MacBook m1使用Qemu搭建Ubuntu虚拟机

虽然macOS和Linux类似，但毕竟不同。学习Linux，就需要一个真实的Linux环境，思来想去，决定用qemu装一个Ubuntu虚拟机。

liheng@~$ sw_vers
ProductName:		macOS
ProductVersion:		14.5
BuildVersion:		23F79

安装brew

https://brew.idayer.com/guide/m1/

安装qemu

brew install qemu

liheng@~/coding$ qemu-img --version
qemu-img version 9.0.1
Copyright (c) 2003-2024 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers

下载Ubuntu镜像

https://old-releases.ubuntu.com/releases/
我选择的是Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)->ubuntu-22.04.3-live-server-amd64.iso

arm系列装起来更麻烦点，所以选择了x86。
带图形界面的desktop系列跑起来太卡了，所以选择了server版。

创建虚拟磁盘

qemu-img create -f qcow2 ubuntu-x86_64.img 64G

-f qcow2制定了文件格式，我看大家创建磁盘时都这么指定格式。
ubuntu-x86_64.img是自定义的磁盘名称。
64G是磁盘大小。

安装操作系统

此时磁盘是空的，需要在磁盘上安装操作系统。

qemu-system-x86_64 -m 4096 -machine q35 ubuntu-x86_64.img -cdrom ubuntu-22.04.3-live-server-amd64.iso

-m 4096指内存大小是4096M。
-machine q35指机器架构是q35，一种比较新的intel架构。
ubuntu-x86_64.img启动磁盘名，因为它现在是空的，所以没法直接从这里启动虚拟机。
-cdrom ubuntu-22.04.3-live-server-amd64.iso指定iso，要是虚拟机无法从磁盘启动，就先从该iso安装操作系统到磁盘上。
接下来是装Ubuntu系统的步骤，省略。

启动虚拟机

等操作系统安装到磁盘，后续启动虚拟机的时候就不需要iso了。

sudo qemu-system-x86_64 -m 4096 -machine q35 ubuntu-x86_64.img -nic vmnet-bridged,ifname=en0 -smp 4

-nic vmnet-bridged,ifname=en0指虚拟机和宿主机通过桥接网络连接（macos可以这么创建桥接网络，其他系统不晓得）。en0是宿主机访问互联网的网卡名称，en0的ip是192.168.43.157。

liheng@~$ ifconfig en0
en0: flags=8b63<UP,BROADCAST,SMART,RUNNING,PROMISC,ALLMULTI,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
	options=6460<TSO4,TSO6,CHANNEL_IO,PARTIAL_CSUM,ZEROINVERT_CSUM>
	ether 18:3e:ef:d9:2d:91
	inet6 fe80::103d:438b:a1c8:209e%en0 prefixlen 64 secured scopeid 0xc 
	inet6 240e:454:140:44d:c43:3d01:e1d6:4bf6 prefixlen 64 autoconf secured 
	inet6 240e:454:140:44d:40d1:e514:ff68:c1cb prefixlen 64 autoconf temporary 
	inet 192.168.43.157 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.43.255
	nd6 options=201<PERFORMNUD,DAD>
	media: autoselect
	status: active

-smp 4指虚拟机的cpu是4核的。

启动成功

x86_64架构的4核CPU

liheng@liheng:~$ lscpu
Architecture:            x86_64
  CPU op-mode(s):        32-bit, 64-bit
  Address sizes:         40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
  Byte Order:            Little Endian
CPU(s):                  4
  On-line CPU(s) list:   0-3
Vendor ID:               AuthenticAMD
  Model name:            QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+
    CPU family:          15
    Model:               107
    Thread(s) per core:  1
    Core(s) per socket:  4
    Socket(s):           1
    Stepping:            1

磁盘空间64G

liheng@liheng:~$ df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs           392M 1016K  391M   1% /run
/dev/sda2        63G  7.6G   52G  13% /
tmpfs           2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
tmpfs           392M  4.0K  392M   1% /run/user/1000

内存4G

liheng@liheng:~$ free -h
               total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           3.8Gi       434Mi       2.8Gi       0.0Ki       657Mi       3.2Gi
Swap:          3.8Gi          0B       3.8Gi

操作系统

liheng@liheng:~$ uname -a
Linux liheng 5.15.0-113-generic #123-Ubuntu SMP Mon Jun 10 08:16:17 UTC 2024 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
liheng@liheng:~$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS
Release:        22.04
Codename:       jammy

网络ip是192.168.43.140，能访问宿主机，也能通过宿主机访问互联网。

liheng@liheng:~$ ifconfig enp0s2
enp0s2: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.43.140  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.43.255
        inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe12:3456  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        inet6 240e:454:140:44d:5054:ff:fe12:3456  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x0<global>
        ether 52:54:00:12:34:56  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 3438  bytes 712447 (712.4 KB)
        RX errors 30  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 30
        TX packets 2490  bytes 1987191 (1.9 MB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
        device interrupt 22  memory 0xfeb80000-feba0000  

Arm64版Ubuntu

arm版比x86版多指定一个bios，下载QEMU_EFI.fd:
https://releases.linaro.org/components/kernel/uefi-linaro/16.02/release/qemu64/

下载镜像文件：
https://old-releases.ubuntu.com/releases/
Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)->ubuntu-22.04.3-live-server-arm64.iso

创建启动磁盘：

qemu-img create -f qcow2 ubuntu-arm64.img 64G

安装系统命令：

qemu-system-aarch64 -m 4096 -cpu cortex-a57 -smp 4 -machine virt -bios QEMU_EFI.fd -nographic -drive if=none,file=ubuntu-22.04.3-live-server-arm64.iso,id=cdrom,media=cdrom -device virtio-scsi-device -device scsi-cd,drive=cdrom -drive if=none,file=ubuntu-arm64.img,id=hd0 -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd0

启动虚拟机命令：

sudo qemu-system-aarch64 -m 4096 -cpu cortex-a57 -smp 4 -machine virt -bios QEMU_EFI.fd -nographic -drive if=none,file=ubuntu-arm64.img,id=hd0 -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd0 -nic vmnet-bridged,ifname=en0

启动成功

liheng@liheng:~$ lscpu
Architecture:             aarch64
  CPU op-mode(s):         32-bit, 64-bit
  Byte Order:             Little Endian
CPU(s):                   4
  On-line CPU(s) list:    0-3
Vendor ID:                ARM
  Model name:             Cortex-A57
    Model:                0
    Thread(s) per core:   1
    Core(s) per cluster:  4
    Socket(s):            -
    Cluster(s):           1
    Stepping:             r1p0
    BogoMIPS:             125.00
    Flags:                fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 cpuid

liheng@liheng:~$ lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID:	Ubuntu
Description:	Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS
Release:	22.04
Codename:	jammy

性能优化

MacBook m1中，使用-accel hvf优化虚拟机性能，需要指定小内存，以arm版为例：

sudo qemu-system-aarch64 -m 2048 -cpu cortex-a57 -smp 4 -machine virt,highmem=off -bios QEMU_EFI.fd -nographic -drive if=none,file=ubuntu-arm64.img,id=hd0 -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd0 -nic vmnet-bridged,ifname=en0 -accel hvf