Spring系列之Spring常用注解总结
传统的Spring做法是使用.xml文件来对bean进行注入或者是配置aop、事物,这么做有两个缺点:
1、如果所有的内容都配置在.xml文件中,那么.xml文件将会十分庞大;如果按需求分开.xml文件,那么.xml文件又会非常多。总之这将导致配置文件的可读性与可维护性变得很低。
2、在开发中在.java文件和.xml文件之间不断切换,是一件麻烦的事,同时这种思维上的不连贯也会降低开发的效率。
为了解决这两个问题,Spring引入了注解,通过"@XXX"的方式,让注解与Java Bean紧密结合,既大大减少了配置文件的体积,又增加了Java Bean的可读性与内聚性。
不使用注解:
先看一个不使用注解的Spring示例,在这个示例的基础上,改成注解版本的,这样也能看出使用与不使用注解之间的区别,先定义一个老虎:
package com.spring.model;public class Tiger {
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> String tigerName="TigerKing"<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> "TigerName:"+<span style="color: #000000;">tigerName; }
}
再定义一个猴子:
package com.spring.model;public class Monkey {
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> String monkeyName = "MonkeyKing"<span style="color: #000000;">; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> "MonkeyName:" +<span style="color: #000000;"> monkeyName; }
}
定义一个动物园:
package com.spring.model;public class Zoo {
private Tiger tiger;
private Monkey monkey;</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Tiger getTiger() { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> tiger; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">void</span><span style="color: #000000;"> setTiger(Tiger tiger) { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">this</span>.tiger =<span style="color: #000000;"> tiger; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Monkey getMonkey() { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> monkey; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">void</span><span style="color: #000000;"> setMonkey(Monkey monkey) { </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">this</span>.monkey =<span style="color: #000000;"> monkey; } </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> tiger + "\n" +<span style="color: #000000;"> monkey; }
}
spring的配置文件这么写:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd "><span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">bean </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="zoo"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="com.spring.model.Zoo"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">></span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">property </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">name</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="tiger"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> ref</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="tiger"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">property </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">name</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="monkey"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> ref</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="monkey"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"></</span><span style="color: #800000;">bean</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">></span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">bean </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="tiger"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="com.spring.model.Tiger"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">bean </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="monkey"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="com.spring.model.Monkey"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span>
</beans>
测试方法:
public class TestAnnotation { /** * 不使用注解 */ @Test public void test(){ //读取配置文件 ApplicationContext ctx=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext2.xml"); Zoo zoo=(Zoo) ctx.getBean("zoo"); System.out.println(zoo.toString()); } }
都很熟悉,权当复习一遍了。
1、@Autowired
@Autowired顾名思义,就是自动装配,其作用是为了消除代码Java代码里面的getter/setter与bean属性中的property。当然,getter看个人需求,如果私有属性需要对外提供的话,应当予以保留。
@Autowired默认按类型匹配的方式,在容器查找匹配的Bean,当有且仅有一个匹配的Bean时,Spring将其注入@Autowired标注的变量中。
因此,引入@Autowired注解,先看一下spring配置文件怎么写:
