转:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_52813907/article/details/127262304

1  nginx常见的配置文件

1.1 启动默认配置文件nginx.conf

  默认启动nginx时,使用的配置文件是:安装路径/conf/nginx.conf文件
  可以在启动nginx时通过-c选项来指定要读取的配置文件

 

1.2 nginx配置文件作用

  配置文件         作用
  nginx.conf       nginx的基本配置文件
  mime.types        MIME类型关联的扩展文件
  fastcgi.conf     与fastcgi相关的配置
  proxy.conf       与proxy相关的配置
  sites.conf       配置nginx提供的网站,包括虚拟主机常见的配置文件及其作用

 

 

2  nginx.conf配置主要内容

 

2.1 主要配置内容

  1)main配置段:全局配置段。其中main配置段中可能包含event配置段
  2)event {}:定义event模型工作特性
  3)http {}:定义http协议相关的配置

 

2.2 语法格式

  配置指令:要以分号结尾,语法格式如下:

derective value1 [value2 …];

 

2.3 支持使用变量

  1)内置变量:模块会提供内建变量定义

  2)自定义变量:set var_name value

 

3 用于调试、定位问题的配置参数

3.1 参数

daemon {on|off};            //是否以守护进程方式运行nginx,调试时应设置为off
master_process {on|off};    //是否以master/worker模型来运行nginx,调试时可以设置为off
error_log 位置 级别;         //配置错误日志

 

3.2 error_log说明

  位置和级别能有以下可选项

 

4 正常运行必备的配置参数

4.1 参数

user USERNAME [GROUPNAME];  //指定运行worker进程的用户和组
pid /path/to/pid_file;         //指定nginx守护进程的pid文件
worker_rlimit_nofile number;     //设置所有worker进程最大可以打开的文件数,默认为1024
worker_rlimit_core size;       //指明所有worker进程所能够使用的总体的最大核心文件大小,保持默认即可

 

4.2 user USERNAME [GROUPNAME]说明

  指定运行worker进程的用户和组

user USERNAME [GROUPNAME];    //指定运行worker进程的用户和组
[root@nginx ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       37811       1  0 14:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nginx      37812   37811  0 14:22 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       37815   15614  0 14:23 pts/1    00:00:00 vim nginx.conf
root       37845   37821  0 14:23 pts/2    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
修改指定运行worker进程的用户
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;
...省略部分
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# ps -ef | grep nginx
root       37858       1  0 14:26 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
nobody     37859   37858  0 14:26 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
root       37862   37821  0 14:27 pts/2    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

 

4.3 pid /path/to/pid_file说明

  指定nginx守护进程的pid文件 

[root@nginx ~]# find / -name nginx.pid
/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;
#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

pid        /opt/nginx.pid;
...省略部分
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# find / -name nginx.pid
/opt/nginx.pid

 

4.4 worker_rlimit_nofile number说明

  设置所有worker进程最大可以打开的文件数,默认为1024

[root@nginx ~]# ulimit -n
1024

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;


[root@nginx ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf 
* soft nofile 65535
* hard nofile 65535
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# ulimit

//重新打开一个终端,后生效
[root@nginx ~]# ulimit -n
65535

...省略部分

 

5 优化性能的配置参数

worker_processes n; //启动n个worker进程,这里的n为了避免上下文切换,通常设置为cpu总核心数-1或等于总核心数
worker_cpu_affinity cpumask …; //将进程绑定到某cpu中,避免频繁刷新缓存
//cpumask:使用8位二进制表示cpu核心,如:
0000 0001 //第一颗cpu核心
0000 0010 //第二颗cpu核心
0000 0100 //第三颗cpu核心
0000 1000 //第四颗cpu核心
0001 0000 //第五颗cpu核心
0010 0000 //第六颗cpu核心
0100 0000 //第七颗cpu核心
1000 0000 //第八颗cpu核心
timer_resolution interval; //计时器解析度。降低此值,可减少gettimeofday()系统调用的次数
worker_priority number; //指明worker进程的nice值

 

top - 14:58:02 up 9 min,  3 users,  load average: 0.16, 0.10, 0.03
Tasks: 171 total,   1 running, 170 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  0.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.9 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
MiB Mem :   3709.6 total,   3260.0 free,    219.1 used,    230.5 buff/cache
MiB Swap:   2048.0 total,   2048.0 free,      0.0 used.   3264.8 avail Mem 

    PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND P
   1649 nobody    20   0  114308   6232   4652 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 nginx   1
   1650 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.06 kworke+ 3
   1651 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kworke+ 3
   1653 root      20   0   65428   4436   3772 R   0.0   0.1   0:00.07 top     3
   1654 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.00 kworke+ 0
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_processes  2;
worker_cpu_affinity 01 10;
...省略部分
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx
top - 14:56:02 up 7 min,  3 users,  load average: 0.03, 0.03, 0.00
Tasks: 169 total,   1 running, 168 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  0.1 us,  0.1 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.8 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
MiB Mem :   3709.6 total,   3259.6 free,    219.5 used,    230.5 buff/cache
MiB Swap:   2048.0 total,   2048.0 free,      0.0 used.   3264.3 avail Mem 

    PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND P
   1634 nobody    20   0  114228   5840   4516 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 nginx   0
   1635 nobody    20   0  114228   5840   4516 S   0.0   0.2   0:00.00 nginx   1
   1636 root      20   0       0      0      0 I   0.0   0.0   0:00.01 kworke+ 0
   1638 root      20   0   65428   4496   3832 R   0.0   0.1   0:00.11 top     3

//worker_priority number; //指明worker进程的nice值
[root@nginx ~]# ps -elf | grep nginx
1 S root        1648       1  0  80   0 - 20407 -      14:56 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
5 S nobody      1649    1648  0  80   0 - 28577 do_epo 14:56 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
0 S root        1656    1563  0  80   0 - 11757 core_s 15:00 pts/0    00:00:00 vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
0 S root        1677    1591  0  80   0 -  3034 -      15:01 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
user  nobody;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
worker_priority -10;
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# ps -elf | grep nginx
1 S root        1695       1  0  80   0 - 20407 -      15:04 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
5 S nobody      1696    1695  0  70 -10 - 28555 do_epo 15:04 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process
0 S root        1698    1591  0  80   0 -  3034 -      15:04 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto nginx

 

6 事件相关的配置

  event{}段中的配置参数

accept_mutex {off|on};         //master调度用户请求至各worker进程时使用的负载均衡锁;on表示能让多个worker轮流地、序列化地去响应新请求
lock_file file;             //accept_mutex用到的互斥锁锁文件路径
use [epoll | rtsig | select | poll];     //指明使用的事件模型,建议让nginx自行选择
worker_connections #;         //每个进程能够接受的最大连接数

 

7 网络连接相关的配置参数

keepalive_timeout number;          //长连接的超时时长,默认为65s
keepalive_requests number;        //在一个长连接上所能够允许请求的最大资源数
keepalive_disable [msie6|safari|none];  //为指定类型的UserAgent禁用长连接
tcp_nodelay on|off;           //是否对长连接使用TCP_NODELAY选项,为了提升用户体验,通常设为on
client_header_timeout number;      //读取http请求报文首部的超时时长
client_body_timeout number;         //读取http请求报文body部分的超时时长
send_timeout number;         //发送响应报文的超时时长

 

8 fastcgi的相关配置参数

  LNMP:php要启用fpm模型

  配置示例如下

location ~ .php$ {
  root html;
  fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; //定义反向代理
  fastcgi_index index.php;
  fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
  include fastcgi_params;
}

 

9 常需要进行调整的参数

worker_processes
worker_connections
worker_cpu_affinity
worker_priority

 

10 nginx作为web服务器时使用的配置

10.1 http

  http{…}:配置http相关,由ngx_http_core_module模块引入。nginx的HTTP配置主要包括四个区块,结构如下

http {//协议级别
  include mime.types;
  default_type application/octet-stream;
  keepalive_timeout 65;
  gzip on;
  upstream {//负载均衡配置
  …
  }
  server {//服务器级别,每个server类似于httpd中的一个
   listen 80;
    server_name localhost;
    location / {//请求级别,类似于httpd中的,用于定义URL与本地文件系统的映射关系
      root html;
      index index.html index.htm;
   }
  }
}

 

10.2 server {}

  定义一个虚拟主机

  示例如下

server {
 listen 80;
 server_name www.idfsoft.com;
 root “/vhosts/web”;
}

 

10.2.1 listen

  指定监听的地址和端口

listen address[:port];
listen port;

  示例

[root@nginx conf]# mkdir /opt/test
[root@nginx conf]# echo 'test-test-test' > index.html
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
server {
        listen 8081;
        server_name yxt.example.com;
        root /opt/test;
    }
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx conf]# ss -anlt
State    Recv-Q   Send-Q     Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process   
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:80            0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:8081          0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128                 [::]:22               [::]:*  
[root@nginx ~]# curl 192.168.160.132:8081
test-test-test

