WRF学习之 ch5 WRF模式（五+）运行WRF（）：【待译】
Examples of namelists for various applications
A few physics options sets (plus model top and the number of vertical levels) are provided here for reference. They may provide a good starting point for testing the model in your application. Also note that other factors will affect the outcome; for example, the domain setup, the distributions of vertical model levels, and input data.
a. 1 – 4 km grid distances, convection-permitting runs for a 1- 3 day run (as used for the NCAR spring real-time convection forecast over the US in 2013 and 3 km ensemble in 2015 – 2017, and this is the ‘conus’ physics suite without the cumulus scheme):
mp_physics = 8,
ra_lw_physics = 4,
ra_sw_physics = 4,
radt = 10,
sf_sfclay_physics = 2,
sf_surface_physics = 2,
bl_pbl_physics = 2,
bldt = 0,
cu_physics = 0,
ptop_requested = 5000,
e_vert = 40,
b. 10 – 20 km grid distances, 1- 3 day runs (e.g., NCAR daily real-time runs over the US):
mp_physics = 8,
ra_lw_physics = 4,
ra_sw_physics = 4,
radt = 15,
sf_sfclay_physics = 1,
sf_surface_physics = 2,
bl_pbl_physics = 1,
bldt = 0,
cu_physics = 3,
cudt = 0,
ptop_requested = 5000,
e_vert = 39,
c. Cold region 10 – 30 km grid sizes (e.g. used in NCAR’s Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System):
mp_physics = 4,
ra_lw_physics = 4,
ra_sw_physics = 2,
radt = 15,
sf_sfclay_physics = 2,
sf_surface_physics = 2,
bl_pbl_physics = 2,
bldt = 0,
cu_physics = 1,
cudt = 5,
fractional_seaice = 1,
seaice_threshold = 0.0,
ptop_requested = 1000,
e_vert = 44,
d. Hurricane applications (e.g. 36, 12, and 4 km nesting used by NCAR’s real-time hurricane runs in 2012):
mp_physics = 6,
ra_lw_physics = 4,
ra_sw_physics = 4,
radt = 10,
sf_sfclay_physics = 1,
sf_surface_physics = 2,
bl_pbl_physics = 1,
bldt = 0,
cu_physics = 6, (only on 36/12 km grid)
cudt = 0,
isftcflx = 2,
ptop_requested = 2000,
e_vert = 36,
e. Regional climate case at 10 – 30 km grid sizes (e.g. used in NCAR’s regional climate runs):
mp_physics = 6,
ra_lw_physics = 3,
ra_sw_physics = 3,
radt = 30,
sf_sfclay_physics = 1,
sf_surface_physics = 2,
bl_pbl_physics = 1,
bldt = 0,
cu_physics = 1,
cudt = 5,
sst_update = 1,
tmn_update = 1,
sst_skin = 1,
bucket_mm = 100.0,
bucket_J = 1.e9,
ptop_requested = 1000,
e_vert = 51,
spec_bdy_width = 10,
spec_zone = 1,
relax_zone = 9,
spec_exp = 0.33,
Check Output
Once a model run is completed, it is good practice to check a couple of things quickly.
If you have run the model on multiple processors using MPI, you should have a number of rsl.out.* and rsl.error.* files. Type ‘tail rsl.out.0000’ to see if you get ‘SUCCESS COMPLETE WRF’. This is a good indication that the model has run successfully.
The namelist options are written to a separate file: namelist.output.
Check the output times written to the wrfout* file by using the netCDF command:
ncdump –v Times wrfout_d01_yyyy-mm-dd_hh:00:00
Take a look at either the rsl.out.0000 file or other standard-out files. This file logs the times taken to compute for one model time step, and to write one history and restart output file:
Timing for main: time 2006-01-21_23:55:00 on domain 2: 4.91110 elapsed seconds.
Timing for main: time 2006-01-21_23:56:00 on domain 2: 4.73350 elapsed seconds.
Timing for main: time 2006-01-21_23:57:00 on domain 2: 4.72360 elapsed seconds.
Timing for main: time 2006-01-21_23:57:00 on domain 1: 19.55880 elapsed seconds.
and
Timing for Writing wrfout_d02_2006-01-22_00:00:00 for domain 2: 1.17970 elapsed seconds.
Timing for main: time 2006-01-22_00:00:00 on domain 1: 27.66230 elapsed seconds.
Timing for Writing wrfout_d01_2006-01-22_00:00:00 for domain 1: 0.60250 elapsed seconds.
Trouble Shooting
-
If the model aborts very quickly, it is likely that either the computer memory is not large enough to run the specific configuration, or the input data have some serious problems. For the first potential issue, try to type ‘unlimit’ or ‘ulimit -s unlimited’ to see if more memory and/or stack size can be obtained. -
For OpenMP (smpar-compiled code), the stack size needs to be set large, but not unlimited. Unlimited stack size may crash the computer. -
To check if the input data are the problem, use ncview or another netCDF file browser to check the fields in the wrfinput files. -
Another frequent error seen is ‘module_configure: initial_config: error reading namelist’. This is an error message from the model complaining about errors and typos in the namelist.input file. Edit the namelist.input file with caution. If unsure, always start with an available template. A namelist record where the namelist read error occurs is provided in the V3 error message, and it should help with identifying the error. -
If the model did not run to completion, one possibility is that the model may have become numerically unstatble, which means the time step used for advancing the model in time is too large for a stable solution. Even if one observes the standard rule for setting the model time step (to be ~ 6*DX in kilometers in physical space), other configurations of the model domain may affect the outcome. For example, if one has thin model layers, or if one uses a very large domain and the corners of the domain may have a very large map-scale factor that reduces the equivalent earth distance to be a lot smaller than the model grid size. One can find out whether this is the case by searching for CFL prints in the standard output/error files (e.g. the rsl files):
grep cfl rsl.error.* or grep cfl wrf.out
you might see something like these:
5 points exceeded cfl=2 in domain 1 at time 4.200000
MAX AT i,j,k: 123 48 3 cfl,w,d(eta)= 4.165821
21 points exceeded cfl=2 in domain 1 at time 4.200000
MAX AT i,j,k: 123 49 4 cfl,w,d(eta)= 10.66290
When this happens, consider using the namelist option w_damping, and/or reducing the time step.
Physics and Dynamics Options
Physics Options
WRF offers multiple physics options that can be combined in any way. The options typically range from simple and efficient, to sophisticated and more computationally costly, and from newly developed schemes, to well-tried schemes such as those in current operational models.
The choices vary with each major WRF release, but here we will outline those available in WRF Version 3 and 4.
- Microphysics (mp_physics)
a. Kessler scheme: A warm-rain (i.e. no ice) scheme used commonly in idealized cloud modeling studies (mp_physics = 1).
b. Purdue Lin scheme: A sophisticated scheme that has ice, snow and graupel processes, suitable for real-data high-resolution simulations (2).
c. WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme: A simple, efficient scheme with ice and snow processes suitable for mesoscale grid sizes (3).
d. WRF Single-Moment 5-class scheme: A slightly more sophisticated version of (c) that allows for mixed-phase processes and super-cooled water (4).
e. Eta microphysics: The operational microphysics in NCEP models. A simple efficient scheme with diagnostic mixed-phase processes. For fine resolutions (< 5km) use option (5) and for coarse resolutions use option (95).
f. WRF Single-Moment 6-class scheme: A scheme with ice, snow and graupel processes suitable for high-resolution simulations (6).
g. Goddard 4-ice microphysics scheme (7) predicts hail and graupel separately, provides effective radii for radiation. Replaced older Goddard scheme in V4.1.
h. New Thompson et al. scheme: A new scheme with ice, snow and graupel processes suitable for high-resolution simulations (8). This adds rain number concentration and updates the scheme from the one in Version 3.0. New in Version 3.1.
i. Milbrandt-Yau Double-Moment 7-class scheme (9). This scheme includes separate
categories for hail and graupel with double-moment cloud, rain, ice, snow, graupel and hail. New in Version 3.2. (Note: Do not use this scheme in V3.6 and V3.6.1.)
j. Morrison double-moment scheme (10). Double-moment ice, snow, rain and graupel for cloud-resolving simulations. New in Version 3.0.
k. CAM V5.1 2-moment 5-class scheme.
l. Stony Brook University (Y. Lin) scheme (13). This is a 5-class scheme with riming intensity predicted to account for mixed-phase processes. New in Version 3.3.
m. WRF Double-Moment 5-class scheme (14). This scheme has double-moment rain. Cloud and CCN for warm processes, but is otherwise like WSM5. New in Version 3.1.
n. WRF Double-Moment 6-class scheme (16). This scheme has double-moment rain. Cloud and CCN for warm processes, but is otherwise like WSM6. New in Version 3.1.
o. NSSL 2-moment scheme (17, 18). New since Version 3.4, this is a two-moment scheme for cloud droplets, rain drops, ice crystals, snow, graupel, and hail. It also predicts average graupel particle density, which allows graupel to span the range from frozen drops to low-density graupel. There is an additional option to predict cloud condensation nuclei (CCN, option 18) concentration (intended for idealized simulations). The scheme is intended for cloud-resolving simulations (dx <= 2km) in research applications. Since V3.5, two more one-moment schemes have been added (19 and 21). Option 19 is a single-moment version of the NSSL scheme, and option 21 is similar to Gilmore et al. (2004). Option 22 (new in V3.7) is the two moment scheme (option 17) without hail.
p. WSM7 (24). As WSM6, but adding a hail category. New in V4.1.
q. WDM7 (26). As WDM6, but adding a hail category. New in V4.1.
r. Thompson aerosol-aware (28). This scheme considers water- and ice-friendly aerosols. A climatology dataset may be used to specify initial and boundary conditions for the aerosol variables (Thompson and Eidhammer, 2014, JAS.) New in Version 3.6. A surface dust scheme is added in Version 4.0.
s. HUJI (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) spectral bin microphysics, full (32) and ‘fast’ (30) versions are available since Version 3.6.
t. Morrison double-moment scheme with CESM aerosol (40): must be used together with MSKF cumulus scheme. New in Version 4.0.
u. P3 (Morrison and Milbrandt) (50, 51, 52): Predicted Particle Property scheme. This has one ice category that represents a combination of ice, snow and graupel, and also carries prognostic arrays for rimed ice mass and rimed ice volume. Double moment rain and ice (50). P3-nc (51): As P3 but adds supersaturation dependent activation and double-moment cloud water. New in V3.9. P3-2ice (52): As in P3-nc but with two arrays for ice. New in V4.0.
v. Jensen ISHMAEL (55): Scheme that predicts particle shapes and habits in ice crystal growth. New in V4.1.
2.1 Longwave Radiation (ra_lw_physics)
a. RRTM scheme (ra_lw_physics = 1): Rapid Radiative Transfer Model. An accurate scheme using look-up tables for efficiency. Accounts for multiple bands, and microphysics species. For trace gases, the volume-mixing ratio values for
CO2=330e-6, N2O=0. and CH4=0. in pre-V3.5 code; in V3.5, CO2=379e-6, N2O=319e-9 and CH4=1774e-9. See section 2.3 for time-varying option.
b. GFDL scheme (99): Eta operational radiation scheme. An older multi-band scheme with carbon dioxide, ozone and microphysics effects.
c. CAM scheme (3): from the CAM 3 climate model used in CCSM. Allows for aerosols and trace gases. It uses yearly CO2, and constant N2O (311e-9) and CH4 (1714e-9). See section 2.3 for the time-varying option.
d. RRTMG scheme (4): A new version of RRTM added in Version 3.1. It includes the MCICA method of random cloud overlap. For major trace gases, CO2=379e-6, N2O=319e-9, CH4=1774e-9. See section 2.3 for the time-varying option. In V3.7, a fast version is introduced as option 24.
e. Goddard scheme (5). Efficient, multiple bands, ozone from simple climatology. Designed to run with Goddard microphysics particle radius information. Updated in V4.1.
f. Fu-Liou-Gu scheme (7). multiple bands, cloud and cloud fraction effects, ozone profile from climatology and tracer gases. CO2=345e-6. New in Version 3.4.
g. RRTMG-K scheme (14): A version of RRTMG scheme improved by Baek (2017), A revised radiation package of G-packed McICA and two-stream approximation: Performance evaluation in a global weather forecasting model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 9, doi:10.1002/2017MS000994). New in V4.0.
2.2 Shortwave Radiation (ra_sw_physics)
a. Dudhia scheme: Simple downward integration allowing efficiently for clouds and clear-sky absorption and scattering (ra_sw_physics = 1).
b. Goddard shortwave: Two-stream multi-band scheme with ozone from climatology and cloud effects (2).
c. GFDL shortwave: Eta operational scheme. Two-stream multi-band scheme with ozone from climatology and cloud effects (99).
d. CAM scheme: from the CAM 3 climate model used in CCSM. Allows for aerosols and trace gases (3).
e. RRTMG shortwave. A new shortwave scheme with the MCICA method of random cloud overlap (4). New in Version 3.1. In V3.7, a fast version is introduced as option 24.
f. Goddard scheme (5). Efficient, multiple bands, ozone from simple climatology. Designed to run with Goddard microphysics particle radius information. Updated in V4.1.
g. Fu-Liou-Gu scheme (7). multiple bands, cloud and cloud fraction effects, ozone profile from climatology, can allow for aerosols. New in Version 3.4.
h. Held-Suarez relaxation. A temperature relaxation scheme designed for idealized tests only (31).
i. RRTMG-K (14): A version of RRTMG scheme improved by Baek (2017). New in V4.0.
Related options:
- Slope and shading effects. slope_rad = 1 modifies surface solar radiation flux according to terrain slope. topo_shading = 1 allows for shadowing of neighboring grid cells. Use only with high-resolution runs with grid size less than a few kilometers. Since Version 3.2, these are available for all shortwave options.
- swrad_scat: scattering turning parameter for ra_sw_physics = 1. Default value is 1, which is equivalent to 1.e-5 m2/kg. When the value is greater than 1, it increases the scattering.
- swint_opt: Interpolation of short-wave radiation based on the updated solar zenith angle between SW calls. Available since V3.5.1.
2.3 Input to radiation options
a. CAM Green House Gases: Provides yearly green house gases from 1765 to 2500. The option is activated by compiling WRF with the macro –DCLWRFGHG added in configure.wrf. Once compiled, CAM, RRTM and RRTMG long-wave schemes will see these gases. Five scenario files are available: from IPCC AR5: CAMtr_volume_mixing_ratio .RCP4.5, CAMtr_volume_mixing_ratio.RCP6, and CAMtr_volume_mixing_ratio.RCP8.5; from IPCC AR4: CAMtr_volume_mixing_ratio.A1B, and CAMtr_volume_mixing_ratio.A2. The default points to the RCP8.5 file. New in Version 3.5.
b. Climatological ozone and aerosol data for RRTMG: The ozone data is adapted from CAM radiation (ra_*_physics=3), and it has latitudinal (2.82 degrees), height and temporal (monthly) variation, as opposed to the default ozone used in the scheme that only varies with height. This is activated by the namelist option o3input = 2, which becomes the default option in V3.7. The aerosol data is based on Tegen et al. (1997), which has 6 types: organic carbon, black carbon, sulfate, sea salt, dust and stratospheric aerosol (volcanic ash, which is zero). The data also has spatial (5 degrees in longitude and 4 degrees in latitudes) and temporal (monthly) variations. The option is activated by the namelist option aer_opt = 1. New in Version 3.5.
c. Aerosol input for RRTMG and Goddard radiation options (aer_opt = 2). Either AOD or AOD plus Angstrom exponent, single scattering albedo, and cloud asymmetry parameter can be provided via constant values from namelist or 2D input fields via auxiliary input stream 15. Aerosol type can be set too. New in V3.6.
d. Aerosol input for RRTMG radiation scheme from climatological water- and ice-friendly aerosols (aer_opt = 3). It works with Thompson microphysics option 28. New in V3.8.
e. Effective cloud water, ice and snow radii from Thompson (since 3.5.1), WSM, WDM and NSSL microphysics schemes (new in V3.7) are used in RRTMG.
2.4 Cloud fraction option
icloud: = 1, use Xu-Randall method; = 2, use threshold method which gives either 0 or 1 cloud fraction; = 3, use a RH-based method that follows Sundqvist et al. (1989). The threshold of RH depends on grid sizes (new in V3.7, fixed in V3.8, further tuned in V3.9).
3.1 Surface Layer (sf_sfclay_physics)
a. MM5 similarity: Based on Monin-Obukhov with Carslon-Boland viscous sub-layer and standard similarity functions from look-up tables (sf_sfclay_physics = 91). In V3.7, the thermal and moisture roughness lengths (or exchange coefficients for heat and moisture) over ocean are changed to COARE 3 formula (Fairall et al. 2003)
b. Eta similarity: Used in Eta model. Based on Monin-Obukhov with Zilitinkevich thermal roughness length and standard similarity functions from look-up tables (2).
c. Pleim-Xiu surface layer. (7). New in Version 3.0.
d. QNSE surface layer. Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination PBL scheme’s surface layer option (4). New in Version 3.1.
e. MYNN surface layer. Nakanishi and Niino PBL’s surface layer scheme (5). New in Version 3.1.
f. TEMF surface layer. Total Energy – Mass Flux surface layer scheme. New in Version 3.3.
g. Revised MM5 surface layer scheme (option 11 prior to V3.6, renamed to option 1 since V3.6): Remove limits and use updated stability functions. New in Version 3.4. (Jimenez et al. MWR 2012). In V3.7, the code is sped up to give similar timing as with the old MM5 scheme. The thermal and moisture roughness lengths (or exchange coefficients for heat and moisture) over ocean are changed to COARE 3 formula (Fairall et al. 2003) in V3.7.
h. Other: iz0tlnd = 1 (works with sf_sfclay_physics = 1, 91, and 5), Chen-Zhang thermal roughness length over land, which depends on vegetation height, 0 = original thermal roughness length in each sfclay option. New in Version 3.2.
3.2 Land Surface (sf_surface_physics)
a. (1)5-layer thermal diffusion: Soil temperature only scheme, using five layers.
b. (2) Noah Land Surface Model: Unified NCEP/NCAR/AFWA scheme with soil temperature and moisture in four layers, fractional snow cover and frozen soil physics. New modifications are added in Version 3.1 to better represent processes over ice sheets and snow covered area.