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <beans 3 xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" 4 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 5 xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" 6 xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" 7 xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans 8 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd 9 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context 10 http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd 11 "> 12 13 <context:component-scan base-package="com.spring" /> 14 15 <bean id="zoo" class="com.spring.model.Zoo" /> 16 <bean id="tiger" class="com.spring.model.Tiger" /> 17 <bean id="monkey" class="com.spring.model.Monkey" /> 18 19 </beans>
注意第13行,使用必须告诉spring一下我要使用注解了,告诉的方式有很多,<context:component-scan base-package="xxx" />是一种最简单的,spring会自动扫描xxx路径下的注解。
看到第15行,原来zoo里面应当注入两个属性tiger、monkey,现在不需要注入了。再看下,Zoo.java也很方便,把getter/setter都可以去掉:
package com.spring.model;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
public class Zoo {
@Autowired </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Tiger tiger; @Autowired </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Monkey monkey; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> tiger + "\n" +<span style="color: #000000;"> monkey; }
}
这里@Autowired注解的意思就是,当Spring发现@Autowired注解时,将自动在代码上下文中找到和其匹配(默认是类型匹配)的Bean,并自动注入到相应的地方去。
有一个细节性的问题是,假如bean里面有两个property,Zoo.java里面又去掉了属性的getter/setter并使用@Autowired注解标注这两个属性那会怎么样?答案是Spring会按照xml优先的原则去Zoo.java中寻找这两个属性的getter/setter,导致的结果就是初始化bean报错。
OK,假设此时我把.xml文件的16行、17行两行给去掉,再运行,会抛出异常:
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'zoo': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.model.Tiger com.spring.model.Zoo.tiger; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:285) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83) at com.spring.test.TestAnnotation.test(TestAnnotation.java:16) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45) at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42) at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:45) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:460) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:673) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:386) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:196) Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.model.Tiger com.spring.model.Zoo.tiger; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:502) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282) ... 36 more Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.spring.model.Tiger] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:920) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:789) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474) ... 38 more
因为,@Autowired注解要去寻找的是一个Bean,Tiger和Monkey的Bean定义都给去掉了,自然就不是一个Bean了,Spring容器找不到也很好理解。那么,如果属性找不到我不想让Spring容器抛出异常,而就是显示null,可以吗?可以的,其实异常信息里面也给出了提示了,就是将@Autowired注解的required属性设置为false即可:
package com.spring.model;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
public class Zoo {
@Autowired(required</span>=<span style="color: #0000ff;">false</span><span style="color: #000000;">) </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Tiger tiger; @Autowired(required</span>=<span style="color: #0000ff;">false</span><span style="color: #000000;">) </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Monkey monkey; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> tiger + "\n" +<span style="color: #000000;"> monkey; }
}
此时,找不到tiger、monkey两个属性,Spring容器不再抛出异常而是认为这两个属性为null。
2、Qualifier(指定注入Bean的名称)
如果容器中有一个以上匹配的Bean,则可以通过@Qualifier注解限定Bean的名称,看下面的例子:
定义一个Car接口:
package com.spring.service;public interface ICar {
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String getCarName();
}
两个实现类BMWCar和BenzCar:
package com.spring.service.impl;import com.spring.service.ICar;
public class BMWCar implements ICar{
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String getCarName(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> "BMW car"<span style="color: #000000;">; }
}
package com.spring.service.impl;import com.spring.service.ICar;
public class BenzCar implements ICar{
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String getCarName(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> "Benz car"<span style="color: #000000;">; }
}
再写一个CarFactory,引用car(这里先不用@Qualifier注解):
package com.spring.model;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import com.spring.service.ICar;
public class CarFactory {