 

10.2.2 server_name NAME […]

  后面可跟多个主机,名称可使用正则表达式或通配符

  当有多个server时,匹配顺序如下
    1)先做精确匹配检查
    2)左侧通配符匹配检查,如*.idfsoft.com
    3)右侧通配符匹配检查,如mail.*
    4)正则表达式匹配检查,如~ ^.*.idfsoft.com$
    5)default_server

 

10.2.3 root path

  设置资源路径映射,用于指明请求的URL所对应的资源所在的文件系统上的起始路径

 

10.2.4 alias path

  用于location配置段,定义路径别名

 

10.2.5 index file

   默认主页面

index index.php index.html;
[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/html/index.html 
hello world

[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132
hello world

[root@host ~]# vim /opt/yxt/index.html 
[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /yxt {
            alias /opt/yxt;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }

        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }

[root@host ~]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/yxt/
yexiaotian

 

10.2.6 error_page code […] [=code] URI | @name

  根据http响应状态码来指明特用的错误页面,例如 error_page 404 /404_customed.html

  [=code]: 以指定的响应码进行响应,而不是默认的原来的响应,默认表示以新资源的响应码为其响应码,例如 error_page 404 =200 /404_customed.html

  log_format 定义日志格式

log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log  logs/access.log  main;

//注意:此处可用变量为nginx各模块内建变量
[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /gy {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }

[root@host ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@host html]# mkdir gy
[root@host html]# cd gy/
[root@host gy]# curl -o index.html http://cncharity.com.cn/
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 38258  100 38258    0     0  76363      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 76211

//当显示错误页面报错404时,调转为自定义的公益界面
[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /gy {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
        error_page  404              /404.html;

[root@host ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@host html]# mv gy/ 404.html
[root@host ~]# systemctl  restart nginx

 

10.2.7 location区段

  通过指定模式来与客户端请求的URI相匹配

//功能:允许根据用户请求的URI来匹配定义的各location,匹配到时,此请求将被相应的location配置块中的配置所处理,例如做访问控制等功能

//语法:location [ 修饰符 ] pattern {......}

 

1)常用修饰符说明

 

[root@host ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        
        #charset koi8-r;
        
        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        
        location = / {
            echo "[ configuration A]";
        }
        location  / {
            echo "[ configuration B]";
        }
        location = /documents {
            echo "[ configuration C]";
        }
        location = ^~ /images/ {
            echo "[ configuration D]";
        }
        location = ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ {
            echo "[ configuration E]";
        }
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132
[ configuration A]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132/asdlnasjkd asklwqeq
[ configuration B]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132/documents
[ configuration C]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132//documents/asiodaskjdaskldnaskdbasjkdnlqwd
[ configuration C]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132/images/1.gif
[ configuration D]
[root@host conf]# curl 192.168.160.132//documents/1.jpg
[ configuration E]

 

2)没有修饰符表示必须以指定模式开始

  

server {
  server_name www.idfsoft.com;
  location /abc {
    ......
  }
}
[root@host ~]#  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        
        #charset koi8-r;
        
        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        
        location  /abc {
            echo "hello world";
        }
[root@host ~]# systemctl  restart nginx
那么如下内容就可正确匹配:
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc/
hello world
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc?salkjsnskdns93jskdndsfs
hello world
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
hello world

 

3)=:表示必须与指定的模式精确匹配

  

server {
  server_name www.idfsoft.com;
  location = /abc {
    ......
  }
}
[root@host ~]#  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location   /abc {
            echo "hello world";
        }
         location  / {
            echo "hehe";
        }
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
hello world
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc/
hehe
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abcdasdasdasdwqqwe
hehe

 

4)~:表示指定的正则表达式要区分大小写

  如

server {
  server_name www.idfsoft.com;
  location ~ ^/abc$ {
  ......
  }
}
[root@host  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /abc {
            echo "hello world";
        }
        location  ~ ^/abc$ {
            echo "xixixi";
        }
        location  / {
            echo "hehe";
        }

[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
xixixi
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abcde
hello world
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/ABC
hehe

 