- In V3.6, a sub-tiling option is introduced, and it is activated by namelist sf_surface_mosaic = 1, and the number of tiles in a grid box is defined by namelist mosaic_cat, with a default value of 3.
c. (3) RUC Land Surface Model: This model has a layer approach to the solution of energy and moisture budgets in that the atmospheric fluxes, as well as soil fluxes, are computed in the middle of the first atmospheric layer and the top soil layer, respectively, and these fluxes modify the heat and moisture storage in the layer spanning the ground surface. The RUC LSM currently uses 9 levels in soil with higher resolution near the interface with the atmosphere. (NOTE: if initialized from the model with low resolution near the surface, like the Noah LSM, the top levels could be too moist causing moist/cold biases in the model forecast. Solution: cycle soil moisture and let it spin-up for at least several days to fit the vertical structure of RUC LSM).
The prognostic variable for soil moisture is volumetric soil moisture content minus the residual soil moisture tied to soil particles and therefore not participating in moisture transport. The RUC LSM takes into account freezing and thawing processes in the soil. It is able to use the explicit mixed-phase precipitation provided by the cloud microphysics schemes. It has a simple treatment of sea ice which solves heat diffusion in sea ice and allows evolving snow cover on top of sea ice. In the warm season, RUC LSM corrects soil moisture in the cropland areas to compensate for irrigation in these regions.
Snow, accumulated on top of soil, can have up to two layers depending on snow depth (ref S16). When snow layer is very thin, it is combined with the top soil layer to avoid excessive radiative cooling at night. The grid cell can be partially covered with snow, when snow water equivalent is below a threshold value of 3 cm. When this condition occurs, surface parameters, such as roughness length and albedo, are computed as a weighted average of snow-covered and snow-free areas. The energy budget utilizes an iterative snow melting algorithm. Melted water can partially refreeze and remain within the snow layer, and the rest of it percolates through the snow pack, infiltrates into soil and forms surface runoff. Snow density evolves as a function of snow temperature, snow depth and compaction parameters. Snow albedo is initialized from the maximum snow albedo for the given vegetation type, but it can also be modified depending on snow temperature and snow fraction. To obtain a better representation of snow accumulated on the ground, the RUC LSM has introduced estimation of frozen precipitation density.
The most recent modifications to RUC LSM include refinements to the interception of liquid or frozen precipitation by the canopy, and also the “mosaic” approach for patchy snow with a separate treatment of energy and moisture budgets for snow-covered and snow-free portions of the grid cell, and aggregation of the separate solutions at the end of time step.
The datasets needed to initialize RUC LSM include:
- High-resolution dataset for soil and land-use types;
- Climatological albedo for snow-free areas;
- Spatial distribution of maximum surface albedo in the presence of snow cover;
- Fraction of vegetation types in the grid cell to take into account sub-grid-scale heterogeneity in computation of surface parameters;
- Fraction of soil types within the grid cell;
- Climatological greenness fraction;
- Climatological leaf area index;
- Climatological mean temperature at the bottom of soil domain;
- Real-time sea-ice concentration;
- Real-time snow cover to correct cycled in RAP and HRRR snow fields.
The recommended namelist options:
sf_surface_physics = 3
num_soil_layers = 9,
usemonalb = .true.,
rdlai2d = .true.,
mosaic_lu = 1
mosaic_soil = 1
References:
Smirnova et al (2016, Mon. Wea. Rev., S16);
RAP and HRRR that use RUC LSM as their land component: https://rapidrefresh.noaa.gov/RAP and https://rapidrefresh.noaa.gov/hrrr/HRRR.
(from Tanya Smirnova, GSD/NOAA)
d. (7) Pleim-Xiu Land Surface Model. For a more detailed description of the PX LSM, including pros/cons, best practices, and recent improvements, see http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/PX-ACM.pdf
Two-layer scheme with vegetation and sub-grid tiling (7). New in Version 3.0: The Pleim-Xiu land surface model (PX LSM; Pleim and Xiu 1995; Xiu and Pleim 2001) was developed and improved over the years to provide realistic ground temperature, soil moisture, and surface sensible and latent heat fluxes in mesoscale meteorological models. The PX LSM is based on the ISBA model (Noilhan and Planton 1989), and includes a 2-layer force-restore soil temperature and moisture model. the top layer is taken to be 1 cm thick, and the lower layer is 99 cm. Grid aggregate vegetation and soil parameters are derived from fractional coverage of land use categories and soil texture types. There are two indirect nudging schemes that correct biases in 2-m air temperature and moisture by dynamic adjustment of soil moisture (Pleim and Xiu, 2003) and deep soil temperature (Pleim and Gilliam, 2009).
Users should recognize that the PX LSM was primarily developed for retrospective simulation, where surface-based observations are available to inform the indirect soil nudging. While soil nudging can be disabled using the FDDA namelist.input setting "pxlsm_soil_nudge," little testing has been done in this mode, although some users have reported reasonable results. Gilliam and Pleim (2010) discuss the implementation in the WRF model and provide typical configurations for retrospective applications. If soil nudging is activated, modelers must use the Obsgrid objective re-analysis utility to produce a surface nudging file with the naming convention "wrfsfdda_d0." Obsgrid takes WPS "met_em" files and LittleR observation files and produces the "wrfsfdda_d0" file. The PX LSM uses 2-m temperature and mixing ratio re-analyses from this file for the deep soil moisture and temperature nudging. If modelers want to test PX LSM in forecast mode with soil nudging activated, forecasted 2-m temperature and mixing ratio can be used with empty observation files to produce the "wrfsfdda_d0" files, using Obsgrid, but results will be tied to the governing forecast model.
f. (4) Noah-MP (multi-physics) Land Surface Model: uses multiple options for key land-atmosphere interaction processes. Noah-MP contains a separate vegetation canopy defined by a canopy top and bottom with leaf physical and radiometric properties used in a two-stream canopy radiation transfer scheme that includes shading effects. Noah-MP contains a multi-layer snow pack with liquid water storage and melt/refreeze capability and a snow-interception model describing loading/unloading, melt/refreeze, and sublimation of the canopy-intercepted snow. Multiple options are available for surface water infiltration and runoff, and groundwater transfer and storage including water table depth to an unconfined aquifer. Horizontal and vertical vegetation density can be prescribed or predicted using prognostic photosynthesis and dynamic vegetation models that allocate carbon to vegetation (leaf, stem, wood and root) and soil carbon pools (fast and slow). New in Version 3.4. (Niu et al. 2011)
g. (8) SSiB Land Surface Model: This is the third generation of the Simplified Simple Biosphere Model (Xue et al. 1991; Sun and Xue, 2001). SSiB is developed for land/atmosphere interaction studies in the climate model. The aerodynamic resistance values in SSiB are determined in terms of vegetation properties, ground conditions and bulk Richardson number according to the modified Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. SSiB-3 includes three snow layers to realistically simulate snow processes, including destructive metamorphism, densification process due to snow load, and snow melting, which substantially enhances the model’s ability for the cold season study. To use this option, ra_lw_physics and ra_sw_physics should be set to either 1, 3, or 4. The second full model level should be set to no larger than 0.982 so that the height of that level is higher than vegetation height. New in Version 3.4.
h. Fractional sea-ice (fractional_seaice = 1). Treat sea-ice as fractional field. Require fractional sea-ice as input data. Data sources may include those from GFS or the National Snow and Ice Data Center (http://nsidc.org/data/seaice/index.html). Use XICE for Vtable entry instead of SEAICE. This option works with sf_sfclay_physics = 1, 2, 5, and 7, and sf_surface_physics = 2, 3, and 7 in the present release. New in Version 3.1.
i. (5) CLM4 (Community Land Model Version 4, Oleson et al. 2010; Lawrence et al. 2010): CLM4 was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research with many external collaborators and represents a state-of-the-science land surface process model. It contains sophisticated treatment of biogeophysics, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and dynamic vegetation. In CLM4, the land surface in each model grid cell is characterized into five primary sub-grid land cover types (glacier, lake, wetland, urban, and vegetated). The vegetated sub-grid consists of up to 4 plant functional types (PFTs) that differ in physiology and structure. The WRF input land cover types are translated into the CLM4 PFTs through a look-up table. The CLM4 vertical structure includes a single-layer vegetation canopy, a five-layer snowpack, and a ten-layer soil column. An earlier version of CLM has been quantitatively evaluated within WRF in Jin and Wen (2012; JGR-Atmosphere), Lu and Kueppers (2012; JGR-Atmosphere), and Subin et al. (2011; Earth Interactions) (from Jin). New in Version 3.5. Updated for 20/21 category MODIS landuse data in V3.6.
3.3 Urban Surface (sf_urban_physics – replacing old switch ucmcall)
The orban physics options work with Noah LSM since V3.1, and with NoahMP since V3.9.
a. Urban canopy model (1): 3-category UCM option with surface effects for roofs, walls, and streets. In V3.7, a green roof option is added.
b. BEP (2). Building Environment Parameterization: Multi-layer urban canopy model that allows for buildings higher than the lowest model levels. Only works with Noah LSM and Boulac and MYJ PBL options. New in Version 3.1.
c. BEM (3). Building Energy Model. Adds to BEP, building energy budget with heating and cooling systems. Works with same options as BEP. New in Version 3.2.
3.4 Lake Physics (sf_lake_physics)
a. CLM 4.5 lake model (1). The lake scheme was obtained from the Community Land Model version 4.5 (Oleson et al. 2013) with some modifications by Gu et al. (2013). It is a one-dimensional mass and energy balance scheme with 20-25 model layers, including up to 5 snow layers on the lake ice, 10 water layers, and 10 soil layers on the lake bottom. The lake scheme is used with actual lake points and lake depth derived from the WPS, and it also can be used with user defined lake points and lake depth in WRF (lake_min_elev and lakedepth_default). The lake scheme is independent of a land surface scheme and therefore can be used with any land surface scheme embedded in WRF. The lake scheme developments and evaluations were included in Subin et al. (2012) and Gu et al. (2013) (Subin et al. 2012: Improved lake model for climate simulations, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 4, M02001. DOI:10.1029/2011MS000072; Gu et al. 2013: Calibration and validation of lake surface temperature simulations with the coupled WRF-Lake model. Climatic Change, 1-13, 10.1007/s10584-013-0978-y).
4. Planetary Boundary layer (bl_pbl_physics)
a. Yonsei University scheme: Non-local-K scheme with explicit entrainment layer and parabolic K profile in unstable mixed layer (bl_pbl_physics = 1).
- topo_wind: = 1: Topographic correction for surface winds to represent extra drag from sub-grid topography and enhanced flow at hill tops (Jimenez and Dudhia, JAMC 2012). Works with YSU PBL only. New in Version 3.4. = 2: a simpler terrain variance-related correction. New in Version 3.5.
- ysu_topdown_pblmix: = 1: option for top-down mixing driven by radiative cooling. New in V3.7.
b. Mellor-Yamada-Janjic scheme: Eta operational scheme. One-dimensional prognostic turbulent kinetic energy scheme with local vertical mixing (2).
c. MRF scheme: Older version of (a) with implicit treatment of entrainment layer as part of non-local-K mixed layer (99).
d. ACM2 PBL: Asymmetric Convective Model with non-local upward mixing and local downward mixing (7). New in Version 3.0.
e. Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination PBL (4). A TKE-prediction option that uses a new theory for stably stratified regions (Available since 3.1). Daytime part uses eddy diffusivity mass-flux method with shallow convection (mfshconv = 1) which is added in Version 3.4.
f. Mellor-Yamada Nakanishi and Niino Level 2.5 PBL (5). Predicts sub-grid TKE terms. New in Version 3.1 with significant update in V3.8. - icloud_bl: = 1, option to couple subgrid-scale clouds from MYNN to radiation;
- bl_mynn_cloudpdf: = 1, Kuwano et al (2010); = 2, Chaboureau and Bechtold (2002, JAS, with mods, default);
- bl_mynn_cloudmix: = 1, mixing cloud water and ice (qnc and qni are mixed when scalar_pblmix = 1);
The above three options are new in V3.8. - bl_mynn_edmf = 1, activate mass-flux in MYNN (ok to try since v3.9);
- bl_mynn_mixlength = 2: 1 is from RAP/HRRR, 2 is from blending (also available from v3.9).
g. Mellor-Yamada Nakanishi and Niino Level 3 PBL (6). Predicts TKE and other second-moment terms. New in Version 3.1.
h. BouLac PBL (8): Bougeault-Lacarrère PBL. A TKE-prediction option. New in Version 3.1. Designed for use with BEP urban model.
i. UW (Bretherton and Park) scheme (9). TKE scheme from CESM climate model. New in Version 3.3.
j. Total Energy - Mass Flux (TEMF) scheme (10). Sub-grid total energy prognostic variable, plus mass-flux type shallow convection. New in Version 3.3.
k. LES PBL: A large-eddy-simulation (LES) boundary layer is available in Version 3. For this, bl_pbl_physic = 0, isfflx = 1, and sf_sfclay_physics and sf_surface_physics are selected. This uses diffusion for vertical mixing and must use diff_opt = 2, and km_opt = 2 or 3, see below. Alternative idealized ways of running the LESPBL are chosen with isfflx = 0 or 2. New in Version 3.0.
l. Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa scheme (12): This is a TKE scheme. Tested in cloud-topped PBL cases. New in Version 3.5.
m. Shin-Hong scheme (11): Include scale dependency for vertical transport in convective PBL. Vertical mixing in the stable PBL and free atmosphere follows YSU. This scheme also has diagnosed TKE and mixing length output. New in V3.7.
- Cumulus Parameterization (cu_physics)
a. Kain-Fritsch scheme: Deep and shallow convection sub-grid scheme using a mass flux approach with downdrafts and CAPE removal time scale (cu_physics = 1).
- kfeta_trigger = 1 – default trigger; = 2 – moisture-advection modulated trigger function [based on Ma and Tan (2009, Atmospheric Research)]. May improve results in subtropical regions when large-scale forcing is weak.
- cu_rad_feedback = true – allow sub-grid cloud fraction interaction with radiation. New in V3.6. (Alapaty et al. 2012, Geophysical Research Letters)
b. Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme. Operational Eta scheme. Column moist adjustment scheme relaxing towards a well-mixed profile (2).
c. Grell-Devenyi (GD) ensemble scheme: Multi-closure, multi-parameter, ensemble method with typically 144 sub-grid members (moved to option 93 in V3.5).
d. Simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) (4). Simple mass-flux scheme with quasi-equilibrium closure with shallow mixing scheme (and momentum transport in NMM only). Adapted for ARW in Version 3.3.
e. Grell 3D is an improved version of the GD scheme that may also be used on high resolution (in addition to coarser resolutions) if subsidence spreading (option cugd_avedx) is turned on (5). New in Version 3.0.
f. Tiedtke scheme (U. of Hawaii version) (6). Mass-flux type scheme with CAPE-removal time scale, shallow component and momentum transport. New in Version 3.3.
g. Zhang-McFarlane scheme (7). Mass-flux CAPE-removal type deep convection from CESM climate model with momentum transport. New in Version 3.3.
h. New Simplified Arakawa-Schubert (NSAS) (96). New mass-flux scheme with deep and shallow components and momentum transport. New in Version 3.3. This was option 14 in V3.*.
i. New Simplified Arakawa-Schubert (84, HWRF version). New mass-flux scheme with deep and shallow components and momentum transport. New in Version 3.4.
j. Grell-Freitas (GF) scheme (3): An improved GD scheme that tries to smooth the transition to cloud-resolving scales, as proposed by Arakawa et al. (2004). New in Version 3.5.
k. Old Kain-Fritsch scheme: Deep convection scheme using a mass flux approach with downdrafts and CAPE removal time scale (99).
l. Multi-scale Kain-Fritsch scheme (11): using scale-dependent dynamic adjustment timescale, LCC-based entrainment. Also uses new trigger function based on Bechtold. New in V3.7. An option to use CESM aerosol is added in V4.0.
m. New Tiedtke scheme (16): this version is similar to the Tiedtke scheme used in REGCM4 and ECMWF cy40r1. New in V3.7, updated in V3.8.
n. Kain-Fritsch-Cumulus Potential scheme (10): this option modifies the KF ad-hoc trigger function with one linked to boundary layer turbulence via probability density function (PDFs) using cumulus potential scheme. The scheme also computes the cumulus cloud fraction based on the time-scale relevant for shallow cumuli. (Berg et al. 2013.) New in V3.8.
o. KIAPS SAS (14): Based on NSAS, but scale-aware. New in V4.0.
- Shallow convection option (shcu_physics)
a. ishallow = 1, shallow convection option on. Works together with Grell 3D scheme (cu_physics = 5) – will move to shcu_physics category in the future.
b. UW (Bretherton and Park) scheme (2). Shallow cumulus option from CESM climate model with momentum transport. New in Version 3.3.
c. GRIMS (Global/Regional Integrated Modeling System) scheme (3): it represents the shallow convection process by using eddy-diffusion and the pal algorithm, and couples directly to the YSU PBL scheme. New in Version 3.5.
d. NSAS shallow scheme (4): This is extracted from NSAS, and should be used with KSAS deep cumulus scheme. New in V4.0.
e. Deng shallow scheme (5): Only runs with MYNN and MYJ PBL schemes. New in V4.1. - Other physics options
a. Options to use for tropical storm and hurricane applications:
- sf_ocean_physics = 1 (renamed from omlcall in previous versions): Simple ocean mixed layer model (1): 1-D ocean mixed layer model following that of Pollard, Rhines and Thompson (1972). Two other namelist options are available to specify the initial mixed layer depth (although one may ingest real mixed layer depth data) (oml_hml0) and a temperature lapse rate below the mixed layer (oml_gamma). Since V3.2, this option works with all sf_surface_physics options.
- sf_ocean_physics = 2: New in V3.5. 3D Price-Weller-Pinkel (PWP) ocean model based on Price et al. (1994). This model predicts horizontal advection, pressure gradient force, as well as mixed layer processes. Only simple initialization via namelist variables ocean_z, ocean_t, and ocean_s is available in V3.5.
- isftcflx: Modify surface bulk drag (Donelan) and enthalpy coefficients to be more in line with recent research results of those for tropical storms and hurricanes. This option also includes dissipative heating term in heat flux. It is only available for sf_sfclay_physics = 1. There are two options for computing enthalpy coefficients: isftcflx = 1: constant Z0q (since V3.2) for heat and moisture; isftcflx = 2 Garratt formulation, slightly different forms for heat and moisture.
b. Other options for long simulations (new in Version 3.1): - tmn_update: update deep soil temperature (1).
- sst_skin: calculate skin SST based on Zeng and Beljaars (2005) (1)
- bucket_mm: bucket reset value for water equivalent precipitation accumulations (value in mm, -1 = inactive).
- bucket_J: bucket reset value for energy accumulations (value in Joules, -1 = inactive). Only works with CAM and RRTMG radiation (ra_lw_physics = 3 and 4 and ra_sw_physics = 3 and 4) options.
