职责链模式
- 职责链模式(Chain of Responsibility Patterm)，又叫责任链模式，为请求创建了一个接收者对象的链(简单示意图)。这种模式对请求的发送者和接收者进行解耦。
- 职责链模式通常每个接收者都包含对另一个接收者的引用。如果一个对象不能处理该请求，那么它会把相同的请求传给下一个接收者，依此类推。
- 这种类型的设计模式属于行为型模式
- Handler:抽象的处理者,定义了一个处理请求的接口,同时含义另外Handler
- ConcreteHandlerA, B是具体的处理者,处理它自己负责的请求，可以访 问它的后继者(即下一一个处理者),如果可以处理当前请求，则处理，否则就将该请求交个后继者去处理，从而形成一个职责链
应用实例：职责链模式解决OA系统采购审批
- 应用实例要求
编写程序完成学校OA系统的采购审批项目:需求
采购员采购教学器材
如果金额小于等于5000,由教学主任审批
如果金额小于等于10000,由院长审批
如果金额小于等于30000,由副校长审批
如果金额超过30000以上，由校长审批
public abstract class Approver {
Approver approver; //下一个处理者
String name; // 名字
public Approver(String name) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
this.name = name;
}
//下一个处理者
public void setApprover(Approver approver) {
this.approver = approver;
}
//处理审批请求的方法，得到一个请求, 处理是子类完成，因此该方法做成抽象
public abstract void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest);
}
public class CollegeApprover extends Approver {
public CollegeApprover(String name) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 5000 && purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 10000) {
System.out.println(" 请求编号 id= " + purchaseRequest.getId() + " 被 " + this.name + " 处理");
}else {
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
public class DepartmentApprover extends Approver {
public DepartmentApprover(String name) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 5000) {
System.out.println(" 请求编号 id= " + purchaseRequest.getId() + " 被 " + this.name + " 处理");
}else {
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
public class SchoolMasterApprover extends Approver {
public SchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 30000) {
System.out.println(" 请求编号 id= " + purchaseRequest.getId() + " 被 " + this.name + " 处理");
}else {
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
public class ViceSchoolMasterApprover extends Approver {
public ViceSchoolMasterApprover(String name) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
super(name);
}
@Override
public void processRequest(PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
if(purchaseRequest.getPrice() > 10000 && purchaseRequest.getPrice() <= 30000) {
System.out.println(" 请求编号 id= " + purchaseRequest.getId() + " 被 " + this.name + " 处理");
}else {
approver.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
}
//请求类
public class PurchaseRequest {
private int type = 0; //请求类型
private float price = 0.0f; //请求金额
private int id = 0;
//构造器
public PurchaseRequest(int type, float price, int id) {
this.type = type;
this.price = price;
this.id = id;
}
public int getType() {
return type;
}
public float getPrice() {
return price;
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
}
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
//创建一个请求
PurchaseRequest purchaseRequest = new PurchaseRequest(1, 31000, 1);
//创建相关的审批人
DepartmentApprover departmentApprover = new DepartmentApprover("张主任");
CollegeApprover collegeApprover = new CollegeApprover("李院长");
ViceSchoolMasterApprover viceSchoolMasterApprover = new ViceSchoolMasterApprover("王副校");
SchoolMasterApprover schoolMasterApprover = new SchoolMasterApprover("佟校长");
//需要将各个审批级别的下一个设置好 (处理人构成环形: )
departmentApprover.setApprover(collegeApprover);
collegeApprover.setApprover(viceSchoolMasterApprover);
viceSchoolMasterApprover.setApprover(schoolMasterApprover);
schoolMasterApprover.setApprover(departmentApprover);
departmentApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
viceSchoolMasterApprover.processRequest(purchaseRequest);
}
}
职责链模式细节和注意事项
- 将请求和处理分开，实现解耦，提高系统的灵活性
- 简化了对象，使对象不需要知道链的结构
- 性能会受到影响，特别是在链比较长的时候，因此需控制链中最大节点数量，一般通过在Handler中设置一个最大节点数量，在setNext(方法中判断是否已经超过阀值，超过则不允许该链建立，避免出现超长链无意识地破坏系统性能
- 调试不方便。采用了类似递归的方式，调试时逻辑可能比较复杂
- 最佳应用场景:有多个对象可以处理同一个请求时，比如:多级请求、请假/加薪等审批流程、JavaWeb中Tomcat对Encoding的处理、拦截器
