[转]Python零碎知识(2):强大的zip
一、代码引导
首先看这一段代码:
1 >>> name=('jack','beginman','sony','pcky') 2 >>> age=(2001,2003,2005,2000) 3 >>> for a,n in zip(name,age): 4 print a,n 5 6 输出: 7 jack 2001 8 beginman 2003 9 sony 2005 10 pcky 2000
再看这一段代码:
1 all={"jack":2001,"beginman":2003,"sony":2005,"pcky":2000} 2 for i in all.keys(): 3 print i,all[i] 4 5 输出: 6 sony 2005 7 pcky 2000 8 jack 2001 9 beginman 2003
发现它们之间的区别么?
最显而易见的是:第一种简洁、灵活、而且能顺序输入。
二、zip()函数
它是Python的内建函数,(与序列有关的内建函数有:sorted()、reversed()、enumerate()、zip()),其中sorted()和zip()返回一个序列(列表)对象,reversed()、enumerate()返回一个迭代器(类似序列)
1 >>> type(sorted(s)) 2 <type 'list'> 3 >>> type(zip(s)) 4 <type 'list'> 5 >>> type(reversed(s)) 6 <type 'listreverseiterator'> 7 >>> type(enumerate(s)) 8 <type 'enumerate'>
那么什么是zip()函数 呢?
我们help(zip)看看:
1 >>> help(zip) 2 Help on built-in function zip in module __builtin__: 3 4 zip(...) 5 zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)] 6 7 Return a list of tuples, where each tuple contains the i-th element 8 from each of the argument sequences. The returned list is truncated 9 in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence.
提示:不懂的一定多help
定义:zip([seql, ...])接受一系列可迭代对象作为参数,将对象中对应的元素打包成一个个tuple(元组),然后返回由这些tuples组成的list(列表)。若传入参数的长度不等,则返回list的长度和参数中长度最短的对象相同。
1 >>> z1=[1,2,3] 2 >>> z2=[4,5,6] 3 >>> result=zip(z1,z2) 4 >>> result 5 [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)] 6 >>> z3=[4,5,6,7] 7 >>> result=zip(z1,z3) 8 >>> result 9 [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)] 10 >>>
zip()配合*号操作符,可以将已经zip过的列表对象解压
1 >>> zip(*result) 2 [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]
更近一层的了解:
内容来源:http://www.cnblogs.com/diyunpeng/archive/2011/09/15/2177028.html (博客园人才真多!)
* 二维矩阵变换(矩阵的行列互换) 比如我们有一个由列表描述的二维矩阵 a = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]] 通过python列表推导的方法,我们也能轻易完成这个任务 print [ [row[col] for row in a] for col in range(len(a[0]))] [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]] 另外一种让人困惑的方法就是利用zip函数: >>> a = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]] >>> zip(*a) [(1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9)] >>> map(list,zip(*a)) [[1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8], [3, 6, 9]] zip函数接受任意多个序列作为参数,将所有序列按相同的索引组合成一个元素是各个序列合并成的tuple的新序列,新的序列的长度以参数中最短的序列为准。另外(*)操作符与zip函数配合可以实现与zip相反的功能,即将合并的序列拆成多个tuple。 ①tuple的新序列 >>>>x=[1,2,3],y=['a','b','c'] >>>zip(x,y) [(1,'a'),(2,'b'),(3,'c')] ②新的序列的长度以参数中最短的序列为准. >>>>x=[1,2],y=['a','b','c'] >>>zip(x,y) [(1,'a'),(2,'b')] ③(*)操作符与zip函数配合可以实现与zip相反的功能,即将合并的序列拆成多个tuple。 >>>>x=[1,2,3],y=['a','b','c'] >>>>zip(*zip(x,y)) [(1,2,3),('a','b','c')]
其他高级应用:
1.zip打包解包列表和倍数 >>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = ['a', 'b', 'c'] >>> z = zip(a, b) >>> z [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')] >>> zip(*z) [(1, 2, 3), ('a', 'b', 'c')] 2. 使用zip合并相邻的列表项 >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> zip(*([iter(a)] * 2)) [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)] >>> group_adjacent = lambda a, k: zip(*([iter(a)] * k)) >>> group_adjacent(a, 3) [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)] >>> group_adjacent(a, 2) [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)] >>> group_adjacent(a, 1) [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,)] >>> zip(a[::2], a[1::2]) [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)] >>> zip(a[::3], a[1::3], a[2::3]) [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)] >>> group_adjacent = lambda a, k: zip(*(a[i::k] for i in range(k))) >>> group_adjacent(a, 3) [(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)] >>> group_adjacent(a, 2) [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)] >>> group_adjacent(a, 1) [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,)] 3.使用zip和iterators生成滑动窗口 (n -grams) >>> from itertools import islice >>> def n_grams(a, n): ... z = (islice(a, i, None) for i in range(n)) ... return zip(*z) ... >>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>> n_grams(a, 3) [(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (4, 5, 6)] >>> n_grams(a, 2) [(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)] >>> n_grams(a, 4) [(1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 5), (3, 4, 5, 6)] 4.使用zip反转字典 >>> m = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4} >>> m.items() [('a', 1), ('c', 3), ('b', 2), ('d', 4)] >>> zip(m.values(), m.keys()) [(1, 'a'), (3, 'c'), (2, 'b'), (4, 'd')] >>> mi = dict(zip(m.values(), m.keys())) >>> mi {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c', 4: 'd'}