- To drive WRF model with climate data that does not have leap year, there is a compile option to do that. Edit configure.wrf and
add -DNO_LEAP_CALENDAR to the macro ARCH_LOCAL.
c. Land model input options: - usemonalb: When set to .true., it uses monthly albedo fields from geogrid, instead of table values
- rdlai2d: When set to .true., it uses monthly LAI data from geogrid (new in V3.6) and the field will also go to wrflowinp file if sst_update is 1.
d. gwd_opt: Gravity wave drag option. Recommended for all grid sizes. This scheme includes two subgrid topography effects: gravity wave drag and low-level flow blocking. The latter was added in V3.7. Since V4.0, the input wind to the scheme is rotated to the earth coordinate, and the output is adjusted back to the projection domain. This enables the scheme to be used for all map projections supported by WRF. In order to apply this option properly, appropriate input fields from geogrid must be used. See the “Selecting Static Data for the Gravity Wave Drag Scheme” section in Chapter 3 of this guide for details. New in Version 3.1, updated in V3.7 and V4.0
e. windfarm_opt: Wind turbine drag parameterization scheme. It represents sub-grid effects of specified turbines on wind and TKE fields. The physical charateristics of the wind farm is read in from a file and use of the manufacturers’ specification is recommeded. An example of the file is provided in run/wind-turbine-1.tbl. The location of the turbines are read in from a file, windturbines.txt. See README.windturbine in WRF/ directory for more detail. New in Version 3.3, and in this version it only works with 2.5 level MYNN PBL option (bl_pbl_physics=5), and updated in V3.6.
- Physics sensitivity options
a. no_mp_heating: When set to 1, it turns off latent heating from microphysics. When using this option, cu_physics should be set to 0.
b. icloud: When set to 0, it turns off cloud effect on optical depth in shortwave radiation options 1, 4 and longwave radiation option 1, 4. Note since V3.6, this namelist also controls which cloud fraction method to use for radiation.
c. isfflx: When set to 0, it turns off both sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface. This option works for sf_sfclay_physics = 1, 5, 7, 11.
d. ifsnow: When set to 0, it turns off snow effect in sf_surface_physics = 1.
Diffusion and Damping Options
Diffusion in WRF is categorized under two parameters: the diffusion option and the K option. The diffusion option selects how the derivatives used in diffusion are calculated, and the K option selects how the K coefficients are calculated. Note that when a PBL option is selected, vertical diffusion is done by the PBL scheme, and not by the diffusion scheme. In Version 3, vertical diffusion is also linked to the surface fluxes.
1.1 Diffusion Option (diff_opt)
a. Simple diffusion: Gradients are simply taken along coordinate surfaces (diff_opt = 1).
b. Full diffusion: Gradients use full metric terms to more accurately compute horizontal gradients in sloped coordinates (diff_opt = 2). This option can be used with real-data cases since V3.6.1.
1.2 K Option (km_opt)
Note that when using a PBL scheme, only options (a) and (d) below make sense, because (b) and (c) are designed for 3d diffusion.
a. Constant: K is specified by namelist values for horizontal and vertical diffusion (km_opt = 1).
b. 3d TKE: A prognostic equation for turbulent kinetic energy is used, and K is based on TKE (km_opt = 2).
c. 3d Deformation: K is diagnosed from 3d deformation and stability following a Smagorinsky approach (km_opt = 3).
d. 2d Deformation: K for horizontal diffusion is diagnosed from just horizontal deformation. The vertical diffusion is assumed to be done by the PBL scheme (km_opt = 4).
1.3 6th Order Horizontal Diffusion (diff_6th_opt)
6th-order horizontal hyper diffusion (del^6) on all variables to act as a selective short-wave numerical noise filter. Can be used in conjunction with diff_opt. diff_6th_opt = 1: simple; = 2: positive definite. Option 2 is recommended (option 1 should be avoided). In V4.0, a few controls are introduced: diff_6th_slopeopt (0,1) controls whether this option will be turned off over steep terrain; diff_6th_thresh sets the threshold value for terrain slopes above which this option will be turned off.
1.4 Nonlinear Backscatter Anisotropic (NBA) (sfs_opt)
Sub-grid turbulent stress option for momentum in LES applications. New in Version 3.2. sfs_opt = 1 diagnostic sub-grid stress to be used with diff_opt = 2 and km_opt = 2 or 3. sfs_opt = TKE sub-grid stress to be used with diff_opt = 2 and km_opt = 2.
- Damping Options
These are independently activated choices.
a. Upper Damping: Either a layer of increased diffusion (damp_opt =1) or a Rayleigh relaxation layer (2) or an implicit gravity-wave damping layer (3, new in Version 3.0), can be added near the model top to control reflection from the upper boundary.
b. Vertical velocity damping (w_damping): For operational robustness, vertical motion can be damped to prevent the model from becoming unstable with locally large vertical velocities. This only affects strong updraft cores, so has very little impact on results otherwise.
c. Divergence Damping (sm_div): Controls horizontally-propagating sound waves.
d. External Mode Damping (em_div): Controls upper-surface (external) waves.
e. Time Off-centering (epssm): Controls vertically-propagating sound waves.
Advection Options
a. Horizontal advection orders for momentum (h_mom_adv_order) and scalar (h_sca_adv_order) can be 2ndto 6th, with 5th order being the recommended one.
b. Vertical advection orders for momentum (v_mom_adv_order) and scalar (v_sca_adv_order) can be 2ndand 6th, with 3rd order being the recommended one.
c. Monotonic transport (option 2, new in Version 3.1) and positive-definite advection option (option 1) can be applied to moisture (moist_adv_opt), scalar (scalar_adv_opt), chemistry variables (chem_adv_opt) and tke (tke_adv_opt). Option 1 replaces pd_moist = .true. etc. in previous versions.
d. WENO (weighted essentially non-oscillatory) (option 3 for 5th order WENO; option 4 for 5th order WENO with positive definite limiter): for moisture (moist_adv_opt), scalar (scalar_adv_opt), chemistry variables (chem._adv_opt) and TKE (tke_adv_opt). For momentum, momentum_adv_opt = 3.
Some notes about using monotonic and positive-definite advection options:
The positive-definite and monotonic options are available for moisture, scalars, chemical scalers and TKE in the ARW solver. Both the monotonic and positive-definite transport options conserve scalar mass locally and globally and are consistent with the ARW mass conservation equation. We recommend using the positive-definite option for moisture variables on all real-data simulations. The monotonic option may be beneficial in chemistry applications and for moisture and scalars in some instances.
When using these options there are certain aspects of the ARW integration scheme that should be considered in the simulation configuration.
(1) The integration sequence in ARW changes when the positive-definite or monotonic options are used. When the options are not activated, the timestep tendencies from the physics (excluding microphysics) are used to update the scalar mixing ratio at the same time as the transport (advection). The microphysics is computed, and moisture is updated, based on the transport+physics update. When the monotonic or positive definite options are activated, the scalar mixing ratio is first updated with the physics tendency, and the new updated values are used as the starting values for the transport scheme. The microphysics update occurs after the transport update using these latest values as its starting point. It is important to remember that for any scalars, the local and global conservation properties, positive definiteness and monotonicity depend upon each update possessing these properties.
(2) Some model filters may not be positive definite.
i. diff_6th_opt = 1 is not positive definite nor monotonic. Use diff_6th_opt = 2 if you need this diffusion option (diff_6th_opt = 2 is monotonic and positive-definite). We have encountered cases where the departures from monotonicity and positive-definiteness have been very noticeable.
ii. diff_opt = 1 and km_opt = 4 (a commonly-used real-data case mixing option) is not guaranteed to be positive-definite nor monotonic due to the variable eddy diffusivity, K. We have not observed significant departures from positive-definiteness or monotonicity when this filter is used with these transport options.
iii. The diffusion option that uses a user-specified constant eddy viscosity is positive definite and monotonic.
iv. Other filter options that use variable eddy viscosity are not positive definite or monotonic.
(3) Most of the model physics are not monotonic nor should they be - they represent sources and sinks in the system. All should be positive definite, although we have not examined and tested all options for this property.
(4) The monotonic option adds significant smoothing to the transport in regions where it is active. You may want to consider turning off the other model filters for variables using monotonic transport (filters such as the second and sixth order horizontal filters). At present it is not possible to turn off the filters for the scalars but not for the dynamics using the namelist - one must manually comment out the calls in the solver.
Other Dynamics Options
a. The model can be run hydrostatically by setting the non_hydrostatic switch to .false.
b. The Coriolis term can be applied to wind perturbation (pert_coriolis = .true.) only (idealized only).
c. For diff_opt = 2 only, vertical diffusion may act on full fields (not just on perturbation from the 1D base profile (mix_full_fields = .true.; idealized only).
d. To obtain more accurate solution with moisture, one can add
use_q_diabatic: which considers moisture tendency from microphysics in small steps. This option could make time-step more restrictive.
use_theta_m: which considers moisture effect on pressure in small steps. The current implementation may cost a bit more to run.
Lateral Boundary Condition Options
a. Periodic (periodic_x / periodic_y): for idealized cases.
b. Open (open_xs, open_xe, open_ys, open_ye): for idealized cases.
c. Symmetric (symmetric_xs, symmetric_xe, symmetric_ys, symmetric_ye): for idealized cases.
d. Specified (specified): for real-data cases. The first row and column are specified with external model values (spec_zone = 1, and it should not change). The rows and columns in relax_zone have values blended from an external model and WRF. The value of relax_zone may be changed, as long as spec_bdy_width = spec_zone + relax_zone. This can be used with periodic_x in tropical channel simulations.
spec_exp: exponential multiplier for the relaxation zone ramp, used with a specified boundary condition. 0. = linear ramp, default; 0.33 = ~3*dx exp decay factor. This may be useful for long simulations.
Summary of PBL Physics Options
bl_pbl_physics Scheme Reference Added
1 YSU Hong, Noh and Dudhia (2006, MWR)
2004
2 MYJ Janjic (1994, MWR)
2000
3 GFS Hong and Pan (1996, MWR)
2005
4 QNSE Sukoriansky, Galperin and Perov (2005, BLM)
2009
5 MYNN2 Nakanishi and Niino (2006, BLM)
2009
6 MYNN3 Nakanishi and Niino (2006, BLM)
2009
7 ACM2 Pleim (2007, JAMC)
2008
8 BouLac Bougeault and Lacarrere (1989, MWR)
2009
9 UW Bretherton and Park (2009, JC)
2011
10 TEMF Angevine, Jiang and Mauriten (2010, MWR)
2011
11 Shin-Hong Shin and Hong (2015, MWR)
2015
12 GBM Grenier and Bretherton (2001, MWR)
2013
99 MRF Hong and Pan (1996, MWR)
2000
bl_pbl_
physics
Scheme
Cores
sf_sfclay_
physics
Prognostic variables
Diagnostic variables
Cloud mixing
1
YSU
ARW/ NMM
1, (91)*
exch_h
QC,QI
2
MYJ
ARW/ NMM
2
TKE_PBL
el_myj, exch_h
QC,QI
3
GFS
(hwrf)
NMM
3
QC,QI
4
QNSE-EDMF
ARW/ NMM
4
TKE_PBL
el_pbl, exch_h, exch_m QC,QI
5
MYNN2
ARW
1,2,5,(91)
QKE
Tsq, Qsq, Cov, exch_h, exch_m
QC
6
MYNN3
ARW
1,2,5,(91)
QKE, Tsq, Qsq, Cov
exch_h, exch_m
QC
7
ACM2
ARW
1,7,(91)
QC,QI
8
BouLac
ARW
1,2,(91)
TKE_PBL
el_pbl, exch_h, exch_m, wu_tur, wv_tur, wt_tur, wq_tur QC
9 UW ARW 1,2,(91) TKE_PBL exch_h, exch_m QC
10 TEMF ARW 10 TE_TEMF *_temf QC, QI
11 Shin-Hong ARW 1,(91) exch_h, tke_diag QC, QI
12 GBM ARW 1,(91) TKE_PBL el_pbl, exch_tke
QC, QI
99
MRF
ARW/ NMM
1,(91)
QC, QI
- sfclay option 11 was renamed to 1, and original option 1 to 91 in Version 3.6.
Summary of Microphysics Options
mp_physics Scheme Reference Added
1 Kessler Kessler (1969)
2000
2 Purdue Lin Chen and Sun (2002, JMSJ)
2000
3 WSM3 Hong, Dudhia and Chen (2004, MWR)
2004
4 WSM5 Hong, Dudhia and Chen (2004, MWR)
2004
5 Eta (Ferrier) Rogers, Black, Ferrier, Lin, Parrish and DiMego (2001, web doc) 2000
6 WSM6 Hong and Lim (2006, JKMS)
2004
7 Goddard 4-ice Tao, Simpson and McCumber (1989, MWR), and Tao et al. (2016, JGRA)
2019
8 Thompson Thompson, Field, Rasmussen and Hall (2008, MWR)https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2387.1
2009
9 Milbrandt 2-mom Milbrandt and Yau (2005, JAS, part I, part II)
2010
10 Morrison 2-mom Morrison, Thompson and Tatarskii (2009, MWR)
2008
11 CAM 5.1 Neale et al. (2012, NCAR Tech Note)
2013
13 SBU-YLin Lin and Colle (2011, MWR)
2011
14 WDM5 Lim and Hong (2010, MWR)
2009
16 WDM6 Lim and Hong (2010, MWR)
2009
17 NSSL 2-mom Mansell, Ziegler and Bruning (2010, JAS)
2012
18 NSSL 2-mom w/
CCN prediction Mansell, Ziegler and Bruning (2010, JAS)
2012
19 NSSL 1-mom 2013
21 NSSL 1-momlfo 2013
22 NSSL 2-mom w/o hail 2015
24 WSM7 Bae et al. (2018, APJAS)
2019
26 WDM7 Bae et al. (2018, APJAS)
2019
28 Thompson aerosol-aware Thompson and Eidhammer (2014, JAS)
2014
30 HUJI SBM ‘fast’ Khain et al. (2010, JAS)
2014
32 HUJI SBM full Khain et al. (2004, JAS)
2014
40 Morrison+CESM aerosol EPA 2018
50/51/52 P3 Morrison and Milbrandt (2015, JAS)
2017
55 Jensen ISHMAEL Jensen et al. (2017, JAS)
2019
mp_physics Scheme Cores Mass Variables Number Variables
1 Kessler ARW Qc Qr
2 Purdue Lin ARW (Chem) Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg
3 WSM3 ARW Qc Qr
4 WSM5 ARW/NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs
5 Eta (Ferrier) ARW/NMM Qc Qr Qs (Qt*)
6 WSM6 ARW/NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg
7 Goddard 4-ice ARW/NMM Qv Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Qh
8 Thompson ARW/NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Ni Nr
9 Milbrandt 2-mom ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Qh Nc Nr Ni Ns Ng Nh
10 Morrison 2-mom ARW (Chem) Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Nr Ni Ns Ng
11 CAM 5.1 ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Nr Ni Ns Ng
13 SBU-YLin ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs
14 WDM5 ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Nn** Nc Nr
16 WDM6 ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Nn** Nc Nr
17 NSSL 2-mom ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Qh Nc Nr Ni Ns Ng Nh
18 NSSL 2-mom
+CCN ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Qh Nc Nr Ni Ns Ng Nh Nn Vg
19 NSSL 1-mom ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Qh Vg***
21 NSSL 1-momlfo ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg
22 /nssl 2-mom ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Nc Nr Ni Ns Ng
