Cesium渲染模块之概述
1. 引言
Cesium是一款三维地球和地图可视化开源JavaScript库,使用WebGL来进行硬件加速图形,使用时不需要任何插件支持,基于Apache2.0许可的开源程序,可以免费用于商业和非商业用途
Cesium官网:Cesium: The Platform for 3D Geospatial
Cesium GitHub站点:CesiumGS/cesium: An open-source JavaScript library for world-class 3D globes and maps (github.com)
API文档:Index - Cesium Documentation
通过阅读源码,理清代码逻辑,有助于扩展与开发,笔者主要参考了以下两个系列的文章
渲染是前端可视化的核心,本文描述Cesium的渲染模块概述
2. WebGL渲染流程
WebGL(或者说OpenGL)的绘制流程(图形渲染管线,Graphics Pipeline)如下:
- 顶点着色(vertex shader)阶段将CPU传入的数据进行一定的变换处理
- 图元装配(shape assembly)阶段的就是上阶段的顶点数据处理成图元(如,三角形)
- 几何着色(geometry shader)阶段是根据一定规则将输入的图元变更或输出更多的图元(可选)
- 光栅化(rasterization)阶段的是将上阶段的图元进行计算得到图元占据的屏幕像素列表
- 片元着色(fragment)阶段是将上阶段生成的片元进行着色处理后
- 测试与混合阶段计算片元的深度、颜色等从而进行舍弃或保留
绘制流程繁琐,然而,我们能配置的只有三个蓝色的着色器部分。几何着色器可选,一般配置顶点着色器和片段着色器即可,即,以下步骤就是配置顶点着色器和片段着色器
2.1 生成顶点数据
生成顶点缓冲对象(Vertex Buffer Objects, VBO)并加载数据:
const vertices = new Float32Array([
-0.5, -0.5, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.0,
0.0, 0.5, 0.0,
]);
const vertexBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vertexBuffer);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices, gl.STATIC_DRAW);
2.2 链接属性数据
顶点数组对象(Vertex Array Object, VAO)与VBO绑定,用于保存属性数据(先绑定VAO,再创建VBO就会绑定到VAO上):
const vao = gl.createVertexArray();
gl.bindVertexArray(vao);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(0, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(0)
2.3 创建顶点着色器
创建顶点着色器(Vertex Shader)并编译:
const vertexShader = gl.createShader(gl.VERTEX_SHADER);
gl.shaderSource(vertexShader, `
attribute vec3 aPos;
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);
}
`);
gl.compileShader(vertexShader);
2.4 创建片段着色器
创建片段着色器(Fragment Shader)并编译:
const fragmentShader = gl.createShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
gl.shaderSource(fragmentShader, `
#version 100
void main()
{
gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.2, 1.0);
}
`);
gl.compileShader(fragmentShader);
2.5 链接着色器
着色器程序对象(Shader Program Object)是多个着色器合并之后并最终链接完成的版本:
const shaderProgram = gl.createProgram();
gl.attachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);
gl.attachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);
gl.linkProgram(shaderProgram);
2.6 绘制
开始绘制:
gl.clearColor(0.2, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0);
gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
gl.useProgram(shaderProgram);
gl.drawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
2.7 流程总结
上述几乎可以说是最简化的WebGL渲染流程,包含的基本要素有
- VBO,顶点缓冲对象 --------> 存顶点数据
- VAO,顶点数组对象(WebGL 2支持)--------> 存顶点属性
- Shader,着色器(包括顶点和片段着色器) --------> 运算和渲染
- Shader Program,着色器程序 --------> 连接着色器
此外,常用的还有:
- Texture,纹理(通常是一张图片)
- Framebuffer,帧缓冲对象(FBO)
- Renderbuffer,渲染缓冲对象(RBO)
- CubeMap,立方体贴图
3. Cesium渲染模块
查看Cesium渲染模块中的文件:
$ ls packages/engine/Source/Renderer/
AutomaticUniforms.js
Buffer.js
BufferUsage.js
ClearCommand.js
ComputeCommand.js
ComputeEngine.js
Context.js
ContextLimits.js
CubeMap.js
CubeMapFace.js
DrawCommand.js
Framebuffer.js
FramebufferManager.js
MipmapHint.js
MultisampleFramebuffer.js
Pass.js
PassState.js
PixelDatatype.js
RenderState.js
Renderbuffer.js
RenderbufferFormat.js
Sampler.js
ShaderBuilder.js
ShaderCache.js
ShaderDestination.js
ShaderFunction.js
ShaderProgram.js
ShaderSource.js
ShaderStruct.js
Texture.js
TextureCache.js
TextureMagnificationFilter.js
TextureMinificationFilter.js
TextureWrap.js
UniformState.js
VertexArray.js
VertexArrayFacade.js
createUniform.js
createUniformArray.js
demodernizeShader.js
freezeRenderState.js
loadCubeMap.js
通过文件名,不难发现,Cesium的渲染模块主要包含:
- Buffer
- VAO
- Shader
- Texture
- Framebuffer
- Renderbuffer
- CubeMap
以上是WebGL渲染流程常见的对象,另外Cesium渲染模块还有:
- Command,指令对象(包含ClearCommand、ComputeCommand、DrawCommand)
- Pass,通道(渲染顺序)
- Sampler,采样器
- Uniform,GPU全局变量
- Context,WebGL上下文
3.1 Context对象
相关代码文件:
- Context.js
- ContextLimits.js
Context对象是对WebGL上下文对象的封装,包含Pass、Uniform等,并且对WebGL 1.0和WebGL 2.0做了兼容处理:
function Context(canvas, options) {
this._canvas = canvas;
this._originalGLContext = glContext;
this._gl = glContext;
this._webgl2 = webgl2;
this._id = createGuid();
this._clearColor = new Color(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
this._clearDepth = 1.0;
this._clearStencil = 0;
// ...