@Autowired </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ICar car; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> car.getCarName(); }
}
配置文件:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd "><span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">context:component-scan </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">base-package</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="com.spring"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span> <span style="color: #008000;"><!--</span><span style="color: #008000;"> Autowired注解配合Qualifier注解 </span><span style="color: #008000;">--></span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">bean </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="carFactory"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="com.spring.model.CarFactory"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">bean </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="bmwCar"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="com.spring.service.impl.BMWCar"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span> <span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">bean </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">id</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="benz"</span><span style="color: #ff0000;"> class</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="com.spring.service.impl.BenzCar"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span>
</beans>
测试方法:
/** * Autowired注解配合Qualifier注解 */ @Test public void test1(){ //读取配置文件 ApplicationContext ctx=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext2.xml"); CarFactory carFactory=(CarFactory) ctx.getBean("carFactory"); System.out.println(carFactory.toString()); }
运行一下,不用说,一定是报错的,Car接口有两个实现类,Spring并不知道应当引用哪个实现类。
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'carFactory': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException:
Could not autowire field: private com.spring.service.ICar com.spring.model.CarFactory.car; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException:
No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:285) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.populateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1074) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:517) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:456) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory$1.getObject(AbstractBeanFactory.java:291) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:222) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:288) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:190) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:580) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:895) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:425) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:139) at org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.<init>(ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.java:83) at com.spring.test.TestAnnotation.test1(TestAnnotation.java:25) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:45) at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15) at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:42) at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:263) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:68) at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:47) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:231) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:60) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:229) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:50) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:222) at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:300) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit4.runner.JUnit4TestReference.run(JUnit4TestReference.java:45) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.TestExecution.run(TestExecution.java:38) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:460) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.runTests(RemoteTestRunner.java:673) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.run(RemoteTestRunner.java:386) at org.eclipse.jdt.internal.junit.runner.RemoteTestRunner.main(RemoteTestRunner.java:196) Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.spring.service.ICar com.spring.model.CarFactory.car; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:502) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.InjectionMetadata.inject(InjectionMetadata.java:84) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.postProcessPropertyValues(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:282) ... 