
🌟31. The information is of no value to me.
=> The information is valueless to me.
32. Mary passed the exam with ease.
=> Mary passed the exam easily.
33. The statue is made of stone.
34. The crowd threw stones at the police.
35. I don't need much money to buy that camera.
36. We have little rain here.
37. This beef is from Australia.
38. Let's go to the liquor store.
39. a piece of chalk、a sheet of paper、a slice of bread
40. a bottle of cola、a glass of water、a cup of tea
41. a pound of butter、a liter of milk、a spoonful of sugar
42. Dr. Jones photographed many wild animals in Africa.
43. Henry walked down Bridge Street to save time.
44. the Amazon、the Pacific Ocean
45. the Titanic、the MRT
46. the White House、the British Museum
47. the Times、the Asahi
48. A Mr. Brown has come to see you.
49. He is the Edison of Taiwan.
50. My wife was a Smith.
51. He has two Picassos.
1.2 名词的复数形
52. One hundred dollars is enough to buy that jacket.
53. Twenty miles is a long distance to run.
54. Ten years is called "a decade".
1.3 名词的所有格
55. My mother went to the baker's (shop).
56. I'm going to the dentist's (office) tomorrow.
1.4 冠词
57. Waiter, there is a fly in my soup.
58. I saw a bird, The bird is flying in the sky.
59. Rome was not built in a day.
60. He came back on a Christmas.
61. That painting looks more beautiful from a distance.
62. Birds of a feather block together.
🌟63. We have six English classes a week.
64. As a rule it rains little in Kaohsiung in winter.
65. He was at a loss for words.
66. It is true in a sense.
67. I go to the movies once in a while.
1.5 定冠词的用法
68. You took a photo of me, show the photo to me.
69. The wine I drank at the party was very good.
70. Did you remember to lock the door?
71. He is the only person I can trust.
72. In England, they buy butter by the pound.
73. We were hired by the hour.
74. Everybody loves the true, the good and the beautiful.
75. He shook her roughly by the shoulder.
76. He kissed the girl on the forehead.
77. The man was shot through the heart.
1.6 冠词特别注意的用法
78. It lasted for half an hour.
79. Many a little makes a mickle.
80. It was so unusual a story that few people believed it.
=> It was such an unusual story that few people believed it.
81. All the computers in my office were broken.
82. I had to pay double the fine.
83. I saw a white and black dog.
84. I saw a white and a black dog.
85. the bread and butter、a cup and saucer、a watch and chain.
86. go to school、go to the school
87. go to church、go to the church
88. go to bed、go to the bed
89. at table、at the table
90. in class、in the class
91. go to sea、go to the sea
二、知识点回顾(对应例句编号)
2.1 名词
名词
按数分:{
可数名词{
单数名词 - 名词前加a或an.
复数名词 - 名词后加s或es.
}
不可数名词 - 只有单数形,且不可加a或an.
}
按种类分:{
普通名词、集合名词。(可数名词)
抽象名词、物质名词、专有名词。(不可数名词)
}
同一个名词,有些场景下是可数,有些场景下则不可数。
school{
go to school 上学
go to the school 去学校
}
bed{
go to bed 去睡觉
go to the bed 去到床边
}
🌟重点:如果是可数名词,在句子中必须表现出来。
🌟集合名词:
(1)单数、复数皆可
-> family、audience、class、club、company、crew、crowd、government、public、staff、team等。
(2)复数形:
-> police、cattle、people、poultry等。
police 警察{
call the police 报警
a policeman 一个警察
two policemen 两个警察
}
cattle 牛{
母牛 cow
公牛 bull
阉掉的牛 ox
}
people 人{
一个人 a person
两个人{
two persons
two people
}
}
(3)单数型:有些类似抽象名词
-> baggage、clothing、furniture、machinery、merchandise、poetry、scenery等。
🌟重点:特殊的集合名词
(1) fruit{
表“水果总称”:用不加冠词的单数形 -> fruit (即不可数名词)
表“水果种类”:{
一种 a fruit a kind of a fruit
两种以上 fruits two kinds of fruits
}
表“成果;结果”:fruits
}
(2) fish{
表“数量”:{
一条鱼 a fish
两条以上 fish 两条鱼 two fish
}
表“种类”:{
一种 a fish
两种以上 fishes
}
表“鱼肉”:fish
}
(3) people{
表“人们”:people
表“国民;民族”:{
一个:a people
两个以上:peoples
}
}
(4) hair{
表“全部”:hair
表“一根根”:a hair / hairs
}
🌟industry 工业;勤奋
industrial 工业的
industrious 勤奋的
🌟little 不多、几乎没有;
a little 一些
🌟a lot of + 「可数/不可数」N
much + 不可数N
🌟两则忠告
two pieces of advice
🌟一双鞋
a pair of shoes
一双白鞋
a white pair of shoes
🌟news, 消息;是单数形式,不可数。
an item of news. 一则消息
注意:很奇怪这个单数形式却有s?语言是一种魔法。总有例外/个别,记住/了解就好。
🌟没有价值的
of no value
valueless
有价值的
valuable
🌟词性的排列组合构成英文句子。
要把一个动作表达的更完整,需要副词。
🌟intent v.
intention n.
intentional adj.
intentionally adv.