24 WSM6 ARW Qv Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Qh
26 WDM7 ARW Qv Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Qh
28 Thompson aerosol-aware ARW/NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Ni Nr Nwf Nif
30 HUJI fast ARW Qc Qr Qs Qg Qi Nc Nr Ns Ni Ng Nn
32 HUJI full ARW Qc Qr Qs Qg Qh Qip Qic Qid Qnn Nc Nr Ns Ng Nip Nic Nid Nn
40 Morrison with aerosol ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg Nr Ni Ns Ng
50 P3 ARW Qc Qr Qi Nr Ni Ri+ Bi++
51 P3-nc ARW Qc Qr Qi Nc Nr Ni Ri Bi
52 P3-2ice ARW Qc Qr Qi,Qi2 Nc Nr Ni Ri Bi, Ni2, Ri2, Bi2
55 Jensen ISHMAEL ARW Qv Qc Qr Qi Qi2 Qi3
- Advects only total condensates ** Nn = CCN number *** Vg: graupel volume
- Rimed ice mass ++ rimed ice volume
Summary of Cumulus Parameterization Options
cu_physics Scheme Reference Added
1 Kain-Fritsch Kain (2004, JAM)
2000
2 Betts-Miller-Janjic Janjic (1994, MWR; 2000, JAS)
2002
3 Grell-Freitas Grell and Freitas (2014, ACP)
2013
4 Old Simplied Arakawa-Schubert Pan and Wu (1995), NMC Office Note 409
2005/
2011
5 Grell-3 Grell (1993, MWR), Grell and Devenyi (2002, GRL)
2008
6 Tiedtke Tiedtke (1989, MWR), Zhang et al. (2011, MWR) 2011
7 Zhang-McFarlane Zhang and McFarlane (1995, AO)
2011
10 KF-CuP Berg et al. (2013, MWR)
2016
11 Multi-scale KF Zheng et al. (2016, MWR)
2015
14 KIAPS SAS Han and Pan (2011, Wea. Forecasting), Kwon and Hong (2017, WMR)
2018
16 New Tiedtke Zhang and Wang (2017, JCLI)
2015
84 New SAS (HWRF) Han and Pan (2011, Wea. Forecasting)
2012
93 Grell-Devenyi Grell and Devenyi (2002, GRL)
2002
99 Old Kain-Fritsch Kain and Fritsch (1990, JAS; 1993, Meteo. Monogr.)
2000
cu_physics Scheme Cores Moisture Tendencies Momentum Tendencies Shallow Convection
1 Kain-Fritsch ARW / NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs no
yes
2 BMJ ARW / NMM - no
yes
3 GF ARW Qc Qi no yes
4 OSAS ARW / NMM Qc Qi yes (NMM) yes (ARW)
5 G3 ARW Qc Qi no yes
6 Tiedtke ARW / NMM Qc Qi yes yes
7 Zhang-McFarlane ARW Qc Qi yes no
10 KF-CuP ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs no yes
11 Multi-scale KF ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs no yes
96 NSAS ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs yes yes
14 KSAS ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs yes use shcu_physics=4
16 New Tiedtke ARW Qc Qi yes yes
84 NSAS (HWRF) NMM Qc Qi yes
93 GD ARW Qc Qi no no
99 old KF ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs no no
Summary of Radiation Physics Options
ra_sw_physics Scheme Reference Added
1 Dudhia Dudhia (1989, JAS)
2000
3 CAM Collins et al. (2004, NCAR Tech Note)
2006
4 RRTMG Iacono et al. (2008, JGR)
2009
24 RRTMG Fast version 2015
14 RRTMG-K Baek (2017, JAMES)
2018
5 Goddard Chou and Suarez (1999, NASA Tech Memo), Matsui et al. (2018, CD)
2011, updated 2019
7 FLG Gu et al. (2011, JGR), Fu and Liou (1992, JAS)
2012
99 GFDL Fels and Schwarzkopf (1975, JGR)
2004
ra_sw_
physics Scheme Cores+Chem Microphysics Interaction Cloud Fraction Ozone
1 Dudhia ARW NMM + Chem(PM2.5) Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg 1/0 none
2 GSFC ARW+Chem(τ) Qc Qi 1/0 5 profiles
3 CAM ARW Qc Qi Qs max-rand overlap lat/month
4 RRTMG ARW + Chem (τ), NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs max-rand overlap 1 profile or lat/month
5 Goddard ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg 1/0 5 profiles
7 FLG ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg 1/0 5 profiles
14 RRTMG-K ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs max-rand overlap 1 profile or lat/month
24 RRTMG
99 GFDL ARW NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs max-rand overlap lat/date
ra_lw_physics Scheme Reference Added
1 RRTM Mlawer et al. (1997, JGR) 2000
3 CAM Collins et al. (2004, NCAR Tech Note) 2006
4 RRTMG Iacono et al. (2008, JGR) 2009
24 RRTMG Fast version 2015
14 RRTMG-K Baek (2017) 2018
5 Goddard Chou and Suarez (1999, NASA Tech Memo), Matsui et al. (2018, CD)
2011, updated 2019
7 FLG Gu et al. (2011, JGR), Fu and Liou (1992, JAS) 2012
31 Held-Suarez 2008
99 GFDL Fels and Schwarzkopf (1981, JGR) 2004
ra_lw_
physics Scheme Cores+Chem Microphysics Interaction Cloud Fraction Ozone GHG
1 RRTM ARW NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg 1/0 1 profile constant or yearly GHG
3 CAM ARW Qc Qi Qs max-rand overlap lat/month yearly CO2 or yearly GHG
4 RRTMG ARW + Chem (τ), NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs max-rand overlap 1 profile or lat/month constant or yearly GHG
5 New Goddard ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg 1/0 5 profiles constant
7 FLG ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs Qg 1/0 5 profiles constant
14 RRTMG-K ARW Qc Qr Qi Qs max-rand overlap 1 profile or lat/month constant
24 RRTMG
31 Held-Suarez ARW none none none
99 GFDL ARW NMM Qc Qr Qi Qs max-rand overlap lat/date constant
Description of Namelist Variables
The following is a description of the namelist variables. The variables that are a function of nests are indicated by (max_dom) following the variable. Also see the Registry/Registry.EM and run/README.namelist files in the WRF/ for more detailed information.
Variable Names Input Option Description
&time_control options for time control
run_days 0 run time in days
run_hours 0 run time in hours *note: if it is more than 1 day, you may use both run_days and run_hours or just run_hours. e.g. if the total run length is 36 hrs, you may set run_days = 1, and run_hours = 12, or run_days = 0, and run_hours = 36
run_minutes 0 run time in minutes
run_seconds 0 run time in seconds
start_year (max_dom) 2012 4 digit year of starting time
start_month (max_dom) 06 2 digit month of starting time
start_day (max_dom) 11 2 digit day of starting time
start_hour (max_dom) 12 2 digit hour of starting time
start_minute (max_dom) 00 2 digit minute of starting time
start_second (max_dom) 00 2 digit second of starting time *note: the start time is used to name the first wrfout file. It also controls the start time for nest domains, and the time to restart
end_year (max_dom) 2012 4 digit year of ending time
end_month (max_dom) 06 2 digit month of ending time
end_day (max_dom) 12 2 digit day of ending time
end_hour (max_dom) 12 2 digit hour of ending time
end_minute (max_dom) 00 2 digit minute of ending time
end_second (max_dom_ 00 2 digit second of ending time *note: all end times also control when the nest domain integrations end. All start and end times are used by real.exe. You may use either run_days/run_hours/etc. or end_year/month/day/hour/etc. to control the length of model integration; but run_days/run_hours takes precedence over the end times. The program real.exe uses start and end times only
interval_seconds 10800 time interval between the incoming real data, which will be the interval between the lateral boundary condition file (in seconds) (for real only)
input_from_file (max_dom) .true. (logical); whether the nested run will have input files for domains other than domain 1
fine_input_stream (max_dom) selected fields from nest input
0 (default) all fields from nest input are used
2 only nest input specified from input stream 2 (defined in the Registry) are used. In V3.2, this requires io_form_auxinput2 to be set
history_interval (max_dom) 60 history output file interval in minutes (integer only)
history_interval_d (max_dom) 1 history output file interval in days (integer only); used as an alternative to history_interval
history_interval_h (max_dom) 1 history output file interval in hours (integer only); used as an alternative to history_interval
history_interval_m (max_dom) 1 history output file interval in minutes (integer only); used as an alternative to history_interval and is equivalent to history_interval
history_interval_s (max_dom) 1 history output file interval in seconds (integer only); used as an alternative to history_interval
history_begin (max_dom) 0 Number of minutes from the start of the run in which the history output file will be written
history_begin_y (max_dom) 0 Number of years from the start of the run in which the history output file will be written
history_begin_d (max_dom) 0 Number of days from the start of the run in which the history output file will be written
history_begin_h (max_dom) 0 Number of hours from the start of the run in which the history output file will be written
history_begin_m (max_dom) 0 Number of minutes from the start of the run in which the history output file will be written
history_begin_s (max_dom) 0 Number of seconds from the start of the run in which the history output file will be written
frames_per_outfile (max_dom) 1 number of output times bulked into each history file; used to split output files into smaller pieces
restart .false. (logical); whether this run is a restart
restart_interval 1440 restart output file interval in minutes
override_restart_timers (new since V3.5.1) .false. (default) uses all output intervals (including history) given by the wrfrst files
.true. uses restart output intervals given by the namelist
write_hist_at_0h_rst .false. (default) does not give a history file at the initial time of restart (prevents overwriting original history file at this time)
.true. gives a history file at the initial time of restart
output_ready_flag (new since V3.7) .true. asks the model to write-out an empty file with the name 'wrfoutReady_d
force_use_old_data (new since V4.0) .false. (default) stop when WRF model detects Version 3 input data
.true. Allow WRF version 3 input data
reset_simulation_start .false. whether to overwrite the simulation start date with the forecast start time
auxinput1_inname "met_em.d
auxinput4_inname "wrflowinp_d
auxinput4_interval (max_dom) 360 file interval in minutes for lower boundary file; works with sst_update = 1
io_form_auxinput4 2 IO format for wrflowinp files; required for V3.2; works with sst_update = 1
io_form_history the format in which the history output file will be
2 netCDF
102 split netCDF files, one per processor *note: no supported post-processing software for split files
1 binary format *note: no supported post-processing software available
4 PHDF5 format note: no supported post-processing software available
5 GRIB1
10 GRIB2
11 parallel netCDF
io_form_restart the format in which the restart output files will be
2 nedCDF
102 split netCDF files, one per processor (must restart with the same number of processors)
io_form_input the format of the input files
2 netCDF
102 allows the program real.exe to read in split met_em files, and write split wrfinput files. No split file for the wrfbdy file.
io_form_boundary the format for the wrfbdy file
2 netCDF format
4 PHD5 format
5 GRIB1 format
10 GRIB2 format
11 pnetCDF format
ncd_nofill .true. (default) only a single write, not the write/read/write sequence (new in V3.6)
io_form_auxinput2 IO format for input stream 2 data
2 netCDF format
4 PHD5 format
5 GRIB1 format
10 GRIB2 format
11 pnetCDF format
diag_print 0 (default) When set to 1 or 2, it allows some simple diagnostic fields to be output
1 domain-averaged 3-hourly hydrostatic surface pressure tendency (Dpsfc/Dt), and dry-hydrostatic column pressure tendency (Dmu/Dt) will appear in stdout file.
2 in addition to those listed above, domain-averaged rainfall, surface evaporation, and sensible and latent heat fluxes will be output in stdout file.
debug_level 0 giving this a larger value (50, 100, 200, etc.) increases the debugging print-outs when running WRF
auxhist2_outname "rainfall_d
auxhist2_interval (max_dom) 10 the interval in minutes for the output
io_form_auxhist2 output format for using auxhist2
2 netCDF format
4 PHD5 format
5 GRIB1 format
10 GRIB2 format
11 pnetCDF format
frames_per_auxhist2 (max_dom) 1000 how many output times will be in each output file
auxinput11_interval (max_dom) 10 interval in minutes for obs nudging input. It should be set as the same (or more) frequency as obs_ionf (with the unit of the coarse domain time step)
auxinput11_end_h (max_dom) 6 end of the observation time (in hours), when using the obs nudging option
nocolons .false. when set to .true. this replaces the colons with underscores in the output file names
write_input .true. write input-formatted data as output for 3DVAR application
inputout_interval (max_dom) 180 interval in minutes when using the write_input option
input_outname "wrf_3dvar_input_d
inputout_begin_y (max_dom) 0 beginning year to write 3DVAR data
inputout_begin_d (max_dom) 0 beginning day to write 3DVAR data
inputout_begin_h (max_dom) 3 beginning hour to write 3DVAR data
inputout_begin_m (max_dom) 0 beginning minute to write 3DVAR data
inputout_begin_s (max_dom) 0 beginning second to write 3DVAR data
inputout_end_y (max_dom) 0 ending year to write 3DVAR data
inputout_end_d (max_dom) 0 ending day to write 3DVAR data
inputout_end_h (max_dom) 12 ending hour to write 3DVAR data
inputout_end_m (max_dom) 0 ending minute to write 3DVAR data
inputout_end_s (max_dom) 0 ending second to write 3DVAR data
*NOTE: The above example shows that the input-formatted data are output starting from hour 3 to hour 12 in a 180-min interval.
all_ic_times .false. when set to .true., allows you to output a wrfinput file for all time periods
adjust_output_times .false. (default); adjust output times to the nearest hour
output_ready_flag (new since V3.6.1) .true. (default = .false.); when turned on, the model will write out an empty file with the name wrfoutReady_d
output_diagnostics (new since V3.3.1) 0 set to =1 to add 36 surface diagnostic arrays (max/min/mean/std)
1 36 surface diagnostic arrays (max/min/mean/std) in the time interval are specified. The output goes to auxiliary history output stream 3 with default file name 'wrfxtrm_d
nwp_diagnostics (new since V3.5) 0 set to =1 to add history_interval max diagnostic fields (10m wind speed, max helicity in 2-5km layer, max vertical velocity in updraft and downdraft below 400mb, mean vertical velocity in 2-5km layer, max column graupel)
**also turn on do_radar_ref
For automatic moving nests
input_from_hires (max_dom) (new since V3.6) .false. When set to .true., high-resolution terrain and landuse will be used in the nests (requires special input data, and environment variable TERRAIN_AND_LANDUSE set at compile time). This option will overwrite input_from_file option for nest domains.
rsmas_data_path “high-res-data-directory” Directory path where the high-res data is
iofields_filename (max_dom) "my_iofields_list.txt" an option to request particular variables to appear in output, if they are not already, or to not appear if they do and you do not want them to. You must also create a text file (my_iofields_list.txt) in which you will declare the variables to be output. It will be a single line of text, e.g.: +:h:7:RAINC,RAINNC or -:h:0:RAINC,RAINNC
ignore_iofields_warning .true. tells the model to continue if an error is encountered in the user-specified files
.false. tells the model to abort if an error is encountered in the user-specified files
&domains dimensions, nesting, parameters
time_step 60 time step for integration seconds (recommended 6dx in km for a typical case)
time_step_fract_num 0 numerator for fractional time step
time_step_fract_den 1 denominator for fractional time step. E.g., if you want to use 60.3 sec as your time step, set time_step = 60, time_step_fract_num = 3, and time_step_fract_den = 10.
time_step_dfi 60 time step when setting dfi_opt = 1, may be different from the regular time step
max_dom 1 the number of domains over which you are running
s_we (max_dom) 1 start index in x (west-east) direction (leave as is)
e_we (max_dom) 91 end index in x (west_east) direction (staggered dimension)
s_sn (max_dom) 1 start index in y (south-north) direction (leave as is)
e_sn (max_dom) 82 end index in y (south-north) direction (staggered dimension)
s_vert (max_dom) 1 start index in z (vertical) direction (leave as is)
e_vert (max_dom) 30 end index in z (vertical) direction (staggered dimension -- this refers to full levels). Most variables are on unstaggered levels. Note: Vertical dimensions need to be the same for all nests
dx (max_dom) 30000 grid length in x-direction (in meters)
dy (max_dom) 30000 grid length in y-direction (in meters)
ztop (max_dom) 19000 height in meters; used to define model top for idealized cases
grid_id (max_dom) 1 domain identifier
parent_id (max_dom) 0 ID of the parent domain
i_parent_start (max_dom) 1 the starting lower-left corner i-indice from the parent domain
j_parent_start (max_dom) 1 the starting lower-left corner j_indice from the parent domain
parent_grid_ratio (max_dom) 1 parent-to-nest domain grid size ratio. Note: for real data cases the ratio must be odd; for ideal data cases, the ratio can be even if feedback is set to 0.
parent_time_step_ratio (max_dom) 1 parent-to-nest time step ratio; this can be different from the parent_grid_ratio
feedback 0 no feedback
1 feedback from nest to its parent domain
smooth_option smoothing option for parent domain; used only with feedback
0 turned off
1 1-2-1 smoothing option for parent domain; used only with feedback=1
2 (default) smoothing-desmoothing option for parent domain; used only with feedback=1
hypsometric_opt 2
(default changed to 2 beginning V3.4) (default) computes height in program real.exe and pressure in the model (ARW only) by using an alternative method (less biased when compared against input data)
1 original method
max_ts_locs 5 maximum number of time series locations
max_ts_level (new since V3.7) 15 highest model level for profile output
wif_input_opt 0 (default is 0=off) whether to process the Water Ice Friendly Aerosol input from metgrid (set to =1 to turn on); used for mp_physics = 28; see run/README.namelist for additional information
num_wif_levels 27 (default) number of levels in the Thompson Water Ice Friendly Aerosols (mp_physics = 28); see run/README.namelist for additional information
Options for Program real.exe
num_metgrid_levels 40 number of vertical levels in WPS output (type ncdump -h on one of the met_em files to find out this number)
num_metgrid_soil_levels 4 number of soil levels or layers in WPS output (type ncdump -h on one of the met_em files to find out this number)
eta_levels 1.0, 0.99, ...0.0 model eta levels from 1 to 0. If not given, real will provide a set of levels
auto_levels_opt (new since V4.0) 2 (default) set dzstretch_s, dzstretch_u, dzbot, and max_dz to stretch levels according to logP up to where it reaches the max thickness (max_dz) and starting from thickness dzbot
1 Old option - assumes a known first several layers, then generates equi-height spaced levels up to the top of the model
max_dz 1000. (default) max level thickness allowed (m)
dzbot (new since V4.0) 50. (default) thickness of lowest layer (m) for auto_levels_opt = 2
dzstretch_s (new since V4.0) 1.3 (default) surface stretch factor for auto_levels_opt = 2
dzstretch_u (new since V4.0) 1.1 (default) upper stretch factor for auto_levels_opt = 2
ideal_init_method (new since V3.8) method to compute albedo in idealized cases in start_em
1 (default) albedo from phb
2 albedo from t_init
Horizontal interpolation options, coarse grid to fine grid
interp_method_type (new since V3.7) The default is to use the Smolarkiewicz "SINT" method; however, this is known to break with the implementation inside of WRF for large refinement ratios (such as 15:1). For those extreme and rare occurrences, other schemes ar available. For options 1, 3, 4, and 12, the FG lateral boundaries use the same horizontal scheme for the lateral BC computations
1 bi-linear interpolation
2 (default) SINT
3 nearest-neighbor - only to be used for testing purposes
4 overlapping quadratic
12 for testing only, uses SINT horizontal interpolation, and same scheme for computation of FG lateral boundaries
Vertical interpolation options
force_sfc_in_vinterp 1 (default) use the surface level as the lower boundary when interpolating through this many eta levels
0 perform traditional trapping interpolation
maxw_horiz_pres_diff (new since V3.6.1) 5000 (default) Pressure threshold (Pa). For using the level of max winds when the pressure difference between neighboring values exceeds this maximum, the variable is NOT inserted into the column for vertical interpolation. ARW real only.
trop_horiz_pres_diff (new since V3.6.1) 5000 (default) Pressure threshold (Pa). For using the tropopause level when the pressure difference between neighboring values exceeds this maximum, the variable is NOT inserted into the column for vertical interpolation. ARW real only.
maxw_above_this_level (new since V3.6.1) 30000 (default) minimum height (it is actually pressure in Pa) to allow using the level of max wind information in real. With a value of 300 hPa, then a max wind value at 500 hPa will be ignored. ARW real only.
use_maxw_level (new since V3.7.1) 1 use max wind speed level in vertical interpolation inside of the ARW real program (default = 0; do not use level)
use_trop_level (new since V3.7.1) 1 same as above, but with tropopause level data (default = 0; do not use)
interp_theta (new since V3.3.1) .false.