const us = new UniformState();
const ps = new PassState(this);
const rs = RenderState.fromCache();
this._defaultPassState = ps;
this._defaultRenderState = rs;
// ...
RenderState.apply(gl, rs, ps);
}
3.2 Buffer对象
相关代码文件:
- Buffer.js
- BufferUsage.js
Buffer对象主要包含顶点缓冲对象(Vertex Buffer Objects, VBO)和索引缓冲对象(Index Buffer Object,IBO)
function Buffer(options) {
const gl = options.context._gl;
gl.bindBuffer(bufferTarget, buffer);
gl.bufferData(bufferTarget, hasArray ? typedArray : sizeInBytes, usage);
gl.bindBuffer(bufferTarget, null);
}
Buffer.createVertexBuffer = function (options) {
return new Buffer({
// ...
});
};
Buffer.createIndexBuffer = function (options) {
const buffer = new Buffer({
// ...
});
return buffer;
};
3.3 VAO对象
相关代码文件:
- VertexArray.js
- VertexArrayFacade.js
顶点数组对象(Vertex Array Object, VAO)与VBO绑定,用于保存属性数据
function VertexArray(options) {
// ...
const context = options.context;
const gl = context._gl;
const attributes = options.attributes;
const indexBuffer = options.indexBuffer;
let vao;
vao = context.glCreateVertexArray();
context.glBindVertexArray(vao);
bind(gl, vaAttributes, indexBuffer);
context.glBindVertexArray(null);
}
3.4 Shader对象
相关代码文件:
- ShaderBuilder.js
- ShaderCache.js
- ShaderStruct.js
- ShaderSource.js
- ShaderProgram.js
- ShaderFunction.js
- ShaderDestination.js
Cesium渲染模块中的Shader对象包含从创建GLSL到创建Shader Program整个流程
流程大致为:
- Cesium中支持分段编写GLSL代码,包括ShaderStruct、ShaderFunction、ShaderDestination
- 将分段的代码组合成GLSL,即ShaderSource
- ShaderBuilder使用ShaderSource创建的ShaderProgram会缓存起来,即ShaderCache
- 需要新的ShaderProgram时,先查询缓存中是否有,有就复用,无则创建
3.5 Texture对象
主要代码文件:
- Texture.js
- TextureCache.js
- TextureMagnificationFilter.js
- TextureMinificationFilter.js
- TextureWrap.js
Cesium中的Texture对象是对WebGL中Texture对象的进一步封装:
function Texture(options) {
// ...
const context = options.context;
const gl = context._gl;
const textureTarget = gl.TEXTURE_2D;
const texture = gl.createTexture();
gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
gl.bindTexture(textureTarget, texture);
// Source: ImageData, HTMLImageElement, HTMLCanvasElement, or HTMLVideoElement
gl.texImage2D(
textureTarget,
0,
internalFormat,
pixelFormat,
PixelDatatype.toWebGLConstant(pixelDatatype, context),
source
);
gl.bindTexture(textureTarget, null);
this.sampler = defined(options.sampler) ? options.sampler : new Sampler();
}
3.6 Framebuffer对象
主要代码文件:
- Framebuffer.js
- FramebufferManager.js
- MultisampleFramebuffer.js
Cesium中的Framebuffer对象是对WebGL中Framebuffer对象的进一步封装:
function Framebuffer(options) {
// ...