36 more Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No unique bean of type [com.spring.service.ICar] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: [bmwCar, benz] at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:796) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:703) at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:474) ... 38 more
出现这种情况通常有两种解决办法:
(1)、在配置文件中删除其中一个实现类,Spring会自动去base-package下寻找Car接口的实现类,发现Car接口只有一个实现类,便会直接引用这个实现类。
(2)、实现类就是有多个该怎么办?此时可以使用@Qualifier注解来指定Bean的名称:
package com.spring.model;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;import com.spring.service.ICar;
public class CarFactory {
@Autowired @Qualifier(</span>"bmwCar"<span style="color: #000000;">) </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ICar car; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> car.getCarName(); }
}
此处会注入名为"bmwCar"的Bean。
3、Resource
@Resource注解与@Autowired注解作用非常相似,这个就简单说了,看例子:
package com.spring.model;import javax.annotation.Resource;
public class Zoo1 {
@Resource(name</span>="tiger"<span style="color: #000000;">) </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Tiger tiger; @Resource(type</span>=Monkey.<span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;">) </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Monkey monkey; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> tiger + "\n" +<span style="color: #000000;"> monkey; }
}
这是详细一些的用法,说一下@Resource的装配顺序:
(1)、@Resource后面没有任何内容,默认通过name属性去匹配bean,找不到再按type去匹配
(2)、指定了name或者type则根据指定的类型去匹配bean
(3)、指定了name和type则根据指定的name和type去匹配bean,任何一个不匹配都将报错
然后,区分一下@Autowired和@Resource两个注解的区别:
(1)、@Autowired默认按照byType方式进行bean匹配,@Resource默认按照byName方式进行bean匹配
(2)、@Autowired是Spring的注解,@Resource是J2EE的注解,这个看一下导入注解的时候这两个注解的包名就一清二楚了
Spring属于第三方的,J2EE是Java自己的东西,因此,建议使用@Resource注解,以减少代码和Spring之间的耦合。
4、Service
上面这个例子,还可以继续简化,因为spring的配置文件里面还有15行~17行三个bean,下一步的简化是把这三个bean也给去掉,使得spring配置文件里面只有一个自动扫描的标签,增强Java代码的内聚性并进一步减少配置文件。
要继续简化,可以使用@Service。先看一下配置文件,当然是全部删除了:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd "><span style="color: #0000ff;"><</span><span style="color: #800000;">context:component-scan </span><span style="color: #ff0000;">base-package</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">="com.spring"</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">/></span>
</beans>
是不是感觉很爽?起码我觉得是的。OK,下面以Zoo.java为例,其余的Monkey.java和Tiger.java都一样:
package com.spring.model;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Service
public class Zoo {@Autowired </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Tiger tiger; @Autowired </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Monkey monkey; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> tiger + "\n" +<span style="color: #000000;"> monkey; }
}
这样,Zoo.java在Spring容器中存在的形式就是"zoo",即可以通过ApplicationContext的getBean("zoo")方法来得到Zoo.java。@Service注解,其实做了两件事情:
(1)、声明Zoo.java是一个bean,这点很重要,因为Zoo.java是一个bean,其他的类才可以使用@Autowired将Zoo作为一个成员变量自动注入。
(2)、Zoo.java在bean中的id是"zoo",即类名且首字母小写。
如果,我不想用这种形式怎么办,就想让Zoo.java在Spring容器中的名字叫做"Zoo",可以的:
package com.spring.model;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Service("Zoo")
@Scope("prototype")
public class Zoo {@Autowired </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Tiger tiger; @Autowired </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Monkey monkey; </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> String toString(){ </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> tiger + "\n" +<span style="color: #000000;"> monkey; }
}
这样,就可以通过ApplicationContext的getBean("Zoo")方法来得到Zoo.java了。
这里我还多加了一个@Scope注解,应该很好理解。因为Spring默认产生的bean是单例的,假如我不想使用单例怎么办,xml文件里面可以在bean里面配置scope属性。注解也是一样,配置@Scope即可,默认是"singleton"即单例,"prototype"表示原型即每次都会new一个新的出来。
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使用注解来构造IoC容器