(default changed to .false. beginning V3.4) (default) vertically interpolates temperature (which may reduce bias when compared with input data)
.true. vertically interpolates potential temperature
p_top_requested 5000 pressure top (in Pa) to use in the model; must be available in WPS data
interp_type 2 (default) vertical interpolation that is linear in log(pressure)
1 vertical interpolation that is linear in pressure
extrap_type 2 (default) vertical extrapolation of non-temperature variables, using the lowest level as constant below ground
1 vertical extrapolation of non-temperature variables, using the 2 lowest levels
t_extrap_type vertical extrapolation for potential temp:
2 (default) -6.5 K/km lapse rate for temperature
1 isothermal
3 constant theta
use_levels_below_ground in vertical interpolation, whether to use levels below input surface level
.true. (default) use input isobaric levels below input surface
.false. extrapolate when WRF location is below input surface level
use_surface .true. (default) uses input surface level data in vertical interpolation
.false. do not use input surface data
lagrange_order 2
(default changed to 2 beginning V3.4) (default) quadratic vertical interpolation order
1 linear vertical interpolation order
9 Cubic spline
zap_close_levels 500 ignore isobaric level above surface if delta p (Pa) < zap_close_levels
lowest_lev_from_sfc .false. (default) use traditional interpolation
.true. use surface values for the lowest eta (u,v,t,q)
sfcp_to_sfcp .true optional method to compute model's surface pressure when incoming data only has surface pressure and terrain, but not sea-level pressure (default is .false.)
use_tavg_for_tsk .true. uses diurnally-averaged surface temp as skin temp. The diurnally-averaged surface temp can be computed using WPS utility avg_tsfc.exe. May use this option when SKINTEMP is not present (default is .false.)
rh2qv_wrt_liquid (new since V3.3) .true. (default) computes qv with respect to liquid water
.false. computes qv with respect to ice
rh2qv_method (new since V3.3) which method to use to compute mixing ratio from RH:
1 (default) old MM5 method
2 uses a WMO recommended method (WMO-No. 49, corrigendum, August 2000)
smooth_cg_topo .true. smooths the outer rows and columns of the domain 1 topography with respect to the input data (default is .false.)
vert_refine_fact 1 vertical refinement factor for ndown (1 = same number of vertical levels as the coarse domain, 2 = double the vertical resolution, and so on); not used for current vertical grid refinement
vert_refine_method (max_dom) (new since V3.7) 0 (default) no vertical refinement
1 integer vertical refinement
2 use specified or computed eta levels for vertical refinement
Options for Preset Moving Nest
num_moves 0 total # of moves for all domains
move_id (max_moves) 2, 2, a list of nest domain ID's, one per move
move_interval (max_moves) 60, 120, time in minutes since the start of this domain
move_cd_x (max_moves) 1, -1, the # of parent domain grid cells to move in the i-direction
move_cd_y (max_moves) -1, 1, the # of parent domain grid cells to move in the j-direction (positive in increasing i/j directions, and negative in decreasing i/j directions. Only 1, 0, and -1 is permitted.
Options for Automatic Moving Nest
vortex_interval (max_dom) 15 how often the new vortex position is computed (in mins)
max_vortex_speed (max_dom) 40 used to compute the search radius for the new vortex position (in m/s)
corral_dist (max_dom) 8 how close the moving nest is allowed to get to the coarse grid boundary. This # sets the minimum limit of grid cells allowed between them.
track_level 50000 pressure level value (Pa) at which the tropical storm vortex is tracked
time_to_move (max_dom) 0., time (in mins) to start moving nest
Options for Adaptive Time Step
use_adaptive_time_step .true. use adaptive time step (default is .false.)
step_to_output_time .true. modifies the time step so that the exact history time is reached
target_cfl (max_dom) 1.2., 1.2., 1.2., if vertical CFL this value, then time step is increased
target_hcfl (max_dom) (new since V3.3) 0.84, 0.84, 0.84, if horizontal CFL this value, the time step is increased
max_step_increase_pct (max_dom) 5, 51, 51, percentage of previous time step to increase if the max CFL is target_cfl
starting_time_step (max_dom) -1, -1, -1, flag -1 implies 4dx is used to start the model. Any positive integer specifies the time step the model will use to start (in seconds). Note: when use_adapative_time_step = .true., the value specified for time_step is ignored.
starting_time_step_den (max_dom) (new since V3.6) 0 denominator for starting_time_step (so that fractional time step can be used)
max_time_step (max_dom) -1, -1, -1, flag -1 implies the maximum time step is 8dx. Any positive integer specifies the maximum time step (in seconds).
max_time_step_den (max_dom) (new since V3.6) 0 denominator for max_time_step
min_time_step (max_dom) -1, -1, -1, flag -1 implies the minimum time step is 3*dx. Any positive integer specifies the minimum time step (in seconds).
min_time_step_den (max_dom) (new since V3.6) 0 denominator for min_time_step
adaptation_domain 1 (default) specifies which domain to use to drive adaptive time stepping
Options to Control Parallel Computing
tile_sz_x 0 number of points in tile x direction (open MP only)
tile_sz_y 0 number of points in tile y direction; can be determined automatically (open MP only)
numtiles 1 number of tiles per patch (alternative to above 2 items; open MP only)
nproc_x -1 (default) turned off; code will do automatic decomposition (MPI only)
>1 number of processors in x for decomposition (MPI only)
nproc_y -1 (default) turned off; code will do automatic decomposition (MPI only)
>1 number of processors in y for decomposition (MPI only)
Options for 3D Ocean Model
ocean_levels 30 (default) number of ocean levels when using sf_ocean_physics = 2
ocean_z (values for # of ocean_levels) vertical profile of layer depths for for ocean (in meters). See /run/README.namelist for more details.
ocean_t (values for # of ocean_levels) vertical profile of ocean temps (K). See /run/README.namelist for more details
ocean_s (values for # of ocean_levels vertical profile of salinity. See /run/README.namelist for more details
&physics
chem_opt (max_dom) 0 chemistry option - use WRF-Chem
mp_physics (max_dom) Microphysics setting. The same value should be used for all domains.
0 (default) no microphysics
1 Kessler scheme
2 Purdue Lin scheme
3 WSM 3-class simple ice scheme
4 WSM 5-class scheme
5 Ferrier (new Eta) microphysics, operational High-Resolution Window
6 WSM 6-class graupel scheme
(updated V4.1) 7 Goddard 4-icescheme (also uses gsfcgce_hail and gsfcgce_2ice)
8 Thompson graupel scheme (2-moment scheme in V3.1)
9 Milbrandt-Yau 2-moment scheme
10 Morrison 2-moment scheme
(new since V3.5) 11 CAM 5.1 5-class scheme
(new since V3.3) 13 SBU_YLin, 5-class scheme
14 WRF double moment, 5-class scheme
15 High-resolution Ferrier microphysics, with advection
16 WRF double moment, 6-class scheme
(new since V3.4) 17 NSSL 2-moment 4-ice scheme (steady background CCN)
(new since V3.4) 18 NSSL 2-moment 4-ice scheme with predicted CCN (better for idealized than real cases); to set a global CCN value, use nssl_cccn = 0.7e9 (CCN for NSSL scheme 18). Also sets same value to ccn_conc for mp_physics = 18.
(new since V3.5) 19 NSSL 1-moment, 6-class scheme
(new since V3.5) 21 NSSL-LFO 1-moment, 6-class; very similar to Gilmore et al. 2004; can set intercepts and particle densities in physics namelist, e.g., nssl_cnor for NSSL 1-moment schemes, intercept and particle densities can be set for snow, graupel, hail, and rain. For the 1- and 2-moment schemes, the shape parameters for graupel and hail can be set. See /WRF/run/README.namelist file for specifics
(new since V3.7) 22 NSSL 2-moment 3-ice scheme, no hail.
(new since V4.1) 24 WSM7, as WSM6, but with a hail category.
(new since V4.1) 26 WDM7, as WDM6, but with a hail category.
(new since V3.6) 28 aerosol-aware Thompson scheme with water- and ice-friendly aerosol climatology (new for V3.6); this option has 2 climatological aerosol input options: use_aero_icbs = .F. (use constant values), and use_aero_icbc = .T. (use input from WPS)
(new since V3.6) 30 HUJI (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) spectral bin microphysics, fast version
(new since V3.6) 32 HUJI spectral bin microphysics, full version
(new since V4.0) 40 Morrison double-moment scheme with CESM aerosol; must be used together with MSKF cumulus scheme.
(new since V3.9) 50 P3 1-category; has one ice category that represents a combination of ice, snow and graupel, and also carries prognostic arrays for rimed ice mass and rimed ice volume. Double moment rain and ice.
(new since V3.9) 51 P3 1-category plus double moment cloud water
(new since V3.9) 52 P3-nc; As P3 but adds supersaturation dependent activation and double-moment cloud water.
(new since V4.0) 53 P3-2ice; As in P3-nc, but with 2 arrays for ice.
(new since V4.1) 55 Jensen ISHMAEL
95 Ferrier (old Eta), operational NAM (WRF NMM)
98 Thompson scheme in V3.0
do_radar_ref
(new since V3.4.1) 0 allows radar reflectivity to be computed using mp-scheme- specific parameters. Currently works for mp_physics = 2,4,6,7,8,10,14,16
0: off
1: on
mp_zero_out for non-zero mp_physics options, this keeps moisture variables above a threshold value 0. An alternative (and better) way to keep moisture variables positive is to use the moist_adv_opt.
0 (default) no action taken; no adjustment to any moisture field
1 except for Qv, all other moisture arrays are set to zero if they fall below a critical value
2 Qv 0 and all other moisture arrays are set to zero if they fall below a critical value
mp_zero_out_thresh 1.e-8 critical value for moisture variable threshold, below which moisture arrays (except for Qv) are set to zero (unit: kg/kg)
mp_tend_lim 10. limit on temp tendency from microphysics latent heating when radar data assimilation is used
gsfcgce_hail 0 (default) running gsfcgce scheme with graupel
1 running gsfcgce scheme with hail
gsfcgce_2ice 0 (default) running gsfcgce scheme with snow, ice, and graupel/hail
1 running gsfcgce scheme with only ice and snow (gsfcgce_hail is ignored)
2 running gsfcgce scheme with only ice and graupel (used only in very extreme situation; gsfcgce_hail is ignored)
ccn_conc (new name since V3.7) 1.0E8 (default) CCN concentration; used by WDM schemes (previously afwa_ccn_conc, new in V3.6.1)
hail_opt (new name since V3.7) 1 hail/graupel switch for WSM6, WDM6 (previously afwa_hail_opt, new in V3.6.1) – (0 is off and is default)
morr_rimed_ice (new since V4.0) 1 (default) Hail switch for Morrison Scheme (mp_physics = 10 or 40)
0 Off – just graupel
clean_atm_diag (new since V4.0) 1 Option to switch on clean sky diagnostics (for chem) – 0 is off/default
The following 9 namelists are for the NSSL 1-moment scheme. For the 1- and 2-moment schemes, the shape parameters for graupel and hail can also be set.
nssl_alphah 0 shape parameter for graupel
nssl_alphahl 2 shape parameter for hail
nssl_cnoh 4.e5 graupel intercept
nssl_cnohl 4.e4 hail intercept
nssl_cnor 8.e5 rain intercept
nssl_cnos 3.e6 snow intercept
nssl_rho_qh 500. graupel density
nssl_rho_ghl 900. hail density
nssl_rho_qs 100. snow density
no_mp_heating 1 turn off latent heating from a microphysics scheme (0 is off and is default)
use_mp_re (new since V3.8) whether to use effective radii computed in mp schemes in RRTMG (the mp schemes that compute effective radii are 3, 4, 6, 8, 14, 16, 17-21)
0 off; do not use
1 (default) on; use effective radii
ra_lw_physics (max_dom) Longwave radiation option. The same value should be used for all domains.
0 (default) no longwave radiation
1 rrtm scheme
(Default values for GHG in V3.5: co2vmr=379.e-6, n2ovmr=319.e-9, ch4vmr=1774.e-9; Values used in previous versions: co2vmr=330.e-6, n2ovmr=0., ch4vmr=0.)
3 CAM scheme
*Note: restart must be at 6-hourly interval; also requires levsiz, paerlev, cam_abs_dim1(2); see below
4 rrtmg scheme
(Default values for GHG in V3.5: co2vmr=379.e-6, n2ovmr=319.e-9, ch4vmr=1774.e-9)
(new since V3.3, updated V4.1) 5 Goddard scheme
(new since V3.4) 7 FLG (UCLA) scheme
(new since V3.7) 24 fast rrtmg scheme for GPU and MIC
31 Earth Held-Suarez forcing
99 GFDL (Eta) longwave (semi-supported); also must use co2tf = 1 for ARW
ra_sw_physics (max_dom) Shortwave radiation option. The same value should be used for all domains.
0 (default) no shortwave radiation
1 Dudhia scheme (ptop > 50 mb)
2 (old) Goddard shortwave scheme
3 CAM scheme (restart must be at 6-hourly interval); must set levsiz, paerlev, cam_abs_dim1/2
4 rrtmg scheme
(new since V3.3, updated V4.1) 5 Goddard scheme
(new since V3.4) 7 FLG (UCLA) scheme
(new since V3.7) 24 fast rrtmg scheme for GPU and MIC
99 GFDL (Eta) longwave (semi-supported); must use co2tf = 1 for ARW
radt (max_dom) 30 minutes between radiation physics calls. Recommended 1 minute per km of dx (e.g. 10 for 10 km grid); use the same value for all nests
swint_opt (new since V3.5.1) Interpolation of shortwave radiation based on the updated solar zenith angle between radiation calls
0 no interpolation
1 use interpolation
ra_call_offset 0 default; call radiation after output time
-1 may call radiation just before output time.
co2tf 1 CO2 transmission function flag for GFDL radiation only. Set it to 1 for ARW, which allows generation of CO2 function internally
- Note: The following 5 variables for CAM are automatically set since V3.2
cam_abs_freq_s 21600 default CAM clear sky longwave absorption calculation frequency (recommended minimum value to speed scheme up)
levsiz 59 (default) number of ozone data levels for CAM radiation
paerlev 29 (default) number of aerosol data levels for CAM radiation
cam_abs_dim1 4 (default) dimension for absnxt (absorption save array) in CAM radiation
cam_abs_dim2 same as e_vert (default) dimension for abstot (2nd absorption save array) in CAM radiation
o3input (new since V3.5) ozone input option (RRTMG only)
0 using profile inside the scheme
2
(became default in V3.7) using CAM ozone data (ozone.formatted)
aer_opt aerosol input option (RRTMG only)
0 off
(new since V3.5) 1 using Tegen climatology
(new since V3.6) 2 using J. A. Ruiz-Arias method (see other aer* options)
(new since V3.8) 3 using G. Thompson's water/ice-friendly climatological aerosol
alevsiz 12 no of vertical levels in aerosol data. Value set automatically.
no_src_types 6 no of aerosol types: organic and black carbon, sea salt, sulfate, dust and stratospheric aerosol (volcanic ash – currently 0). Value set automatically.
0 do not interpolate (default)
1 interpolate
The following aerosol options allow RRTMG and new Goddard radiation schemes to see it, but the aerosols are constant during the model integration
aer_aod550_opt (max_dom) 1 (default) input constant value for AOD at 550 nm from namelist; in this case, the value is read from aer_aod550_val
2 input value from auxiliary input 5; it is a time-varying 2D grid in netcdf wrf-compatible format.
aer_aod550_val (max_dom) 0.12 (default) value to be used with aer_aod550_opt = 1
aer_angexp_opt (max_dom) 1 (default) input constant value for Angstrom exponent from namelist. In this case, the value is read from aer_angexp_val
2 input value from auxiliary input 5, as in aer_aod550_opt
3 Angstrom exponent value estimated from the aerosol type defined in aer_type, and modulated with the RH in WRF.
aer_angexp_val (max_dom) 1.3 (default) value to be used with aer_angexp_opt = 1
aer_ssa_opt (max_dom) 1 (default) input constant value for single scattering albedo from namelist. In this case, the value is read from aer_ssa_val
2 input value from auxiliary input 5, as in aer_aod550_opt
3 single scattering albedo value estimated from the aerosol type defined in aer_type, and modulated with the RH in WRF.
aer_ssa_val (max_dom) 0.85 (default) value to be used with aer_ssa_opt = 1
aer_asy_opt (max_dom) 1 (default) input constant value for asymmetry parameter from namelist. In this case, the value is read from aer_asy_val
2 input value from auxiliary input 5, as in aer_aod550_opt
3 asymmetry parameter value estimated from the aerosol type defined in aer_type, and modulated with the RH in WRF.
aer_asy_val (max_dom) 0.9 (default) value to be used with aer_asy_opt = 1
aer_type (max_dom) aerosol type to be used with the above aerosol options
1 (default) rural
2 urban
3 maritime
sf_sfclay_physics (max_dom) surface layer option. The same value should be used for all domains.
0 (default) no surface-layer
(since V3.6; option 11 for V3.4 and V3.5) 1 Revised MM5 Monin-Obukhov scheme (Jimenez, renamed in v3.6)
2 Monin-Obukhov (Janjic Eta) scheme
3 NCEP GFS scheme (NMM only)
4 QNSE
5 MYNN
7 Pleim-Xiu (ARW only), only tested with Pleim-Xiu surface and ACM2 PBL
(new since V3.3) 10 TEMF (ARW only)
(since V3.6; option 1 in earlier versions) 91 old MM5 surface layer scheme (previously option 1)
iz0tlnd (new since V3.2) switch to control land thermal roughness length
0 (default) old, or non-vegetation dependent thermal roughness length over land
1 veg dependent Chen-Zhang Czil
sf_surface_physics (max_dom) land-surface option (set this before running real.exe; also make sure num_soil_layers is set correctly). The same value should be used for all domains.
0 (default) no surface temp prediction
1 thermal diffusion scheme
2 unified Noah land-surface model
3 RUC land-surface model
(new since V3.4) 4 Noah-MP land-surface model (additional options under the &noah_mp section)
(new since V3.5) 5 CLM4 (Community Land Model Version 4)
7 Pleim-Xiu scheme (ARW only)
(new since V3.4) 8 SSiB land-surface model (ARW only). Works with ra_lw_physics = 1, 3, or 4, and ra_sw_physics = 1, 3, or 4
sf_urban_physics (max_dom) activate urban canopy model (in Noah LSM only). The same value should be used for all domains.
0 (default) off
1 Single-layer, UCM
2 Multi-layer, Building Environment Parameterization (BEP) scheme (works only with the MYJ and BouLac PBL)
3 Multi-layer, Building Environment Model (BEM) scheme (works only with MYJ and BouLac PBL)
ua_phys (new since V3.5) .false. Option to activate UA Noah LSM changes to use a different snow-cover physics. Aimed toward improving treatment of snow as it relates to the vegetation canopy.
num_soil_layers number of soil layers in land surface model (set before running real.exe)
5 (default) thermal diffusion scheme for temp only
4 Noah land-surface model
6 or 9 RUC land-surface model
10 CLM4 land-surface model
2 Pleim-Xu land-surface model
3 SSiB land-surface model
bl_pbl_physics (max_dom) boundary layer option. The same value should be used for all domains that have this turned on.
