NiosII中Flash的使用(转)
NiosII中Flash的使用
在嵌入式系统中,Flash是最常用组件之一。许多使用过flash的朋友都了解,Flash的特点是“读来容易写来难”。通常,可以直接读出Flash的内容;但如果要写入数据,就要发送一长串命令,比如像:555 ,AA,2AA,55,555,A0 ,PA,PD 就表示对PA地址写入数据PD,实际情况还要复杂一点,因为通常还要包含许多查询操作。
哎呀,这真是好繁琐呀,有没有省力的方法呢?现在好了,NiosII的开发环境提供了对符合CFI标准的Flash的支持,使用几个简单的函数,就可以操作Flash,真是方便了许多。
在这里,我粗略得介绍一下nios 中flash的使用;更加详细的帮助信息请您参考Altera公司提供的文档。如果本文能对您有一点点帮助,我都会感到非常高兴。
一. 准备工作:
在使用Flash之前,有几个准备工作要做:
1。开发板上至少要有一片符合CFI标准的Flash。
2。设计好对应目标板的Flash编程器(Flash Programmer)。
下面我以本站设计的开发板ezNiosDKC6B为目标板,来介绍如何使用Flash,你可以举一反三,在自己的系统中使用Flash.
二. 为SOPC系统中添加Flash接口:
1。 双击在Memory中的Flash Memory(Common Flash Interface),即可为系统添加Flash接口。
2。 对于ezNiosDK的用户,Address Width可以选择 20 Bits,Data Width 可以选择 16 Bits,这样总的容量是2M Bytes
3。Timing选项卡中,可以如下添写:
完成后,选择Finish,即可为系统添加Flash接口。
4。增加三态总线桥。Flash 接口必须通过三态总线桥接到实际的芯片上。双击Bridges下的Avalon Tri-State Bridge,请按照下图设置,为系统增加三态总线桥。
5。为Flash接口分配引脚。请参考我之前的文章:Step By Step创建标准(Standard) niosII系统
注意,如果Data Width是16Bits,那么tri_state_bridge_0_address[0]不必接到Flash上,tri_state_bridge_0_address[1]对应Flash的A[0],tri_state_bridge_0_address[2]对应Flash的A[1],以此类推。
三. 在Nios IDE中使用Flash编程器:
3-1。配置Component/Kit Library Search Path。目的是在系统中增加本站设计的Flash编程器目录,请把光盘CD1上的/Example/ezNiosC6 拷贝到您的电脑的硬盘上。比如,我把他放在h:/DB2005/project/niosDK/CD/CD1/Example/中,然后在Altera SOPC Builder中,选择File -> SOPC Builder Setup,增加如下搜索路径:+h:/DB2005/project/niosDK/CD/CD1/Example/ezNiosC6
ezNiosC3的用户如下操作:请把光盘CD1上的/Example/ezNiosC3 拷贝到您的电脑的硬盘上。比如,我把他放在h:/DB2005/project/niosDK/CD/CD1/Example/中,然后在Altera SOPC Builder中,选择File -> SOPC Builder Setup,增加如下搜索路径:+h:/DB2005/project/niosDK/CD/CD1/Example/ezNiosC3
并顺便检察Modelsim Directory是否正确:比如,我的是 g:/w2k/eda/fpga/altera/modeltech_6.0/win32
然后,你需要关闭Altera SOPC Builder,然后再重新通过QuartusII的Tools ->SOPC Builder来开启SOPC Builder,这样上述修改才能生效。
常见错误:有许多朋友往往在设置路径的时候,犯与下图类似的错误。错误在于第一个路径前面是不需要 + 号的!要去掉第一个路径前面的 + 号
3-2:使用Flash编程器。
我使用项目:ezC6Be_StdF50_zip_filesystem_0(在CD1ExampleezNiosC6BezC6Be_StdF50softwareezC6Be_StdF50_zip_filesystem_0下,请使用Nios IDE中的File-Import来导入这个项目),来说明如何使用Flash编程器。
首先为系统上电,并连接好下载电缆。
选择Tools -> Flash Programmer,启动 Flash 编程器
选择New,可以看到增加了一个名为 ezC6Be_StdF50_zip_filesystem_0 programmer的flash 编程器
选择Program software project into flash memory,然后选择Apply,在选择Program Flash,就启动了Flash 编程器!如果顺利的话,可以看到如下的提示:
如果看到如上提示,OK,小功告成,我们已经可以正常使用Flash编程器啦!