用注解来向Spring容器注册Bean。需要在applicationContext.xml中注册<context:component-scan base-package=”pagkage1[,pagkage2,…,pagkageN]”/>。
如:在base-package指明一个包
<context:component-scan base-package="cn.gacl.java"/>
表明cn.gacl.java包及其子包中,如果某个类的头上带有特定的注解【@Component/@Repository/@Service/@Controller】,就会将这个对象作为Bean注册进Spring容器。也可以在<context:component-scan base-package=” ”/>中指定多个包,如:
<context:component-scan base-package="cn.gacl.dao.impl,cn.gacl.service.impl,cn.gacl.action"/>
多个包逗号隔开。
1、@Component
@Component是所有受Spring 管理组件的通用形式,@Component注解可以放在类的头上,@Component不推荐使用。
2、@Controller
@Controller对应表现层的Bean,也就是Action,例如:
@Controller @Scope("prototype") public class UserAction extends BaseAction<User>{ …… }
使用@Controller注解标识UserAction之后,就表示要把UserAction交给Spring容器管理,在Spring容器中会存在一个名字为"userAction"的action,这个名字是根据UserAction类名来取的。注意:如果@Controller不指定其value【@Controller】,则默认的bean名字为这个类的类名首字母小写,如果指定value【@Controller(value="UserAction")】或者【@Controller("UserAction")】,则使用value作为bean的名字。
这里的UserAction还使用了@Scope注解,@Scope("prototype")表示将Action的范围声明为原型,可以利用容器的scope="prototype"来保证每一个请求有一个单独的Action来处理,避免struts中Action的线程安全问题。spring 默认scope 是单例模式(scope="singleton"),这样只会创建一个Action对象,每次访问都是同一Action对象,数据不安全,struts2 是要求每次次访问都对应不同的Action,scope="prototype" 可以保证当有请求的时候都创建一个Action对象。
3、@Service
@Service对应的是业务层Bean,例如:
@Service("userService") public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { ……… }
@Service("userService")注解是告诉Spring,当Spring要创建UserServiceImpl的的实例时,bean的名字必须叫做"userService",这样当Action需要使用UserServiceImpl的的实例时,就可以由Spring创建好的"userService",然后注入给Action:在Action只需要声明一个名字叫"userService"的变量来接收由Spring注入的"userService"即可,具体代码如下:
// 注入userService @Resource(name = "userService") private UserService userService;
注意:在Action声明的"userService"变量的类型必须是"UserServiceImpl"或者是其父类"UserService",否则由于类型不一致而无法注入,由于Action中的声明的"userService"变量使用了@Resource注解去标注,并且指明了其name = "userService",这就等于告诉Spring,说我Action要实例化一个"userService",你Spring快点帮我实例化好,然后给我,当Spring看到userService变量上的@Resource的注解时,根据其指明的name属性可以知道,Action中需要用到一个UserServiceImpl的实例,此时Spring就会把自己创建好的名字叫做"userService"的UserServiceImpl的实例注入给Action中的"userService"变量,帮助Action完成userService的实例化,这样在Action中就不用通过"UserService userService = new UserServiceImpl();"这种最原始的方式去实例化userService了。如果没有Spring,那么当Action需要使用UserServiceImpl时,必须通过"UserService userService = new UserServiceImpl();"主动去创建实例对象,但使用了Spring之后,Action要使用UserServiceImpl时,就不用主动去创建UserServiceImpl的实例了,创建UserServiceImpl实例已经交给Spring来做了,Spring把创建好的UserServiceImpl实例给Action,Action拿到就可以直接用了。Action由原来的主动创建UserServiceImpl实例后就可以马上使用,变成了被动等待由Spring创建好UserServiceImpl实例之后再注入给Action,Action才能够使用。这说明Action对"UserServiceImpl"类的“控制权”已经被“反转”了,原来主动权在自己手上,自己要使用"UserServiceImpl"类的实例,自己主动去new一个出来马上就可以使用了,但现在自己不能主动去new "UserServiceImpl"类的实例,new "UserServiceImpl"类的实例的权力已经被Spring拿走了,只有Spring才能够new "UserServiceImpl"类的实例,而Action只能等Spring创建好"UserServiceImpl"类的实例后,再“恳求”Spring把创建好的"UserServiceImpl"类的实例给他,这样他才能够使用"UserServiceImpl",这就是Spring核心思想“控制反转”,也叫“依赖注入”,“依赖注入”也很好理解,Action需要使用UserServiceImpl干活,那么就是对UserServiceImpl产生了依赖,Spring把Acion需要依赖的UserServiceImpl注入(也就是“给”)给Action,这就是所谓的“依赖注入”。对Action而言,Action依赖什么东西,就请求Spring注入给他,对Spring而言,Action需要什么,Spring就主动注入给他。
4、@ Repository
@Repository对应数据访问层Bean ,例如:
@Repository(value="userDao") public class UserDaoImpl extends BaseDaoImpl<User> { ……… }
@Repository(value="userDao")注解是告诉Spring,让Spring创建一个名字叫"userDao"的UserDaoImpl实例。
当Service需要使用Spring创建的名字叫"userDao"的UserDaoImpl实例时,就可以使用@Resource(name = "userDao")注解告诉Spring,Spring把创建好的userDao注入给Service即可。
// 注入userDao,从数据库中根据用户Id取出指定用户时需要用到 @Resource(name = "userDao") private BaseDao<User> userDao;
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Spring常用注解汇总
本文汇总了Spring的常用注解,以方便大家查询和使用,具体如下:
使用注解之前要开启自动扫描功能,其中base-package为需要扫描的包(含子包)。
<context:component-scan base-package="cn.test"/>
@Configuration把一个类作为一个IoC容器,它的某个方法头上如果注册了@Bean,就会作为这个Spring容器中的Bean。
@Scope注解 作用域
@Lazy(true) 表示延迟初始化
@Service用于标注业务层组件、
@Controller用于标注控制层组件(如struts中的action)
@Repository用于标注数据访问组件,即DAO组件。
@Component泛指组件,当组件不好归类的时候,我们可以使用这个注解进行标注。
@Scope用于指定scope作用域的(用在类上)
@PostConstruct用于指定初始化方法(用在方法上)
@PreDestory用于指定销毁方法(用在方法上)
@DependsOn:定义Bean初始化及销毁时的顺序
@Primary:自动装配时当出现多个Bean候选者时,被注解为@Primary的Bean将作为首选者,否则将抛出异常
@Autowired 默认按类型装配,如果我们想使用按名称装配,可以结合@Qualifier注解一起使用。如下:
@Autowired @Qualifier("personDaoBean") 存在多个实例配合使用
@Resource默认按名称装配,当找不到与名称匹配的bean才会按类型装配。
@PostConstruct 初始化注解
@PreDestroy 摧毁注解 默认 单例 启动就加载
@Async异步方法调用