0 (default) no boundary-layer
1 YSU scheme; use sf_sfclay_physics =1
2 Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (Eta) TKE scheme; use sf_sfclay_physics=2
4 QNSE-EDMF; use sf_sfclay_physics=4
5 MYNN 2.5 level TKE; use sf_sfclay_physics=1, 2, or 5
6 MYNN 3rd level TKE; use sf_sfclay_physics=5
7 ACM2 (Pleim) scheme (ARW only); use sf_sfclay_physics=1 or 7
8 Bougeault and Lacarrere (BouLac) TKE; use sf_sfclay_physics=1 or 2
(new since V3.3) 9 Bretherton-Park/UW TKE scheme; use sf_sfclay_physics=1 or 2
(new since V3.3) 10 TEMF scheme (ARW only); use sf_sfclay_physics=10
(new since V3.7) 11 Shin-Hong 'scale-aware' PBL scheme
(new since V3.5) 12 GBM TKE-type scheme (ARW only); use sf_sfclay_physics=1
99 MRF scheme (to be removed in the future)
mfshconv (max_dom) 1 turns on day-time EDMF for QNSE (0=off)
bldt (max_dom) 0 minutes between boundary-layer physics calls (0=call every time step)
topo_wind (max_dom) (new since V3.4) turns on topographic surface wind correction, and requires extra input from geogrid. YSU PBL only
0 off
1 Jimenez method
2 UW method
bl_mynn_tkebudget (max_dom) (new since V3.4.1) 0 (default) off
1 adds MYNN tke budget terms to output
bl_mynn_tkeadvect (max_dom) (new since V3.5) .false. (default) off; does not advect tke in MYNN scheme (default)
.true. do MYNN tke advection
icloud_bl (new since V3.8) option to couple the subgrid-scale clouds from the PBL scheme (MYNN only) to the radiation scheme
0 no coupling
1 (default) activate coupling to radiation
bl_mynn_cloudmix (max_dom) (new since V3.8) option to activate mixing of qc and qi in MYNN (NOTE: qnc and qni are mixed when scalar_pblmix = 1)
0 (default) no mixing of qc and qi
1 activates mixing of qc and qi in MYNN
bl_mynn_mixlength (new since V3.8) option to change mixing length formulation in MYNN
0 original, as in Nakanishi and Niino 2009
1 RAP/HRRR (including BouLac in free atmosphere)
2 (default) experimental (includes cloud-specific mixing length and a scale-aware mixing length; following Ito et al. 2015, BLM); this option has been well-tested with the edmf options
bl_mynn_cloudpdf option to switch to diffrent cloud PDFs to represent subgrid clouds
0 original (Sommeria and Deardorf 1977)
1 Kuwano et al. 2010; similar to option 0, but uses resolved scale gradients, as opposed to higher order moments
2 (default) from Chaboureau and Bechtold 2002 (JAS, with mods)
bl_mynn_edmf (max_dom) (new since V3.8) option to activate mass-flux scheme in MYNN
0 regular MYNN
1 (default) for StEM
2 for TEMF
bl_mynn_edmf_mom (max_dom) (new since V3.8) option to activate momentum transport in MYNN mass-flux scheme (assuming bl_mynn_edmf > 0)
0 (default) no momentum transport
1 momentum transport activated
bl_mynn_edmf_tke (max_dom) (new since V3.8) option to activate TKE transport in MYNN mass-flux scheme (assumumg bl_mynn_edmf > 0)
0 (default) no TKE transport
1 activate TKE transport
scalar_pblmix (new since V3.6) 0 (default) off
1 mix scalar fields consistent with PBL option (exch_h)
tracer_pblmix (new since V3.6) 0 (default) off
1 mix tracer fields consistent with PBL option (exch_h)
shinhong_tke_diag (max_dom) (new since V3.7) 0 diagnostic TKE and mixing length from Shin-Hong PBL
opt_thcnd (new since V3.8) option to treat thermal conductivity in Noah LSM
1 (default) original
2 McCumber and Pielke for silt loam and sandy loam
sf_surface_mosaic (new since V3.6) option to mosaic landuse categories for Noah LSM
0 (default) use dominant category only
1 use mosaic landuse categories
mosaic_lu (new since V3.4) 1 option to specify landuse parameters based on a mosaic approach, when using the RUC land surfce model; default is 0 (off)
mosaic_soil (new since V3.4) 1 option to specify soil parameters based on a masaic approach, when using the RUC land surface model; default is 0 (off)
mosaic_cat (new since V3.6) 3 (default) number of mosaic landuse categories in a grid cell
grav_settling (max_dom) (new since V3.5.1) gravitational settling of fog/cloud droplets (Now works for any PBL scheme, since V3.5.1)
0 (default) no settling of cloud droplets
1 settling from Dyunkerke 1991 (in atmosphere at at surface)
2 Fogdes (vegetation and wind speed dependent; Katata et al. 2008) at surface, and Dyunkerke in the atmosphere
ysu_topdown_pblmix (new since V3.7) 1 turns on top-down radiation-driven mixing (default is 0=no)
cu_physics (max_dom) cumulus parameterization option. The same value should be used for all domains that have cu_physics turned on.
0 (default) no cumulus parameterization
1 Kain-Fritsch (new Eta) scheme
2 Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme
(new since V3.5, replacing Grell-Devenyi scheme) 3 Grell-Freitas ensemble scheme
(new to ARW since V3.3) 4 Scale-aware GFS Simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) scheme
5 New Grell scheme (G3)
(new since V3.3) 6 Tiedtke scheme (ARW only)
(new since V3.3) 7 Zhang-McFarlane from CESM (works with MYJ and UW PBL)
(new since V3.7) 10 Modified Kain-Fritsch scheme with trigger function based on PDFs (ARW-only)
(new since V3.7) 11 Multi-scale Kain-Fritsch scheme
(new since V3.3) 14 New GFS SAS from YSU (ARW only)
(new since V3.7) 16 A newer Tiedke scheme
(option 3 before V3.5) 93 Grell-Devenyi ensemble scheme
94 2015 GFS Simplified Arakawa-Schubert scheme (HWRF)
95 Previous GFS Simplified Arakawa-Schubert scheme (HWRF)
99 previous Kain-Fritsch scheme
cudt (max_dom) 0 minutes between cumulus physics calls; should be set to 0 when using all cu_physics except Kain-Fritsch (0 = call every time step)
kfeta_trigger 1 The way to determines whether a grid point is convective; used only with cu_physics=1.
= 1, default, original.
(new since V3.3) 2 moisture-advection based trigger (Ma and Tan 2009; ARW only)
3 relative humidity-dependent
ishallow 0 =1 turns on shallow convection used with cu_physics=3 or 5 (default is 0 = off)
cu_diag (max_dom) 0 additional t-averaged stuff for cu physics (cu_physics = 3, 5, and 93 only)
shcu_physics (max_dom) independent shallow cumulus option (not tied to deep convection)
0 no independent shallow cumulus
(new since V3.3) 2 Park and Bretherton shallow cumulus from CAM5
(new since V3.5) 3 GRIMS scheme
(new since V4.1) 5 Deng shallow cumulus. Only works with MYNN and MYJ PBL schemes.
Note: The following 5 options show recommended #'s. If you would like to use any other number, consult the code to understand what you are doing.
maxiens 1 Grell-Devenyi and G3 only
maxens 3 Grell-Devenyi only
maxens2 3 Grell-Devenyi only
maxens3 16 Grell-Devenyi only
ensdim 144 Grell-Devenyi only
cugd_avedx 1 (default) number of grid boxes over which subsidence is spread, for large grid distances
3 for small grid distances (DX < 5 km)
nsas_dx_factor (New since V3.6) 0 (default); off
1 nsas grid distance dependent option
For the KF-CuP Scheme:
shallowcu_forced_ra (max_dom) (new since V3.8) .false. radiative impact of shallow Cu by a prescribed maximum cloud fraction [cu_physics = 10 only; default = .false. (off); if =.true., radiative impact of shallow cu with a cloud fraction value of 0.36 ]
numbins (max_dom) (new since V3.8) 1 number of perturbations for potential temperature and mixing ratio in the CuP PDF (cu_physics = 10 only ; default is 1; should be an odd number - recommended value is 21)
thBinSize (max_dom) (new since V3.8) 1 bin size of potential temperature perturbation increment: 0.01 K ( cu_physics = 10 only; default is 1)
rBinSize (max_dom) (new since V3.8) 1 bin size of mixing ratio perturbation increment: 1.0e-4 kg/kg (cu_physics = 10 only; default is 1)
minDeepFreq (max_dom) (new since V3.8) 1 minimum frequency required before deep convection is allowed: 0.333 (cu_physics = 10 only; default is 1)
minShallowFreq (max_dom) (new since V3.8) 1 minimum frequency required before shallow convection is allowed: 1.0e-2 (cu_physics = 10 only; default is 1)
shcu_aerosols_opt (max_dom) (new since V3.8) whether to include aerosols in shcu (cu_physics = 10 only; run with WRF-Chem)
0 (default) none
2 prognostic
The following 3 options are for the MSKF and aerosol Morrison scheme:
aercu_opt (new since V4.0) Option to control aerosol interaction in MSKF and Morrison microphysics (mp_physics = 40)
0 (default) no aerosol interaction
1 Aerosol interaction with only MSKF
2 Aerosol interaction with both MSKF and morrison
aercu_fct (new since V4.0) 1 (default) factor to multiply with aerosol amount
no_src_types_cu (new since V4.0) 1 (default) number of aerosol species in global aerosol data: 10 for CESM input, set automatically
alevsiz_cu (new since V4.0) 1 (default) number of levels in global aerosol data: 30 for CESM input, set automatically
kf_edrates (max_dom) (new since V3.8) option to add entrainment/detrainment rates and convective timescale output variables for KF-based cumulus schemes (cu_physics = 1, 11, and 99 only)
0 (default) no output
1 additional output
convtrans_avglen_m 30 averaging time for convective transport output variables (in minutes; only use with cu_physics=3,5 and 93)
cu_rad_feedback (max dom) .true. sub-grid cloud effect to the optical depth in radiation currently it works only for GF, G3, GD, and KF schemes; also need to set cu_diag = 1 for GF, G3, and GD schemes (default is .false. = off)
dust_emis (new since V4.0) 1 Turns on sfc dust emission scheme to enter mp_physics=28 QNIFA (ice-friendly aerosol variable); default is 0=off
erosion_dim (new since V4.0) 3 In conjunction with dust_emis=1; this value can only be set equal to 3 (erodibility information)
/isfflx heat and moisture fluxes from the surface for real-data cases and when a PBL is used (only works with sf_sfclay_physics=1, 5, 7, or 11)
1 = fluxes are on
0 = fluxes are off
It also controls surface fluxes when diff_opt = 2 and km_opt = 3, and a PBL isn’t used
0 = constant fluxes defined by tke_drag_coefficient and tke_heat_flux
1 = use model-computed u and heat and moisture fluxes
2 = use model-computed u and specified heat flux by tke_heat_flux
ideal_xland (new since V3.7) sets XLAND for ideal cases with no input land-use run-time switch for wrf.exe physics_init
1 land
2 water
ifsnow snow-cover effects (only works for sf_surface_physics=1)
1 (default) with snow-cover effect;
0 without snow-cover effect
icloud (default) cloud effect to the optical depth in radiation (only works with ra_sw_physics=1,4 and ra_lw_physics=1,4); since V3.6 this also controls the cloud fraction options
1 (default) with cloud effect, and use cloud fraction option 1 (Xu-Randall mehod)
0 without cloud effect
2 with cloud effect, and use cloud fraction option 2, 0/1 based on threshold
(new since V3.7) 3 with cloud effect, and use cloud fraction option 3, a Sundqvist method (Sundqvist et al. 1989)
swrad_scat 1 scattering tuning parameter; default 1 is 1.e-5 m-2 kg-1 (only for ra_sw_physics=1). Increase for more scattering.
surface_input_source where landuse and soil category data come from
1 (default prior to V3.8) WPS/geogrid, but with dominant categories recomputed in real
2 GRIB data from another model (only if arrays VEGCAT/SOILCAT exist)
3 (default begining in V3.8) use dominant land and soil categories from WPS/geogrid
pxlsm_smois_init (max_dom) Pleim-Xu land-surface model soil moisture initialization option
0 from analysis
1 (default) from LANDUSE.TBL (SLMO, or moisture availability)
num_land_cat number of land categories in input data
24 (default prior to V3.8) for USGS
20 for MODIS
28 for USGS if including lake category
21 (default beginning with V3.8) for MODIS if including lake category
40 NLCD2006 (North America only)
num_soil_cat 16 number of soil categories in input data
usemonalb .true. use monthly albedo map instead of table values (recommended for sst_update=1)
.false. (default) use table values
rdmaxalb .true. (default) use snow albedo from geogrid
.false. use snow albedo from table
rdlai2d (data available to use this option since V3.6) .true. use LAI (Leaf Area Index) from input data. If sst_update is 1, then LAI will also appear in wrflowinp file
.false. (default) use LAI from table
seaice_threshold 100.
(default value of 100 since V3.5.1; was 271 in earlier versions) If skin temp (TSK) is less than this value, water points are changed to sea ice. If water point + 5-layer slab scheme, set to land point and permanent ice; if water point + Noah scheme, set to land point, permanent ice, set temps from 2 m to surface, and set smois and sh2o. The default value was changed to 100. From 271. in 3.5.1 to avoid mixed-up use with fractional seaice input. Used by sf_surface_physics = 1,2,3,4,8
sst_update option to use time-varying SST, seaice, vegetation fraction, and albedo during a model simulation (set before running real.exe)
0 (default) no SST update
1 real.exe will create wrflowinp file(s) at the same time interval as the available input data. These files contain SST, XICE, ALBEDO, and VEGFRA. Also set auxinput4_inname = "wrflowinp_d", auxinput4_interval and (in V3.2) io_form_auxinput4 in namelist section &time_control
tmn_update 1 update deep layer soil temperature, useful for long simulations (multi-year runs; default is 0 = off)
lagday 150 days over which tnm (deep layer soil temp) is computed using skin temperature
sst_skin 1 calculate skin SST, useful for long simulations (multi-year runs; default is 0 = off)
bucket_mm bucket reset values for water accumulation (unit in mm), useful for long simulations (multi-year runs)
-1 (default) inactive
bucket_j bucket reset value for energy accumulations (unit in Joules); useful for long simulations (multi-year runs)
-1 (default) inactive
slope_rad (max_dom) 1 use slope-dependent radiation; for ra_sw_physics
0 (default) off
topo_shading (max_dom) 1 applies neighboring-point shadow effects for ra_sw_physics
0 (default) off
shadlen 25000 maximum length of orographic shadow (in meters); use with topo_shading=1
sf_ocean_physics
(replacing omlcall beginning with V3.5) activate ocean model
0 off
1 activate a simple ocean mixed layer (oml) model
(new since V3.5) 2 activate a 3D PWP ocean model
omdt 1. 3D PWP time step (minutes). It can be set t the same as the WRF time step in corresponding nested grids, but omdt should be no less than 1.0 minute.
oml_hml0
(for sf_ocean_physics=1) 0 initial ocean mixed layer depth value (m); constant everywhere (50 is default)
< 0 use input
oml_gamma
(for sf_ocean_physics=1) 0.14 (K m-1) lapse rate in deep water (below the mixed layer) for oml
oml_relaxation_time (new since V3.8) 0. relaxation time (seconds) of mixed layer ocean model back to original values (e.g. value: 259200 sec - 3 days)
ocean_levels
(for sf_ocean_physics=2) 30 number of vertical levels in 3D ocean model
isftcflx alternative Ck (exchange coefficient for temp and moisture), Cd (drag coefficient for momentum) formulation for tropical storm application
0 (default) off for Ck
1 Donelan Cd + constant Z0q for Ck
2 Donelan Cd + Garratt Ck
fractional_seaice 1 treats seaice as a fractional field; works with sf_sfclay_physics = 1,2,3,4,5,7 or 91
Also set seaice_threshold=0.
0 (default) either ice or no ice flag
seaice_albedo_opt (new since V3.4) option to set albedo over sea ice
0 seaice albedo is a constant value from namelist option seaice_albedo_default
1 seaice albedo is a function of air temp, skin temp, and snow
2 seaice albedo read in from input variable ALBSI
seaice_albedo_default 0.65
(changed from 0.8) default value of seaice albedo for seaice_albedo_opt=0
seaice_snowdepth_opt (new since V3.5) method for treating snow depth on sea ice
0 snow depth on sea ice is bounded by seaice_snowdepth_min and seaice_snowdepth_max
1 snow depth on sea ice read in from input array SNOWSI (bounded by seaice_snowdepth_min and seaice_snodepth_max)
seaice_snowdepth_max 1.e10 maximum allowed accumulation of snow (m) on sea ice
seaice_snowdepth_min 0.001 minimum snow depth (m) on sea ice
seaice_thickness_opt option for treating seaice thickness
0 seaice thickness is uniform value taken from namelist variable seaice_thickness_default
1 seaice_thickness is read in from input variable ICEDEPTH
seaice_thickness_default 3.0 default value of seaice thickness for seaice_thickness_opt=0
prec_acc_dt (max_dom) 0. bucket reset time interval between outputs for cumulus or grid-scale precipitation (in minutes). If set >0, this will output 3 new 2d fields: prec_acc_c, prec_acc_nc, and snow_acc_nc (descriptions of these can be found in the Registry.EM_COMMON file)
traj_opt (new since V3.5) 1 activate forward trajectories (default 0)
num_traj 1000 (default) number of trajectories to be released - The following are options for the lake model
sf_lake_physics (max_dom) (new since V3.6) 1 lake model on (default is 0 = off)
lakedepth_default (max_dom) 50 (default) lake depth (in meters). If there is no lake depth information in the input data, then lake depth is assumed to be 50m)
lake_min_elev (max_dom) 5 (default) minimum elevation of lakes; may be used to determine whether a water point is a lake in the absence of a lake category. If the landuse type includes 'lake' (i.e., Modis_lake and USGS_LAKE); this variable is of no effect
use_lakedepth (max_dom) 1 (default) option to use lake depth data. Lake depth data is available beginning in the V3.6 geogrid program. If the lake depth data was not processed, but this switch is set to 1, the program will stop and tell the user to go back to geogrid program.
lightning_option (max_dom) (new since V3.5) Lightning parameterization option to allow flash rate prediction without chemistry. Requires do_radar_ref on.