下面我来介绍如何在程序中引用Flash。
使用NiosII提供的系统函数,可以方便得使用Flash,免除了通常操作Flash 的繁琐,这对用户来说,真是方便多了。
Altera 提供了两种类型的函数,提供给客户:Simple Flash Access(简单的Flash访问),以及Fine-Grained Flash Access(细粒度Flash访问)。
一般情况下,我还是推荐使用Fine-Grained Flash Access(细粒度Flash访问)函数,比 Simple Flash Access也复杂不了多少,但可以避免通常的跨块擦除问题。因为Flash是按照 Block组织起来的,通常一次擦除一整个块。如果写Flash的地址于Flash块的组织结构不吻合,比如跨越了Flash块的边缘,那么可能会擦除掉其余的数据。比如,即使要写入1Byte,也要擦除掉4Kbyte,也许这4Kbyte里面还有许多有用的数据,就会被抹掉。
我们下面介绍几个常用的函数,关于更详细的内容,请参考Altera提供的文档。
首先介绍第一步:打开Flash,就像c程序打开硬盘中的数据文件一样,使用之前要打开Flash.
我们使用alt_flash_open_dev()打开Flash,它返回一个句柄。比如,下面是使用这个函数的片断:
alt_flash_fd* fd;
fd = alt_flash_open_dev(EXT_FLASH_NAME);
其中,EXT_FLASH_NAME是预先定义的Flash的名字(#define EXT_FLASH_NAME "/dev/ext_flash")
接下来的操作,都是通过该句柄:fd,来访问Flash的。
读出Flash使用函数:alt_read_flash,原型如下:
int alt_read_flash( alt_flash_fd* fd,
int offset,
void* dest_addr,
int length )
使用完了,也别忘记关闭该Flash,就象读写完硬盘中的数据文件后要关闭一样。其原型如下:
void alt_flash_close_dev(alt_flash_fd* fd )
Fine-Grained Flash Access机制提供了如下几个函数:alt_get_flash_info(), alt_erase_flash_block(), alt_write_flash_block()。
alt_get_flash_info()可以提取Flash的信息,比如包含几个区域,每个区域有几个块,每个块的大小等等。它的原型如下:
int alt_get_flash_info( alt_flash_fd* fd,flash_region** info,int* number_of_regions)
比如,如下就是一个调用该函数的程序片断:
int ret_code = 0;
int number_of_regions=0;
flash_region* regions;
ret_code = alt_get_flash_info(fd, ®ions, &number_of_regions
这里涉及到一个结构:flash_region,原型如下:
typedef struct flash_region
{int offset;
int region_size;
int number_of_blocks;
int block_size;
}flash_region;
擦除一个块使用函数:alt_flash_fd,函数原型如下:
int alt_erase_flash_block( alt_flash_fd* fd,
int offset,
int length)
写入一个块使用函数:alt_write_flash_block,函数原型如下:
int alt_write_flash_block( alt_flash_fd* fd,
int block_offset,
int data_offset,
const void *data,
int length)
罗罗嗦嗦说了这么多,下面我们来看一个实际的范例;这个范例是我使用来测试flash的,相信大家可以从中获益
良多。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "alt_types.h"
#include "sys/alt_flash.h"
#include "sys/alt_flash_dev.h"
#define NUM_BYTES_TO_WRITE 512
//#define NUM_BYTES_TO_WRITE 64
int test_programming( alt_flash_fd* fd, int test_offset)
{
int i,j;
alt_u8 data_written[NUM_BYTES_TO_WRITE];
alt_u8 data_read[NUM_BYTES_TO_WRITE];
int ret_code = 0;
int test_length = sizeof(data_written);
for (j=0;j<7;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<sizeof(data_written)/2;i++)
data_written[i] = j*0x15;
for(i=sizeof(data_written)/2;i<sizeof(data_written);i++)
data_written[i] = (j*0x15)+1;
ret_code = alt_write_flash(fd, test_offset, data_written, test_length);
if (!ret_code)
{
ret_code = alt_read_flash(fd, test_offset, data_read, test_length);
if(!ret_code)
{
if (memcmp(data_written, data_read, test_length))
{
printf( "nERROR: compare failed sector offset %#x iteration%#xn",
test_offset, j);
return ret_code;
}
}
}
printf("*");
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function alt_write_flash failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
return ret_code;
}
}
return ret_code;
}
int test_flash_erase( alt_flash_fd* fd)
{
int ret_code = 0;
int number_of_regions=0;
flash_region* regions;
int i,j,k;
int test_offset;
int test_length;
alt_u8 read_data[200] ;
ret_code = alt_get_flash_info(fd, ®ions, &number_of_regions);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function alt_get_flash_info failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
}
printf("nThis is AMD29LV160DBn");
printf("Flash name %sn",fd->name);
printf("This flash has %d erase regionsn", number_of_regions);
for (i=0;i<number_of_regions;i++)
{
printf("Start 0x%8x End 0x%8x Number of Blocks %3d Block Size 0x%8xn",
(regions+i)->offset,
(regions+i)->region_size+(regions+i)->offset,
(regions+i)->number_of_blocks,
(regions+i)->block_size);
}
for(j=0;j<number_of_regions;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<((regions+j)->number_of_blocks);i++)