5)~*:表示指定的正则表达式不区分大小写

  如

server {
  server_name www.idfsoft.com;
  location ~* ^/abc$ {
    ......
  }
}
[root@host ~]#  vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location  /abc {
            echo "hello world";
        }
        location  ~* ^/abc$ {
            echo "xixixi";
        }
        location  / {
            echo "hehe";
        }
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
xixixi
[root@host ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/ABC
xixixi

 

6)~:类似于无修饰符的行为,也是以指定模式开始,不同的是,如果模式匹配,则停止搜索其他模式

 

7)查找顺序和优先级:由高到底依次为

1、带有=的精确匹配优先
2、正则表达式按照他们在配置文件中定义的顺序
3、带有^~修饰符的,开头匹配
4、带有~或~*修饰符的,如果正则表达式与URI匹配
5、没有修饰符的精确匹配

 

8)优先级次序如下

( location = 路径 ) --> ( location ^~ 路径 ) --> ( location ~ 正则 ) --> ( location ~* 正则 ) --> ( location 路径 )

 

11 访问控制

  用于location段

allow:设定允许哪台或哪些主机访问,多个参数间用空格隔开
deny:设定禁止哪台或哪些主机访问,多个参数间用空格隔开

  示例

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;
        location  / {
            deny 192.168.160.132/32;
            echo "hehehe";
        }
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@nginx ~]# curl 192.168.160.132
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body>
<center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx/1.22.0</center>
</body>
</html>

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        location    /abc {
            deny all;
            echo "hehehe";
        }

        location  ~* ^/abc$ {
            allow 192.168.160.132/32;
            echo "lalala";
        }
[root@nginx ~]# curl 192.168.160.132/abc
lalala

 

12 基于用户认证

auth_basic "欢迎信息";
auth_basic_user_file "/path/to/user_auth_file"

  user_auth_file内容格式为

username:password

  这里的密码为加密后的密码串,建议用htpasswd来创建此文件

htpasswd -c -m /path/to/.user_auth_file USERNAME
[root@nginx ~]# yum -y install httpd-tools
[root@nginx ~]# htpasswd -c -m /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd yxt
New password: 
Re-type new password: 
Adding password for user yxt
[root@nginx ~]# cat /usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd 
yxt:$apr1$widaKKMg$KkKj4hXFizBF2/Fb89fP.0
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
   server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        location   / {
            auth_basic "yexiaotian";
            auth_basic_user_file "/usr/local/nginx/conf/.htpasswd";
            echo "hehehe";
        }

 

 

13 https配置

  生成私钥,生成证书签署请求并获得证书

//CA生成一对密钥
[root@nginx ~]# mkdir -p /etc/pki/CA
[root@nginx ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/
[root@nginx CA]# mkdir private
[root@nginx CA]# ls
private
[root@nginx CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out private/cakey.pem 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
........................................+++++
.........................................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
[root@nginx CA]# ls private/
cakey.pem
[root@nginx CA]# mkdir certs newcerts crl
[root@nginx CA]# touch index.txt && echo 01 > serial
//CA生成自签署证书
[root@nginx CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key private/cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 365
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HB
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WH
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:www.yxt.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:www.yxt.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.yxt.com
Email Address []:123@123.com
[root@nginx CA]# ls
cacert.pem  private
[root@nginx CA]# mkdir certs newcerts crl
[root@nginx CA]# touch index.txt && echo 01 > serial

//客户端生成密钥
[root@nginx ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/
[root@nginx nginx]# mkdir ssl
[root@nginx nginx]# cd ssl
[root@nginx ssl]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out nginx.key 2048)
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
................................................................+++++
....................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
[root@nginx ssl]# ls
nginx.key


//客户端生成证书签署请求
[root@nginx ssl]# openssl req -new -key nginx.key -days 365 -out nginx.csr
Ignoring -days; not generating a certificate
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) []:HB
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:WH
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:www.yxt.com
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:www.yxt.com
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:www.yxt.com
Email Address []:123@123.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
[root@nginx ssl]# ls
nginx.csr  nginx.key

//CA签署客户端提交上来的证书
[root@nginx ssl]# openssl ca -in nginx.csr -out nginx.crt -days 365
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
        Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
        Validity
            Not Before: Oct 13 07:37:16 2022 GMT
            Not After : Oct 13 07:37:16 2023 GMT
        Subject:
            countryName               = CN
            stateOrProvinceName       = HB
            organizationName          = www.yxt.com
            organizationalUnitName    = www.yxt.com
            commonName                = www.yxt.com
            emailAddress              = 1@2.com
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: 
                CA:FALSE
            Netscape Comment: 
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                23:E2:E9:C3:74:34:F8:2E:10:9E:F2:FF:32:9A:0E:E4:A8:6C:45:02
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
                keyid:A3:97:92:68:D9:9C:70:86:E7:55:F7:E4:2C:68:B9:6A:3B:FA:62:9E