0 off
1 PR92 based on maximum w, redistributes flashes within dBZ > 20 (for convection resolved runs)
2 PR92 based on 20 dBZ top, redistributes flashes within dBZ > 20 (for convection resolved runs)
(New since V3.6.1) 3 Predicting the potential for lightning activity (based on Yair et al., 2010)
11 PR92 based on level of neutral buoyancy from convective parameterization (for scale where a CPS is used, intended for use at 10 < dx < 50 km
lightning_dt (max_dom) (new since V3.5) 0. time interval (seconds) for calling lightning parameterization. Default uses model time step
lightning_start_seconds (max_dom) (new since V3.5) 0. start time for calling lightning parameterization. Recommends at least 10 minutes for spin-up
flashrate_factor (max_dom) (new since V3.5) 1.0 Factor to adjust the predicted number of flashes. Recommends 1.0 for lightning_option = 11 between dx=10 and 50 km. Manual tuning recommended for all other options independently for each nest.
cellcount_method (max_dom) method for counting storm cells. Used by CRM options (lightning_options=1,2)
0 model determines method used
1 tile-wide, appropriate for large domains
2 domain-wide, appropriate for sing-storm domains
cldtop_adjustment (max_dom) 0. adjustment from LNB in km. Used by lightning_option=11. Default is 0, but recommends 2 km
iccg_method (max_dom) IC:CG partitioning method (IC: intra-cloud; CG: cloud-to-ground)
0 Default method depending on lightning option, currently all options use iccg_method=2 by default
1 Constant everywhere, set with namelist options iccg_prescribed (num|den)#, default is 0./1. (all CG)
2 Coarsely prescribed 1995-1999 NLDN/OTD climatology based on Boccippio et al. (2001)
3 Parameterization by Price and Rind (1993) based on cold-cloud depth
4 Gridded input via arrays iccg_in_(num|den) from wrfinput for monthly mapped ratios. Points with 0/0 values use ratio defined by iccg_prescribed_(num|den)
iccg_prescribed_num (max_dom) 0. Numerator of user-specified prescribed IC:CG
iccg_prescribed_den (max_dom) 1. Denominator of user-specified prescribed IC:CG
For Wind Turbine Drag Parameterization
windfarm_opt (max_dom) (new since V3.3) 1 simulates the effets of wind turbines in the atmospheric evolution (default is 0 = off)
windfarm_ij (new since V3.3) whether to use lat-lon or i-j coordinate as wind turbine locations
0 (default) the coordinates of the turbines are defined in terms of lat-lon
1 the coordinates of the turbines are defined in terms of grid points
hailcast_opt (max_dom) 0 whether to use the hailcasting option (=1 to turn on)
haildt (max_dom) (new since V4.0) 0 (default); seconds between WFF-HAILCAST calls (s)
&stoch For Stochastic Kinetic-Energy Backscatter Scheme (SKEB; used to perturb a forecast)
See pages 5-26 – 5-27
rand_perturb (max_dom) Whether to turn on random perturbations
0 (default) no random perturbations
1 create random perturbation field
lengthscale_rand_pert (max_dom) 500000 (default) perturbation correlation lengthscale (in meters)
timescale_rand_pert (max_dom) 21600 (default) temporal decorrelation of random field (in seconds)
gridpt_stddev_rand_pert (max_dom) 0.03 (default) standard deviation of random perturbation field at each grid point
stddev_cutoff_rand_pert (max_dom) 3.0 (default) cutoff tails of perturbation pattern above this threshold standard deviation
rand_pert_vertstruc vertical structure for random perturbation field
0 (default) constant
1 random phase with tilt
nens 1 (default) seed for random number stream. For ensemble forecasts this parameter needs to be different for each member. The seed is a function of initial start time to ensure different random number streams are created for forecasts starting from different intial times. Changing this seed changes the random number streams for all activated stochastic parameterization schemes.
iseed_rand_pert 17 (default) seed for random number stream for rand_perturb. Will be combined with seed nens, signifying ensemble member number and initial start time to ensure different random number streams are created for forecasts starting from different initial times and for different ensemble members.
- The following are stochastically perturbed physical tendencies (SPPT) (sppt=1)
sppt (max_dom) Whether to turn on stochastically perturbed physics tendencies (SPPT)
0 (default) off
1 on
lengthscale_sppt (max_dom) 150000 (default) random perturbation lengthscale (in meters)
timescale_sppt (max_dom) 21600 (default) temporal decorrelation of random field (in seconds)
gridpt_stddev_sppt (max_dom) 0.5 (default) standard deviation of random perturbation field at each grid point
stddev_cutoff_sppt (max_dom) 2.0 (default) cutoff tails of perturbation pattern above this threshold standard deviation
nens 1 (default) seed for random number stream. For ensemble forecasts this parameter needs to be different for each member. The seed is a function of initial start time to ensure different random number streams for forecasts starting from different initial times. Changing this seed changes the random number streams for all activated stochastic parameterization schemes.
iseed_sppt 53 (default) seed for random number stream for sppt. Will be combined with parameter nens, signifying ensemble member number and initial start time to ensure different random number streams for forecasts starting from different initial times and for different ensemble members. - The following are for stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme (SKEBS) (skebs=1)
skebs (max_dom) Whether to turn on the stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme (SKEBS)
*Note: this replaces the namelist parameter stoch_forc_opt which was used up to V3.6. Latter is still maintained, but obsolete
0 (default) no stochastic parameterization
1 stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter scheme (SKEBS) turned on
tot_backscat_psi (max_dom) 1.0E-05 (default) total backscattered dissipation rate for streamfunction; controls amplitude of rotational wind perturbations (in m2/s2)
tot_backscat_t (max_dom) 1.0E (default) total backscattered dissipation rate for potential temperature; controls amplitude of potential temperature perturbations ( in m2/s2)
ztau_psi 10800.0 (default) decorrelation time (in seconds) for streamfunction perturbations
ztau_t 10800.0 (default) decorrelation time (in seconds) for potential temperature perturbations
rexponent_psi -1.83 (default for a kinetic-energy forcing spectrum with slope -5/3) spectral slope for streamfunction perturbations
rexponent_t -1.83 (default for a potential energy forcing spectrum with slope -1.832) spectral slope of potential temperature perturbations
kminforc 1 (default) minimal forcing wavenumber in longitude for streamfunction perturbations
lminforc 1 (default) minimal forcing wavenumber in latitude for streamfunction perturbations
kminforct 1 (default) minimal forcing wavenumber in longitude for potential temperature perturbations
lminforct 1 (default) minimal forcing wavenumber in latitude for potential temperature perturbations
kmaxforc 1000000 (default is maximal possible wavenumbers determined by number of gridpoints in longitude) maximal forcing wavenumber in longitude for streamfunction perturbations
lmaxforc 1000000 (default is maximal possible wavenumbers determined by number of gridpoints in latitude) maximal forcing wavenumber in latitude for streamfunction perturbations
kmaxforct 1000000 (default is maximal possible wavenumbers determined by number of gridpoints in longitude) maximal forcing wavenumber in longitude for potential temperature perturbations
lmaxforct 1000000 (default is maximal possible wavenumbers determined by number of gridpoints in latitude) maximal forcing wavenumber in latitude for potential temperature perturbations
zsigma2_eps 0.0833 (default) noise variance in autoregressive process defining streamfunction perturbations
zsigma2_eta 0.0833 (default) noise variance in autoregressive process defining potential temperature perturbations
skebs_vertstruc (max_dom) defines the vertical structure of random pattern generator
*Note: this replaces the namelist parameter stoch_vertstruc_opt which was used up to V3.6. Latter is still maintained, but obsolete
0 (default) constand vertical structure of random pattern generator
1 random phase vertical structure with westward tilt
nens 1 (default) Seed for random number stream for both stochastic schemes. For ensemble forecasts this parameter needs to be different for each member. The seed is a function of initial start time to ensure different random number streams for forecasts starting from different initial times. Changing this seed changes the random number streams for all activated stochastic parameterization schemes
iseed_skebs 811 (default) seed for random number stream for skebs. Will be combined with seed nens, signifying ensemble member number and initial start time to ensure different random number streams for forecasts starting from different initial times and for different ensemble members - The following are for stochastically perturbed parameter scheme (SPP) (spp=1)
spp (max_dom) whether to turn on stochastically perturbed parameter scheme (SPP) for GF convection schemes, MYNN boundary layer scheme, and RUC LSM
0 (default) off
1 on
spp_conv (max_dom) whether to perturb parameters of GF convective scheme
0 (default) off
1 on
lengthscale_spp_conv (max_dom) 150000 (default) perturbation length scale (in meters)
timescale_spp_conv (max_dom) 21600 (default) temporal decorrelation of random field (in seconds)
gridpt_stddev_spp_conv (max_dom) 0.3 (default) standard deviation of random perturbation feild at each grid point
stddev_cutoff_spp_conv (max_dom) 3.0 (default) cutoff tails of perturbation pattern above this threshold standard deviation
iseed_spp_conv 171 (default) seed for random number stream for spp_conv
spp_pbl (max_dom) whether to perturb parameters of MYNN convection scheme
0 (default) off
1 on
lengthscale_spp_pbl (max_dom) 700000 (default) perturbation length scale (in meters)
timescale_spp_pbl (max_dom) 21600 (default) temporal decorrelation of random field (in seconds)
gridpt_stddev_spp_pbl (max_dom) 0.15 (default) standard deviation of random perturbation field at each gridpoint
stddev_cutoff_spp_pbl (max_dom) 2.0 (default) cutoff tails of perturbation pattern above this threshold standard deviation
iseed_spp_pbl 217 (default) seed for random number stream for spp_pbl
spp_lsm (max_dom) whether to perturb parameters of RUC LSM
0 (default) off
1 on
lengthscale_spp_lsm (max_dom) 50000 (default) perturbation length scale (in meters)
timescale_spp_lsm (max_dom) 86400 (default) temporal decorrelation of random field (in seconds)
gridpt_stddev_spp_lsm (max_dom) 0.3 (default) standard deviation of random perturbation field at each grid point
stddev_cutoff_spp_lsm (max_dom) 3.0 (default) cutoff tails of perturbation pattern above this threshold standard deviation
iseed_spp_lsm 317 (default) seed for random number stream for spp_lsm
nens 1 (default) Seed for random number stream for both stochastic schemes. For ensemble forecasts this parameter needs to be different for each member. The seed is a function of initial start time to ensure different random number streams for forecasts starting from different initial times. Changing this seed changes the random number streams for all activated stochastic parameterization schemes
&noah_mp Options for NoahMP LSM
dveg dynamic vegetation option
1 off [LAI (Leaf Area Index) from table; FVEG (veg fraction) = shdfac (model variable for veg fraction)]
2 on (LAI predicted; FVEG calculated)
3 off (LAI from table; FVEG calculated)
4 (default) off (LAI from table; FVEG = maximum veg. fraction)
(new since V3.7) 5 on (LAI predicted; FVEG = maximum veg. fraction)
6 on; use FVEG - SHDFAC from input
7 off; use input LAI; use FVEG - SHDFAC from input
8 off; use input LAI; calculate FVEG
9 off; use input LAI; use maximum vegetation fraction
10 crop model on; use maximum vegetation fraction
opt_crs stomatal resistance option
1 (default) Ball-Berry
2 Jarvis
opt_sfc surface layer drag coefficient calculation
1 (default) Monin-Obukhov
2 original Noah
(option removed in 3.7) 3 MYJ consistent
(option removed in 3.7) 4 YSU consistent
opt_btr soil moisture factor for stomatal resistance
1 Noah
2 CLM
3 SSiB
opt_run Noah-MP runoff and groundwater option
1 TOPMODEL with groundwater
2 TOPMODEL with equilibrium water table
3 (default) original surface and subsurface runoff (free drainage)
4 BATS (Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme) surface and subsurface runoff (free drainage)
opt_frz supercooled liquid water option
1 (default) no iteration
2 Koren's iteration
opt_inf soil permeability option
1 (default) linear effect, more permeable
2 non-linear effect, less permeable
opt_rad radiative transfer option
1 modified two-stream
2 two-stream applied to grid cell
3 (default) two-stream applied to vegetated fraction
opt_alb ground surface albedo option
1 BATS
2 (default) CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme)
opt_snf precipitation partitioning between snow and rain
1 (default) Jordan (1991)
2 BATS; snow when SFCTMP < TFRZ+2.2
3 show when SFCTMP < TFRZ
(new since V3.7) 4 use WRF precipitation partitioning
opt_tbot soil temp lower boundary condition
1 zero heat flux
2 (default) TBOT at 8 m from input file
opt_stc snow/soil temperature time scheme
1 (default) semi-implicit
2 fully-implicit
opt_gla (new since V3.8) Noah-MP glacier treatment option
1 (default) includes phase change
2 slab ice (Noah)
opt_rsf (new since V3.8) Noah-MP surface evaporation resistence option
1 Sakaguchi and Zeng 2009
2 Sellers 1992
3 adjusted Sellers to decrease RSURF for wet soil
4 option 1 for non-snow; rsurf = rsurf_snow for snow (set in MPTABLE -added in V3.8)
(new since V3.7) 3 semi-implicit where Ts uses snow cover fraction
opt_soil (new since V4.0) Noah-MP options for defining soil properties
1 (default) use input dominant soil texture
2 Use input soil texture that varies with depth
3 Use soil compostion (sand, clay, orgm) and pedotransfer functions (OPT_PEDO)
4 Use input soil properties (BEXP_3D, SMCMAX_3D, etc.)
opt_pedo (new since V4.0) 1 Noah-MP option for pedotransfer functions (used when OPT_SOIL = 3); default is 1=Saxton and Rawls (2006)
opt_crop (new since V4.0) Options for crop model
0 (default) no crop model, will run default dynamic vegetation
1 Liu, et al., 2016
2 Gecros (Genotype-by-Environment interaction on CROp grown Simulator); Yin and van Laar, 2005
&fdda options for grid, obs and spectral nudging
(For Grid Nudging)
grid_fdda (max_dom) 0 (default) off
1 grid analysis nudging on
2 spectral analysis nudging option
gfdda_inname "wrffdda_d
gfdda_interval_m (max_dom) 360 time interval (in mins) between analysis times
gfdda_end_h (max_dom) 6 time (hr) to stop nudging after the start of the forecast
io_form_gfdda analysis data format
2 netCDF format
4 PHD5 format
5 GRIB1 format
10 GRIB2 format
11 pnetCDF format
fgdt (max_dom) 0 calculation frequency (in mins) for anlaysis nudging; 0=every time step (which is recommended)
if_no_pbl_nudging_uv (max_dom) 0 (default) nudging in the PBL
1 no nudging of u and v in the PBL
if_no_pbl_nudging_t (max_dom) 0 (default) nudging in the PBL
1 no nudging of temp in the PBL
if_no_pbl_nudging_q (max_dom) 0 (default) nudging in the PBL
1 no nudging of qvapor in the PBL
guv (max_dom) 0.0003 nudging coefficient for u and v (s-1)
gt (max_dom) 0.0003 nudging coefficient for temp (s-1)
gq (max_dom) 0.0003 nudging coefficient for qvaopr (s-1)
if_ramping 0 (default) nudging ends as a step function
1 ramping nudging down at the end of the period
dtramp_min 0. time (min) for ramping function;
grid_sfdda (max_dom) surface fdda switch
0 (default) off
1 nudging selected surface fields
(new since V3.8) 2 FASDAS (flux-adjusted surface data assimilation system)
sgfdda_inname "wrfsfdda_d
sgfdda_interval_m (max_dom) 360 time interval (in mins) between surface analsysis times
sgfdda_end_h (max_dom) 6 time (in hours) to stop surface nudging after start of the forecast
io_form_sgfdda 2 surface analysis format (2=netCDF)
guv_sfc (max_dom) 0.0003 nudging coefficient for u and v (s-1)
gt_sfc (max_dom) 0.0003 nudging coefficient for temp (s-1)
gq_sfc (max_dom) 0.00001 nudging coefficient for qvapor (s-1)
rinblw (max_dom) 0. radius of influence used to determine the confidence (or weights) for the analysis, which is based on the distance between the grid point to the nearest obs. The analysis without nearby observation is used at a reduced weight.