🌟be made of 从成品看的出来材质;
be made from 从成品看不出来材质;比如葡萄酒
🌟pebble 小石头
stone 石头
rock 岩石
boulder 巨石
🌟英文中,有时不需要翻译:
我们、你们、他们
we、you、they
🌟一条面包
a loaf of bread
两条面包
two loaves of bread
🌟可数名词也可以量化
一个苹果 An apple
一篮子苹果 a basket of apples
🌟一群鲸鱼 a school of whales
一群牛 a herd of cattle
一群鸟 a flock of birds
🌟公升 liter
spoon 勺
spoonful 量
🌟桥街 Bridge Street
🌟ATM
Automated Teller Machine
2.2 名词的复数形
(1)规则变化:
字尾:s、x、ch、sh、子音+o 变化:加es 例如:buses\classes\boxes\foxes\churches\benches\dishes\bushes\heroes\tomatoes
字尾:子音+y 变化:去y加ies 例如:city -> cities \ baby -> babies
字尾:f、fe 变化:去f、fe加ves 例如:leaf -> leaves \ wife -> wives
注意:例外情况:
胃 stomachs
钢琴 pianos
相片 photos
屋顶 roofs
保险箱 safes
信条 beliefs
(2)不规则变化:
常用的不规则变化名称:
man -> men \ woman -> women \ foot -> feet \ tooth -> teeth \ mouse -> mice \ child -> children
单数、复数同形:
Japanese、Chinese、carp、sheep、deer、species、fish
外来语的复数形:
datum -> data \ medium -> media \ crisis -> crises \ analysis -> analyses
文字、数字、简称的复数形:
UFOs(UFO's)
the 80s(80's)
CDs(CD's)
注意:这里的’s不是所有格,而是复数。
复合名词的复数形:
passer-by -> passers-by
college student -> college students
woman astronaut -> women astronauts
🌟重点:
(1)单数、复数意思不同者
paper -> papers
work -> works
part -> parts
water -> waters
ash -> ashes
force -> forces
arm -> arms
custom -> customs
manner -> manners
letter -> letters
air -> airs
(2)必用复数形
glasses
contact lenses
trousers
scissors
shoes
socks
gloves
(3)学科名称字尾为ics:用单数形
mathematics
politics
physics
economics
(4)表金额、距离、时间:用单数动词
一百元够买那件夹克。
二十里是一段长距离赛跑。
十年称为decade。
2.3 名词的所有格
(1)单数名词 -> N‘s
(2)复数名词 -> Ns‘
(3)不规则变化的复数名词 -> N‘s
(4)复合名词 最后一字加 -> ‘s
(5)共同所有及个别所有
(6)表时间、距离、重量、金额等的名词 -> N‘s或Ns‘
(7)表国名、地名 -> N‘s或Ns‘
(8)B of A -> 上述例子外,若遇无生命物时(6、7特殊),可采用B of A的形式表达。
(1)单数名词 -> N‘s
Jim's mom
the boy's hat
(2)复数名词 -> Ns‘
a grils' high school
April Fools' Day
(3)不规则变化的复数名词 -> N‘s
children's toys
men's coats
(4)复合名词 最后一字加 -> ‘s
My father-in-law's hobbies
Her boy friend's birthday
(5)共同所有及个别所有
Jack's and Peter's father
Jack and Peter's room
(6)表时间、距离、重量、金额等的名词 -> N‘s或Ns‘
ten minutes' break
tomorrow's weather
three miles' distance
a pound's weight
a dollar's worth
(7)表国名、地名 -> N‘s或Ns‘
the world's population
Taiwan's climate
the United States' future
(8)B of A -> 上述例子外,若遇无生命物时(6、7特殊),可采用B of A的形式表达。
the roof of the church
the front of the building
🌟注意:
1. 这个问题的答案 the answer(s) to the question is(are) difficult.
那个比赛的门票 the ticket(s) to that game
非常成功的关键 the keys to great success
2. 在门口的那个男人的忠告
the advice of the man at the gate.
🌟表场所、建筑的名词在所有格后常被省略。
2.4 冠词
冠词{
不定冠词 -> a/an + 可数单数名词
定冠词 -> the + 单数名词,复数名词,不可数名词
}
a,an的区别{
子音开头的字 -> a a table / a house
母音开头的字 -> an an orange / an hour (注意,这里的h不发音,所以用an)
}
the的发音{
子音开头的字 -> the plane
母音开头的字 -> the artist
}
不定冠词的用法{
表示不特定的单数可数名词;
话题中第一次提到的单数名词;
表示“一个”;
表示“某个”;
表示“一些”;
表示“相同”;
表示“每一个”;
}
🌟重点:伴随a的惯用表现{
a great many 非常多的
have a cold 感冒
a little 一些(修饰不可数名词), little 就是“很少,几乎没有”, quite a little 表示“很多”,“大量”
in a sense 某种意义
a few 一些(修饰可数名词), few 就是“很少,几乎没有”, quite a few 表示“很多”,“大量”
come to an end 结束
as a rule 一般来说
for a while 一会儿
at a loss 不知所措
once in a while 偶尔
in a hurry 匆忙
to a degree 非常地
all of a sudden 突然
with a view to 为了
}
人要衣装,佛要金装。
Fine feathers make fine birds.