this._gl = gl;
this._framebuffer = gl.createFramebuffer();
this._bind();
this._colorTextures[i] = texture;
this._colorRenderbuffers[i] = renderbuffer;
this._depthTexture = texture;
this._depthRenderbuffer = renderbuffer;
this._stencilRenderbuffer = renderbuffer;
this._depthStencilTexture = texture;
this._depthStencilRenderbuffer = renderbuffer;
this._unBind();
}
3.7 Renderbuffer对象
主要代码文件:
- Renderbuffer.js
- RenderbufferFormat.js
Cesium中的Renderbuffer对象是对WebGL中Renderbuffer对象的进一步封装:
function Renderbuffer(options) {
// ...
const gl = context._gl;
this._renderbuffer = this._gl.createRenderbuffer();
gl.bindRenderbuffer(gl.RENDERBUFFER, this._renderbuffer);
gl.renderbufferStorage(gl.RENDERBUFFER, format, width, height);
gl.bindRenderbuffer(gl.RENDERBUFFER, null);
}
3.8 CubeMap对象
主要代码文件:
- CubeMap.js
- CubeMapFace.js
- loadCubeMap.js
Cesium中的CubeMap对象是对WebGL中CubeMap对象的进一步封装:
function CubeMap(options) {
// ...
const gl = context._gl;
const textureTarget = gl.TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP;
const texture = gl.createTexture();
gl.activeTexture(gl.TEXTURE0);
gl.bindTexture(textureTarget, texture);
gl.texImage2D()
// ...
gl.bindTexture(textureTarget, null);
this.sampler = defined(options.sampler) ? options.sampler : new Sampler();
}
3.9 Command
主要代码文件:
- ClearCommand.js
- DrawCommand.js
- ComputeEngine.js
- ComputeCommand.js
Command对象主要有三类:
- ClearCommand
- DrawCommand
- ComputeCommand
Command对象包含执行的指令参数和执行方法,比如最简单的ClearCommand:
function ClearCommand(options) {
// ...
this.color = options.color;
this.depth = options.depth;
this.stencil = options.stencil;
this.renderState = options.renderState;
this.framebuffer = options.framebuffer;
this.owner = options.owner;
this.pass = options.pass;
}
ClearCommand.prototype.execute = function (context, passState) {
context.clear(this, passState);
};
ClearCommand包含颜色、深度、通道等指令参数和执行方法 context.clear(this, passState)
3.10 Pass
主要代码文件:
- Pass.js
- PassState.js
Pass是一种渲染优先级,数值越低,等级越高:
const Pass = {
ENVIRONMENT: 0,
COMPUTE: 1,
GLOBE: 2,
TERRAIN_CLASSIFICATION: 3,
CESIUM_3D_TILE: 4,
CESIUM_3D_TILE_CLASSIFICATION: 5,
CESIUM_3D_TILE_CLASSIFICATION_IGNORE_SHOW: 6,
OPAQUE: 7,
TRANSLUCENT: 8,
VOXELS: 9,
OVERLAY: 10,
NUMBER_OF_PASSES: 11,
};
3.11 Sampler
主要代码文件:
- Sampler.js
Sampler是将采样方式封装:
function Sampler(options) {
// ...
this._wrapS = wrapS;
this._wrapT = wrapT;
this._minificationFilter = minificationFilter;
this._magnificationFilter = magnificationFilter;
this._maximumAnisotropy = maximumAnisotropy;
}
3.12 Uniform
主要代码文件:
- createUniform.js
- UniformState.js
- createUniformArray.js
Uniform是对WebGL中一系列Uniform的封装,比如UniformFloat:
function UniformFloat(gl, activeUniform, uniformName, location) {
// ...
this.name = uniformName;
this.value = undefined;
this._value = 0.0;
this._gl = gl;
this._location = location;
}
UniformFloat.prototype.set = function () {
if (this.value !== this._value) {
this._value = this.value;
this._gl.uniform1f(this._location, this.value);
}
};
4. 参考资料
[1]WebGL2RenderingContext - Web APIs | MDN (mozilla.org)
[2]LearnOpenGL CN (learnopengl-cn.github.io)
[3]Cesium教程系列汇总 - fu*k - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)
[4]Renderbuffer Object - OpenGL Wiki (khronos.org)
[5]基于JavaScript的OpenGL 01 之Hello Triangle - 当时明月在曾照彩云归 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)