Certificate is to be certified until Oct 13 07:37:16 2023 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y


1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@nginx ssl]# rm -rf nginx.csr 
[root@nginx ssl]# ls
nginx.crt  nginx.key

  然后在nginx.conf中配置如下内容

    server {
        listen       443 ssl;
        server_name  www.yxt.com;

        ssl_certificate      /usr/local/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt;
        ssl_certificate_key  /usr/local/nginx/ssl/nginx.key;

        ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
        ssl_session_timeout  5m;

        ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx conf]# ss -anlt
State    Recv-Q   Send-Q     Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process   
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:80            0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128              0.0.0.0:443           0.0.0.0:*               
LISTEN   0        128                 [::]:22               [::]:*   

 

14 开启状态界面

14.1 开启status示例

location /status {
  stub_status {on | off};
  allow 172.16.0.0/16;
  deny all;
}

  [root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location = /status{
            stub_status;
        }
[root@nginx conf]# systemctl  restart nginx
[root@nginx ssl]# curl 192.168.160.132/status
Active connections: 3 
server accepts handled requests
 3 3 3 
Reading: 0 Writing: 1 Waiting: 2 

 

14.2 状态页面信息详解

 

15 rewrite

15.1 语法

  rewrite regex replacement flag;,如

rewrite ^/images/(.*.jpg)$ /imgs/$1 break;

 

15.2 示例

//上传一张图片
[root@nginx ~]# cd /usr/local/nginx/html/
[root@nginx html]# mkdir images
[root@nginx html]# cd images/
[root@nginx images]# ls
1.jpg
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
        location  /images {
           root html;
           index index.html index.htm;
        }

//当我们改变路径,使用rewrite进行重定向,也能匹配到
[root@nginx html]# mv images/ imgs
[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
        location  /images {
            rewrite ^/images/(.*\.jpg)$ /imgs/$1 break;
        }

   此处的$1用于引用(.*.jpg)匹配到的内容,又如

rewrite ^/bbs/(.*)$ http://www.idfsoft.com/index.html redirect;

  如上例所示,replacement可以是某个路径,也可以是某个URL

[root@nginx ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
        location  / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }
        location  /images {
            rewrite ^/images/(.*\.jpg)$ https://scpic.chinaz.net/files/pic/pic9/202009/apic27858.jpg break;
        }
[root@nginx ~]# systemctl  restart nginx

 

15.3 常见的flag

  rewrite模块的作用是用来执行URL重定向。这个机制有利于去掉恶意访问的url,也有利于搜索引擎优化(SEO)

  nginx使用的语法源于Perl兼容正则表达式(PCRE)库,基本语法如下

^(hello|sir)$       //字符串为“hi sir”捕获的结果:$1=hi$2=sir

//这些被捕获的数据,在后面就可以当变量一样使用了

 

16 if

 

16.1 语法

  if (condition) {…}

  

16.2应用场景

    server段
    location段

 

16.3 常见的condition

  1)变量名(变量值为空串,或者以“0”开始,则为false,其它的均为true)
  2)以变量为操作数构成的比较表达式(可使用=,!=类似的比较操作符进行测试)
  3)正则表达式的模式匹配操作
    ~:区分大小写的模式匹配检查
    ~*:不区分大小写的模式匹配检查
    !~和 !~*:对上面两种测试取反
  4)测试指定路径为文件的可能性(-f,!-f)
  5)测试指定路径为目录的可能性(-d,!-d)
  6)测试文件的存在性(-e,!-e)
  7)检查文件是否有执行权限(-x,!-x)
 

16.4 基于浏览器实现分离案例

if ($http_user_agent ~ Firefox) {
  rewrite ^(.*)$ /firefox/$1 break;
}

if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
  rewrite ^(.*)$ /msie/$1 break;
}

if ($http_user_agent ~ Chrome) {
  rewrite ^(.*)$ /chrome/$1 break;
}

 

16.5 防盗链案例

location ~* \.(jpg|gif|jpeg|png)$ {
  valid_referers none blocked www.idfsoft.com;
  if ($invalid_referer) {
    rewrite ^/ http://www.idfsoft.com/403.html;
  }
}