2.5 定冠词的用法
定冠词的用法{
表示“特定事物”前
从状况可知所指为何之名词前
表示“唯一之物”的名词前
用于最高级或only、first、last、same等之前
by + the + 单位~ (以~为单位)
the + 形容词 -> 指“人”时,采复数形(V)
the + 形容词 -> 表抽象的意义
介系词 + the + 身体的某部位
}
2.6 冠词特别注意的用法
冠词特别注意的用法{
half, many, quite, rather, such, what等 + a/an + 名词
all, both, double, twice, half等 + the + 名词
a A and B / a A and a B
}
注意:{
两个物品成一组或合而为一者,只在第一个名词前加冠词。
加冠词或不加冠词的意义不同{
不加冠词the, 表抽象
加冠词the,表具体
}
}
三、例句中文翻译(参考)
3.1 名词
-
学校九月开学。
-
这镇上有三所学校。
-
鲸鱼是哺乳动物。
-
我遇到一个男孩,那个男孩手里拿着一颗球。
-
他家是个大家庭。
-
他的家人都很高。
-
我队赢得冠军。
-
全体队员都感到兴奋。
-
警察已抓到他。
-
许多人对这件事很生气。
-
你吃很多水果吗?
-
马铃薯不是水果而是蔬菜。
-
他的成功是努力工作的成果。
-
我昨天抓到三条鱼。
-
海里栖息着很多种鱼。
-
十人在意外中受伤。
-
中国人是勤劳的民族。
-
她有一头浓密的头发。
-
他拔掉两根白发。
-
我喜欢音乐。
-
这是重要的资讯。
-
我成功的希望渺茫。
-
我有许多功课要写。
-
需要为发明之母。
-
你应知道学开车的困难。
-
他给了我很棒的忠告。
-
她送给我们一则消息。
-
电脑是一项极棒的发明。
-
我会告诉你我对这件事的看法。
🌟30. 他是有能力的人。
🌟31. 这情报对我毫无价值。
-
Mary很容易就通过考试。
-
这雕像是石头做的。
-
群众向警察丢石头。
-
我不需要很多钱买那相机。
-
这里几乎不下雨。
-
这牛肉来自澳洲。
-
咱们去酒吧。
-
形状:一支粉笔、一张白纸、一片面包。
-
容器:一瓶可乐、一杯水、一杯茶。
-
单位:一磅奶油、一公升牛奶、一勺糖。
-
Jones博士在非洲拍了许多野生动物的照片。
-
Henry为节省时间就走桥街。
-
河川、海洋、海峡等 - 亚马逊河、太平洋。
-
船、列车 - 泰坦尼克号、台湾捷运。
-
公共建筑 - 白宫、大英博物馆。
-
报纸、杂志 - 时代杂志、朝日报。
-
一个叫Brown的人来找你。
-
他是台湾的爱迪生。
-
我太太是史密斯家族的人。
-
他有两幅毕加索的画。
3.2 名词的复数形
-
一百元够买那件夹克。
-
二十里是一段长距离赛跑。
-
十年称为decade。
3.3 名词的所有格
-
我母亲去了面包店。
-
明天我要去看牙医。
3.4 冠词
-
服务生,我的汤里有一只苍蝇。
-
我看见一只鸟,那只鸟正在天上飞。
-
罗马不是一天建成的。
-
他在某一年圣诞节回来。
-
那幅画从不远处看更美。
-
物以类聚。
🌟63. 我们每周有六堂英文课。
-
一般来说高雄冬天很少下雨。
-
他不知说什么话好。
-
在某层意义上,那是真的。
-
我偶尔会去看电影。
3.5 定冠词的用法
-
你帮我照了一张照片,拿给我看吧。
-
我在那排队上喝的酒很棒。
-
你记得去锁门了吗?
-
他是我唯一能信任的人。
-
在英国,我们买奶油以磅为单位。
-
我们是钟点受雇的。
-
每个人都爱真、善、美。
-
他粗鲁的摇晃她的肩膀。
-
他亲了那女孩的额头。
-
那人被射穿心脏。
3.6 冠词特别注意的用法
-
这持续了半个小时。
-
积少成多。
-
如此不寻常的故事以致没什么人相信。
-
所有在我办公室的电脑都坏了。
-
我必须付出两倍的罚金。
-
我看见一只黑白相间的狗。
-
我看见一只白狗和一只黑狗。
-
涂了奶油的面包、附茶盘的茶杯、附表链的怀表。
-
去上学、去学校。
-
做礼拜、去教堂。
-
上床睡觉、走到床边。
-
用餐、在餐桌前。
-
课堂上、在班上。
-
当水手、去海边。