{ test_offset = (regions+j)->offset + i*(regions+j)->block_size;
test_length = (regions+j)->block_size;
printf(" ---Testing flash block erase...@ 0x%8x length= 0x%8x n",test_offset,test_length);
ret_code = alt_erase_flash_block(fd, (regions+j)->offset + i*(regions+j)->block_size, (regions+j)->block_size);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function alt_erase_flash_block failed. ret_code %dn", ret_code);
break;
}
else
{
ret_code = alt_read_flash(fd, test_offset, read_data, 100);
for (k=0;k<100;k++)
{
if (read_data[k] != 0xff)
{
printf("nERROR: erase compare failed. %d %#xn", k, read_data[k]);
break;
}
}
}
}//@for(i=1
}//@for(j=1)
printf(" passed.n");
return ret_code;
}
int test_flash_write( alt_flash_fd* fd)
{
int ret_code = 0;
int number_of_regions=0;
flash_region* regions;
int i,j,k;
int test_offset;
int test_length;
alt_u8 read_data[200] ;
alt_u8 write_data[200];
ret_code = alt_get_flash_info(fd, ®ions, &number_of_regions);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function alt_get_flash_info failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
}
printf("nThis is AMD29LV160DBn");
printf("Flash name %sn",fd->name);
printf("This flash has %d erase regionsn", number_of_regions);
for (i=0;i<number_of_regions;i++)
{
printf("Start 0x%8x End 0x%8x Number of Blocks %3d Block Size 0x%8xn",
(regions+i)->offset,
(regions+i)->region_size+(regions+i)->offset,
(regions+i)->number_of_blocks,
(regions+i)->block_size);
}
for(j=0;j<number_of_regions;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<((regions+j)->number_of_blocks);i++)
{ test_offset = (regions+j)->offset + i*(regions+j)->block_size;
test_length = (regions+j)->block_size;
printf(" ---Testing flash block erase...@ 0x%8x length= 0x%8x n",test_offset,test_length);
ret_code = alt_erase_flash_block(fd, (regions+j)->offset + i*(regions+j)->block_size, (regions+j)->block_size);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function alt_erase_flash_block failed. ret_code %dn", ret_code);
break;
}
else
{
ret_code = alt_read_flash(fd, test_offset, read_data, 100);
for (k=0;k<100;k++)
{
if (read_data[k] != 0xff)
{
printf("nERROR: erase compare failed. %d %#xn", k, read_data[k]);
break;
}
}//@for (k=0)
printf(" -----------Now Testing flash block write...@ 0x%8x n",test_offset);
for(k=0;k<100;k++)
write_data[k] = k;
ret_code = alt_write_flash_block( fd, (regions+j)->offset + i*(regions+j)->block_size,
test_offset + i, write_data, 100);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function aXlt_write_flash_block failed. ret_code %dn", ret_code);
break;
}
else
{ ret_code = alt_read_flash(fd, test_offset + i, read_data, 100);
for (k=0;k<100;k++)
{
if (read_data[k] != write_data[k])
{printf( "nERROR: compare failed, expected %#x read %#xn",write_data[i], read_data[i]);
break;
}
}
}//@ else
}
}//@for(i=1
}//@for(j=1)
printf(" passed.n");
return ret_code;
}
int test_get_info( alt_flash_fd* fd)
{
int ret_code = 0;
int number_of_regions=0;
flash_region* regions;
int i;
ret_code = alt_get_flash_info(fd, ®ions, &number_of_regions);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function alt_get_flash_info failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
}
if (0)
{
}
else
{
printf("nThis is not the standard reference designn");
printf("Flash name %sn",fd->name);
printf("This flash has %d erase regionsn", number_of_regions);
for (i=0;i<number_of_regions;i++)
{
printf("Start 0x%8x End 0x%8x Number of Blocks %3d Block Size 0x%8xn",
(regions+i)->offset,
(regions+i)->region_size+(regions+i)->offset,
(regions+i)->number_of_blocks,
(regions+i)->block_size);
}
}
return ret_code;
}
int main (void)
{
int ret_code;
