利用HttpClient4访问网页
一、HttpClient介绍
虽然在 JDK 的 java.net 包中已经提供了访问 HTTP 协议的基本功能,但是它没有提供足够的灵活性和其他应用程序需要的功能。HttpClient 是 Apache Jakarta Common 下的子项目,用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持 HTTP 协议的客户端编程工具包,并且它支持 HTTP 协议最新的版本和建议。
二、使用范例(以下版本4.3)
1,通过get方式,请求网页内容。我们首先创建httpclient对象,然后通过httpclient来执行http get方法,httpresponse获得服务端响应的所有内容,httpentity为获取的网页消息体。
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault(); try { // 以get方法执行请求 HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(“http://localhost/”); // 获得服务器响应的所有信息 CloseableHttpResponse responseGet = httpclient.execute(httpGet); try { System.out.println(responseGet.getStatusLine()); // 获得服务器响应的消息体(不包括http head) HttpEntity entity = responseGet.getEntity(); if (entity != null) { // 获得响应字符集编码 ContentType contentType = ContentType.getOrDefault(entity); Charset charset = contentType.getCharset(); InputStream is = entity.getContent(); // 将inputstream转化为reader,并使用缓冲读取,还可按行读取内容 BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(is, charset)); String line = null; while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) { System.out.println(line); } is.close(); } } finally { responseGet.close(); } } finally { httpclient.close(); }
2,通过post方式提交表单。浏览器可将登录后的会话信息存储到本地,登陆之后的每次请求都会自动向服务器发送cookie信息,幸好的是httpclient亦可自动处理cookie信息。
CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault(); // 以post方法发起登录请求 String urlString = "http://localhost/llogin.do"; HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(urlString); List<NameValuePair> nvps = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "admin")); nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "admin")); // 添加post参数 httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nvps)); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpPost); try { // 状态302的话,重定向,则无法获取响应消息体 System.out.println(response.getStatusLine()); // 获得服务器响应的消息体(不包括http head) HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); if (entity != null) { // 获得响应字符集编码 ContentType contentType = ContentType.getOrDefault(entity); Charset charset = contentType.getCharset(); InputStream is = entity.getContent(); // 将inputstream转化为reader,并使用缓冲读取,还可按行读取内容 BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(is, charset)); String line = null; while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) { System.out.println(line); } is.close(); } } finally { response.close(); }
3,重定向。httpclient默认可自动处理重定向请求,但是post方式需另外设置。
LaxRedirectStrategy redirectStrategy = new LaxRedirectStrategy(); CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom() .setRedirectStrategy(redirectStrategy) .build(); HttpClientContext context = HttpClientContext.create(); try { // 以post方法执行登录请求 HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(urlString); List<NameValuePair> nvps = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(); nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "admin")); nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "admin")); // 添加post参数 httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nvps)); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpPost, context); try { // 状态302的话,重定向,则无法获取响应消息体 System.out.println(response.getStatusLine()); // 获得服务器响应的消息体(不包括http head) HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); //输出最终访问地址 HttpHost targetHost = context.getTargetHost(); System.out.println(targetHost); List<URI> redirecLocations = context.getRedirectLocations(); URI location = URIUtils.resolve(httpPost.getURI(), targetHost, redirecLocations); System.out.println("Final HTTP location: " + location.toASCIIString()); if (entity != null) { // 获得响应字符集编码 ContentType contentType = ContentType.getOrDefault(entity); Charset charset = contentType.getCharset(); InputStream is = entity.getContent(); // 将inputstream转化为reader,并使用缓冲读取,还可按行读取内容 BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(is, charset)); String line = null; while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) { System.out.println(line); } is.close(); } } finally { response.close(); } } finally { httpclient.close(); }
4,利用httpclient,我们可以封装一个方法,只要传入httpclient对象和url地址,即可返回网页内容。
public static String getHtml(HttpClient httpClient, String url) { // HttpClient主要用来执行http方法 CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault(); try { // 以get方法向服务端发起请求 HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(url); // 获得服务器响应的所有信息 CloseableHttpResponse responseGet = httpclient.execute(httpGet); try { // 获得服务器响应的消息体(不包括http head) HttpEntity entity = responseGet.getEntity(); if (entity != null) { // 获得响应字符集编码 ContentType contentType = ContentType.getOrDefault(entity); Charset charset = contentType.getCharset(); InputStream is = entity.getContent(); //IOUtils是common-io提供的 String htmlString = IOUtils.toString(is); is.close(); return htmlString; } } finally { responseGet.close(); } } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return null; }
另外,若访问的是图片,则可从输入流中将内容存储到byte数组中,如byte[] image = IOUtils.toByteArray(is),返回byte[]即可;若想下载保存到本地,可使用IOUtils的方法:IOUtils.copy(is, new FileOutputStream(filename))。
这里略提一下Apache-Commons-IO组件,它是对jdk中的io包进行拓展,让我们可以更方便处理输入输出流和对文件的处理。
最后,要想学习熟悉httpclient,最好就是查看其官方文档和它提供的范例,它的文档和范例都很不错,推荐阅读。