int test_offset;
alt_flash_fd* fd;
alt_u8 write_data[100];
alt_u8 read_data[100];
int i,j;
fd = alt_flash_open_dev(EXT_FLASH_NAME);
if (fd)
{
printf("nnn<----> Running Flash Tests <---->n");
printf("This will take approximately 1 minutenn");
printf("-Testing flash info retrieval...");
ret_code = test_get_info(fd);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function test_get_info failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
goto finished;
}
printf(" passed.n");
printf("-Testing flash block erase,write...n");
ret_code = test_flash_write(fd);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: test_flash_erase failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
goto finished;
}
printf(" passed.n");
printf("-Testing flash write...n");
test_offset = 0x0;
printf("n test_offset=0x%8x ",test_offset);
ret_code = test_programming(fd, test_offset);
if (ret_code)
goto finished;
printf(" passed.n");
test_offset = 0x4000;
printf("n test_offset=0x%8x ",test_offset);
ret_code = test_programming(fd, test_offset);
if (ret_code)
goto finished;
printf(" passed.n");
test_offset = 0x6000;
printf("n test_offset=0x%8x ",test_offset);
ret_code = test_programming(fd, test_offset);
if (ret_code)
goto finished;
printf(" passed.n");
test_offset = 0x8000;
printf("n test_offset=0x%8x ",test_offset);
ret_code = test_programming(fd, test_offset);
if (ret_code)
goto finished;
printf(" passed.n");
for(j=1;j<=31;j++)
{test_offset = 0x10000*j;
printf("n test_offset=0x%8x ",test_offset);
ret_code = test_programming(fd, test_offset);
if (ret_code)
goto finished;
}
printf(" passed.n");
printf(" 0x10ff00: ");
test_offset = 0x10ff00;
ret_code = test_programming(fd, test_offset);
if (ret_code)
goto finished;
printf(" passed.n");
printf(" 0x100100: ");
test_offset = 0x100100;
ret_code = test_programming(fd, test_offset);
if (ret_code)
goto finished;
printf(" passed.n");
printf("-Testing flash block erase...n");
ret_code = test_flash_erase(fd);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: test_flash_erase failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
goto finished;
}
printf(" passed.n");
test_offset = 0x10000;
printf(" ---Testing flash block write...@ 0x%8x n",test_offset);
for(i=0;i<100;i++)
write_data[i] = i;
ret_code = alt_write_flash_block( fd, 0x10000,
test_offset, write_data,
100);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function alt_write_flash_block failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
goto finished;
}
else
{
ret_code = alt_read_flash(fd, test_offset, read_data, 100);
for (i=0;i<100;i++)
{
if (read_data[i] != write_data[i])
{
printf( "nERROR: compare failed, expected %#x read %#xn",
write_data[i], read_data[i]);
goto finished;
}
}
}
printf(" passed.n");
test_offset = 0x10010;
printf("-Testing unaligned writes.....");
alt_erase_flash_block(fd, 0x10000, 0x100000);
ret_code = alt_write_flash_block( fd, 0x10000,
test_offset, write_data,
100);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: function alt_write_flash_block failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
goto finished;
}
else
{
ret_code = alt_read_flash(fd, test_offset, read_data, 100);
for (i=0;i<100;i++)
{
if (read_data[i] != write_data[i])
{
printf( "nERROR: compare failed, expected %#x read %#xn",
write_data[i], read_data[i]);
goto finished;
}
}
}
printf(" passed.n");
printf("-Testing flash block erase...n");
ret_code = test_flash_erase(fd);
if (ret_code)
{
printf( "nERROR: test_flash_erase failed. ret_code %dn",
ret_code);
goto finished;
}
printf(" passed.n");
printf("All Tests Passed!n");
}
else
{
printf("Can't open the flash devicen");
}
finished:
alt_flash_close_dev(fd);
printf("Exiting Flash Testsn");
return 0;
}