(For Spectral Nudging)
fgdtzero (max_dom) 1 nudging tendencies are set to zero in between fdda calls
0 (default) not active
if_no_pbl_nudging_ph (max_dom) 1 no nudging of ph in the PBL
0 (default) nudging of ph in the PBL
if_zfac_uv (max_dom) 0 (default) nudge uv in all layers
1 limit nudging to levels above k_zfac_uv
k_zfac_uv 0 model level below which nudging is switched off for water uv
dk_zfac_uv (max_dom) 1 depth in k between k_zfac_uv to dk_zfac_uv where nuding increases linearly to full strength
if_zfac_t (max_dom) 0 (default) nudge t in all layers
1 limit nudging to levels above k_zfac_t
k_zfac_t 0 model level below which nudging is switched off for water t
dk_zfac_t (max_dom) 1 depth in k between k_zfac_t to dk_zfac_t where nuding increases linearly to full strength
1 limit nudging to levels above k_zfac_ph
if_zfac_ph (max_dom) 0 (default) nudge ph in all layers
k_zfac_ph 0 model level below which nudging is switched off for water ph
dk_zfac_ph (max_dom) 1 depth in k between k_zfac_ph to dk_zfac_ph where nuding increases linearly to full strength
if_zfac_q (max_dom) 0 (default) nudge q in all layers
k_zfac_q 0 model level below which nudging is switched off for water q
dk_zfac_q (max_dom) 1 depth in k between k_zfac_q to dk_zfac_q where nuding increases linearly to full strength
gph (max_dom) 0.0003 nudging coefficient for ph (s-1)
dk_zfac_uv (max_dom) 1 depth in k between k_zfac_uv to dk_zfac_uv where nuding increases linearly to full strength
dk_zfac_t (max_dom) 1 depth in k between k_zfac_t to dk_zfac_t where nuding increases linearly to full strength
dk_zfac_q (max_dom) (new since V4.0) 1 Need description – sent to Tanya Spero
ktrop (new since V4.0) 1 Option to cap spectral nudging of potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio at a user-definable layer above the PBL (nominally selected to represent the tropopause); default is 0=off
xwavenum 3 top wave number to nudge in x-direction (0 is default)
ywavenum 3 top wave number to nudge in y-direction (0 is default)
(For Obs Nudging)
obs_nudge_opt (max_dom) 1 obs-nudging fdda on for each domain (default is 0=off); also must set auxinput11_interval and auxinput11_end_h under &time_control
max_obs 0 max number of observations used on a domain during any given time windown (default is 0)
(max_dom) 0. obs nudging start time (min)
fdda_end (max_dom) 0. obs nudging end time (min)
obs_nudge_wind (max_dom) 1 nudge wind on
0 (default) off
obs_coef_wind (max_dom) 0 nudging coefficient for wind (s-1)
obs_nudge_temp (max_dom) 0 set to =1 to nudge temperatures (default is 0=off)
obs_coef_temp (max_dom) 0 nudging coefficient for temp (s-1)
obs_nudge_mois (max_dom) 0 set to =1 to nudge water vapor mixing ratio (default is 0=off)
obs_coef_mois (max_dom) 6.e-4 nudging coefficient for water vapor mixing ratio (s-1)
obs_rinxy (max_dom) 0. horizontal radius of influence (km;
obs_rinsig 0 vertical radius of influence in eta
obs_twindo (max_dom) 0.666667 half-period time window over which an observation will be used for nudging (hrs)
obs_npfi 0 frequency in coarse grid timesteps for diagnostic prints
obs_ionf (max_dom) 1 frequency in coarse grid timesteps for obs input and err calc
obs_idynin 1 for dynamic initialization using a ramp-down function to gradually turn off the FDDA before the pure forecast (default is 0=off)
obs_dtramp 0. time period (mins) over which the nudging is ramped down from one to zero
obs_prt_max 1000 maximum allowed obs entries in diagnostic printout
obs_prt_freq (max_dom) 1000 frequency in obs index for diagnostic printout
obs_ipf_in4dob .true. print obs input diagnostics (default is .false.=off)
obs_ipf_errob .true. print obs error diagnostics (default is .false.=off)
obs_ipf_nudob .true. print obs nudge diagnostics (default is .false.=off)
obs_ipf_init .true. (default) enable obs printed warning messages
obs_no_pbl_nudge_uv (max_dom) 1 no wind-nudging within the PBL
0 (default) wind-nudging within the PBL
obs_no_pbl_nudge_t (max_dom) 1 no temperature-nudging within the PBL
0 (default) temperature-nudging within the PBL
obs_no_pbl_nudge_q (max_dom) 1 no moisture-nudging within the PBL
0 (default) no moisture-nudging within the PBL
obs_nudgezfullr1_uv 50 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 1, winds
obs_nudgezrampr1_uv 50 vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 1, winds
obs_nudgezfullr2_uv 50 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 2, winds
obs_nudgezrampr2_uv 50 vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 2, winds
obs_nudgezfullr4_uv -5000 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 4, winds
obs_nudgezrampr4_uv 50 Vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 4, winds
obs_nudgezfullr1_t 50 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 1, temperature
obs_nudgezrampr1_t 50 Vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 1, temperature
obs_nudgezfullr2_t 50 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 2, temperature
obs_nudgezrampr2_t 50 Vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 2, temperature
obs_nudgezfullr4_t -5000 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 4, temperature
obs_nudgezrampr4_t 50 Vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 4, temperature
obs_nudgezfullr1_q 50 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 1, temperature
obs_nudgezrampr1_q 50 Vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 1, temperature
obs_nudgezfullr2_q 50 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 2, temperature
obs_nudgezrampr2_q 50 Vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 2, temperature
obs_nudgezfullr4_q -5000 Vertical influence full weight height for LML obs, regime 4, temperature
obs_nudgezrampr4_q 50 Vertical influence ramp-to-zero height for LML obs, regime 4, temperature
obs_nudgefullmin 50 minimum depth (m) through which vertical influence function remains 1.0
obs_nudgezrampmin 50 minimum depth (m) through which vert infl fcn decreases from 1 to 0
obs_nudgezmax 3000 max depth (m) in which vert infl function is non-zero
obs_sfcfact 1.0 scale factor applied to time window for surface obs
obs_sfcfacr 1.0 scale factor applied to horiz radius of influence for surface obs
obs_dpsmx 7.5 max pressure change (cb) allowed within horiz radius of influence
obs_sfc_scheme_horiz horizontal spreading scheme for surface obs
0 (default) WRF scheme
1 original MM5 scheme
obs_sfc_scheme_vert vertical spreading scheme for surface obs
0 (default) regime vif scheme
1 original scheme (simple scheme)
obs_max_sndng_gap 20 max allowed pressure gap between soundings for interpolation (cb)
obs_scl_neg_qv_innov (new since V3.6) 0 0: default behavior
1: prevent nudging toward negative Qv
&dynamics Diffusion, damping options, advection options
hybrid_opt (new since V3.9) 2 (default) Klemp cubic form with etac
0 Original WRF coordinate (through V3)
Etac (new since V3.9) 0.2 (default) znw(k) < etac, eta surfaces are isobaric (0.2 is a good default)
rk_ord time-integration scheme option
2 Runge-Kutta 2nd order
3 (default/recommended) Runge-Kutta 3rd order
diff_opt (max_dom) turbulence and mixing option
0 no turbulence or explicit spatial numerical filters (km_opt is ignored)
1 (default) evaluates 2nd order diffusion term on coordinate surfaces, uses kvdif for vertical diffusion unless PBL option is used, may be used with km_opt = 1 (recommended for real-data case) and 4
2 evaluates mixing terms in physical space (stress form) (x,y,z); turbulence parameterization is chosen by specifying km_opt
km_opt (max_dom) eddy coefficient option
1 (default) constant (use khdif and kvdif)
2 1.5 order TKE closure (3D) ** Not recommended for DX > 2 km
3 Smagorinsky first order closure (3D) **Not recommended for DX > 2 km
4 horizontal Smagorinsky first order closure (recommended for real-data case)
diff_6th_opt (max_dom) 6th-order numerical diffusion
0 (default) no 6th-order diffusion
1 6th-order numerical diffusion
2 6th-order numerical diffusion, but prohibit up-gradient diffusion
diff_6th_factor (max_dom) 0.12 6th-order numerical diffusion non-dimensional rate (max value 1.0 corresponds to complete removal of 2dx wave in one timestep)
diff_6th_slopeopt (max_dom) (new since V4.0) 1 Turns on 6th-order numerical diffusion – terrain-slope tapering; default is 0=off
diff_6th_thresh (max_dom) (new since V4.0) 0.10 (default) slope threshold (m/m) that turns off 6th order diff in steep terrain
damp_opt upper-level damping flag
0 (default) no damping
1 with diffusive damping; maybe used for real-data cases (dampcoef nondimensional ~ 0.01 to 0.1)
2 with Rayleigh damping (dampcoef inverse time scale [1/s], e.g. 0.003)
3 with Rayleigh damping (dampcoef inverse time scale [1/s], e.g. 0.2; for real-data cases)
use_theta_m (new since V3.7) 1 (default) uses moist theta(1+1.61Qv)
0 off
use_q_diabatic (new since V3.7) 1 includes QV and QC tendencies in advection; this helps to produce correct solution in an idealized 'moist benchmark' test case (Bryan, 2014). In real data testing, time step needs to be reduced to maintain a stable solution (default 0=off)
c_s (max_dom) (new since V3.7) 0.25 (default) Smagorinsky coeff
c_k (max_dom) (new since V3.7) 0.15 (default) TKE coeff
zdamp (max_dom) 5000 damping depth (m) from model top
dampcoef (max_dom) 0. damping coefficient (see damp_opt)
w_damping vertical velocity damping flag (for operational use)
0 (default) no damping
1 with damping
base_pres 100000 base state surface pressure (Pa); real only., not recommended to change.
base_temp 290. base state temperature (K); real only
base_lapse 50. real-data ONLY, lapse rate (K), not recommended to change
iso_temp 200.
(default value changed to 200 in V3.5) isothermal temperature in statosphere; enables model to be extended to 5 mb; real only. Default value changed to 200 since V3.5
base_pres_strat (New since V3.6.1) 0.
(default value set to 0 mb in V3.7) real data, em ONLY, base state pressure (Pa) at bottom of the stratosphere, US Standard atmosphere 55 hPa.
base_lapse_strat (new since V3.6.1) -11. (default) real-data; em ONLY, base state lapse rate (dT/d(lnP)) in stratosphere, approx to US standard atmosphere -12K
use_baseparm_fr_nml .false. for backward compatibility; to use with old wrfinput file produced prior to V3.4
use_input_w (new since V3.3.1) . false. whether to use vertical velocity from input file
khdif (max_dom) 0. horizontal diffusion constant (m2/s)
kvdif (max_dom) 0. vertical diffusion constant (m2/s)
smdiv (max_dom) 0.1 divergence damping (0.1 is typical)
emdiv (max_dom) 0.01 external-mode filter coef for mass coordinate model (0.01 is typical for real-data cases)
epssm (max_dom) 0.1 time off-centering for vertical sound waves
non-hydrostatic (max_dom) .true. (default) running the model in non-hydrostatic mode
.false. running the model in hydrostatic mode
pert_coriolis (max_dom) .false. coriolis only acts on wind perturbation (only for idealized)
top_lid (max_dom) .false. zero vertical motion at top of domain (only for idealized)
mix_full_fields .false. used with diff_opt = 2; value of .true. is recommended, except for highly idealized numerical tests; damp_opt must not be =1 if .true. is chosen; .false. means subtract 1D base-state profile before mixing (only for idealized)
mix_isotropic (max_dom) 0 (default) anistropic vertical/horizontal diffusion
1 isotropic; for km_opt = 2, 3
mix_upper_bound (max_dom) 0.1 non-dimensional upper limit for diffusion coefficients; for km_opt = 2, 3
h_mom_adv_order (max_dom) 5 horizontal momentum advection order; 5 (default) = 5th, etc.
v_mom_adv_order (max_dom) 3 vertical momentum advection order; 3 (default) = 3rd, etc.
h_sca_adv_order (max_dom) 5 horizontal scalar advection order; 5 (default) = 5th, etc
v_sca_adv_order (max_dom) 3 vertical scalar advection order; 3 (default) = 3rd, etc.
time_step_sound (max_dom) 4 number of sound steps per timestep (if using a time_step much larger than 6DX (in km), increase number of sound steps (default is 0)
moist_adv_opt (max_dom) advection options for moisture
0 simple
1 (default) positive-definite
2 monotonic
3 5th-order WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory)
(new since V3.4) 4 5th-order WENO with positive definite
scalar_adv_opt (max_dom) advection options for scalars
0 simple
1 (default) positive-definite
2 monotonic
3 5th-order WENO
4 5th-order WENO with positive definite
tke_adv_opt (max_dom) advection options for TKE
0 simple
1 (default) positive-definite
2 monotonic
3 5th-order WENO
4 5th-order WENO with positive definite
** The following 10 options are switches for selectively deactivating 2nd and 6th order horizontal filters for specific scalar variables classes
moist_mix2_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 2nd-order horizontal mixing for moisture; default is .false.
chem_mix2_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 2nd-order horizontal mixing for chem species; default is .false.
tracer_mix2_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 2nd-order horizontal mixing for tracers; default is .false.
scalar_mix2_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 2nd-order horizontal mixing for scalars; default is .false.
tke_mix2_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 2nd-order horizontal mixing for tke; default is .false.
moist_mix6_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 6th-order horizontal mixing for moisture; default is .false.
chem_mix6_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 6th-order horizontal mixing for chem species; default is .false.
tracer_mix6_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 6th-order horizontal mixing for tracers; default is .false.
scalar_mix6_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 6th-order horizontal mixing for scalars; default is .false.
tke_mix6_off (max_dom) (new since V4.0) .true. Deactivates 6th-order horizontal mixing for tke; default is .false.
chem_adv_opt (max_dom) advection options for chem variables
0 simple
1 (default) positive definite
2 monotonic
3 5th-order WENO
4 5th-order WENO with positive definite
tracer_adv_opt (max_dom) advection options for tracer variables
0 simple
1 (default) positive definite
2 monotonic
3 5th-order WENO
4 5th-order WENO with positive definite
momentum_adv_opt advection options for momentum
1 (default) standard
(new since V3.4) 3 5th-order WENO
tke_drag_coefficient (max_dom) 0 surface drag coefficient (Cd, dimensionless) for diff_opt = 2 only
tke_heat_flux (max_dom) 0 surface thermal flux (H/rhocp), K ms-1, for diff_opt = 2 only
fft_filter_lat 91. the latitude above which the polar filter is turned on (degrees) for global model; -45 is a reasonable latitude to start using polar filters
coupled_filtering (new since V3.7) .true. (default) mu coupled scalar arrays are run through the polar filters
pos_def (new since V3.7) .false. (default) remove negative values of scalar arrays by setting minimum value to zero
swap_pole_with_next_j (new since V3.7) .false. (default) replace the entire j=1 (jds-1) with the values from j=2 (jds-2)
actual_distance_average (new since V3.7) .false. (default) average the field at each i location in the j-loop with a number of grid points based on a map-factor ratio
gwd_opt 1 gravity wave drag option; can be used for all grid sizes with appropriate input fields from geogrid
do_avgflx_em (max_dom) 1 outputs time-averaged mass-coupled advective velocities (default is 0 = off)
do_avgflx_cugd (max_dom) 1 outputs time_averaged convective mass-fluxes from the Grell-Devenyi ensemble scheme (default is 0 = off; only takes effect if do_avgflx_em =1, and cu_physics = 93
sfs_opt (max_dom) nonlinear backscatter and anisotrophy (NBA)
0 (default) off
1 NBA, using diagnostic stress terms (km_opt = 2, 3 for scalars)
2 NBA, using tke-based stress terms (km_opt = 2, 3 needed)
m_opt (max_dom) 1 adds output of Mij stress terms when NBA is not used (default is 0 = off)
tracer_opt (max_dom) 2 activates 8 pre-defined tracers in the Registry (default is 0 = off)
rad_nudge 1 option to nudge toward initial sounding in idealized TC case (default is 0 = off)
&bdy_control boundary condition control
spec_bdy_width 5 total number of rows for specified boundary value nudging (real only)
spec_zone 1 number of points in specified zone (specified b.c. option; real only)
relax_zone 4 number of points in relaxation zone (spec b.c. option; real only)
specified .true. specified boundary condition; only can be used for domain 1 (default is .false.; real only)
spec_exp 0. exponential multiplier for relaxation zone ramp for specified = .true.; default is 0. = linear ramp; 0.33 = ~3*DX exp decay factor (real only)
periodic_x (max_dom) .true. periodic boundary conditions in x-direction (default is .false.)
symmetric_xs (max_dom) .true. symmetric boundary conditions at x start (west; default is .false.)
symmetric_xe (max_dom) .true. symmetric boundary conditions at x end (east; default is .false.)
open _xs (max_dom) .true. open boundary conditions at x start (west; default is .false.)
open _xe (max_dom) .true. open boundary conditions at x end (east; default is .false.)
periodic_y (max_dom) .true. periodic boundary conditions in y-direction (default is .false.)
symmetric_ys (max_dom) .true. symmetric boundary conditions at y start (south; default is .false.)
symmetric_ye (max_dom) .true. symmetric boundary conditions at y end (north; default is .false.)
open_ys (max_dom) .true. open boundary conditions at y start (south; default is .false.)
open_ye (max_dom) .true. open boundary conditions at y end (north; default is .false.)
nested (max_dom) .false., .true., .true. nested boundary conditions (must be set to .true for nests)
polar (max_dom) .true. polar boundary condition (v=0 at polarward-most v-point) for global application (default is .false.)
constant_bc .true. constant boundary condition used with DFI (default is .false.)
spec_bdy_final_mu (new since V3.7) 1 call spec_bdy_final for mu (default is 0=off); this may cause different restart results in V3.8
have_bcs_moist (max_dom) (new since V3.5.1) .false. do not use microphysics variables in boundary file in model run after ndown (default)
.true. use microphysics variables in boundary file
have_bcs_scalar (max_dom) (new since V3.5.1) .false. do not use scalar variables in boundary file in model run after ndown (default)
.true. use scalar variables in boundary file
&namelist_quilt options for asynchronized I/O for MPI applications
nio_tasks_per_group 0 (default) no quilting
>0 # of processors used for IO quilting per IO group
nio_groups 1 default; may be set to higher value for nesting IO or history and restart IO
&grib2
background_proc_id 255 (default); background generating process identifier, typically defined by the originating center to identify the background data that was used in creating the data; this is octet 13 of Section 4 in the grib2 message
forecast_proc_id 255 (default) analysis or generating forecast process identifier, typically defined by the originating center to identify the forecast process that was used to generate the data; this is octet 14 of Section 4 in the grib2 message
production_status 255 (default) production status of processed data in the grib2 message; see Code Table 1.3 of the grib2 manual; this is octect 20 of Section 1 in the grib2 record.
compression the compression method to encode the output grib2 message; only jpeg2000 and PNG are supported.
40 (default) for jpeg2000
41 PNG
&dfi_control digital filter options control (support nesting with no feedback)
dfi_opt 0 (default) no digital filter initialization
1 digital filter launch (DFL)
2 diabatic DFI (DDFI)
3 (recommended) twice DFI (TDFI)
dfi_nfilter 0 uniform filter
1 Lanczos filter
2 Hamming filter
3 Blackman filter
4 Kaiser filter
5 Potter filter
6 Dolph window filter
7 (default; recommended) Dolph filter
8 recursive high-order filter
dfi_write_filtered_input .true. whether to write wrfinput file with filtered model state before beginning forecast
dfi_write_dfi_history .false. whether to write wrfout files during filtering integration
dfi_cutoff_seconds 3600 cutoff period (s) for the filter; should not be longer than the filter window
dfi_time_dim 1000 maximum number of time steps for filtering period; this value can be larger than necessary
for a model that starts from 2001061112, the below setup specifies 1 hour backward integration
dfi_bckstop_year 2001 4-digit year of stop time for backward DFI integration
dfi_bckstop_month 06 2-digit month of stop time for backward DFI integration
dfi_bckstop_day 11 2-digit day of stop time for backward DFI integration
dfi_bckstop_hour 11 2-digit hour of stop time for backward DFI integration
dfi_bckstop_minute 00 2-digit minute of stop time for backward DFI integration
dfi_bckstop_second 00 2-digit second of stop time for backward DFI integration
for a model that starts at 2001061112, the below setup specifies 30 minutes of forward integration
dfi_fwdstop_year 2001 4-digit year of stop time for forward DFI integration
dfi_fwdstop_month 06 2-digit month of stop time for forward DFI integration
dfi_fwdstop_day 11 2-digit day of stop time for forward DFI integration
dfi_fwdstop_hour 12 2-digit hour of stop time for forward DFI integration
dfi_fwdstop_minute 30 2-digit minute of stop time for forward DFI integration
dfi_fwdstop_second 00 2-digit second of stop time for forward DFI integration
dfi_savehydmeteors 0 Option for radar data assimilation:
0: setting hydrometeors to 0 and let them spin up in DFI;
1: keeping hydrometeors unchanged.
&scm for the single-column model (SCM) option only
scm_force 0 (default) single column forcing turned off
1 single column forcing on
scm_force_dx 4000. DX for SCM forcing (m)
num_force_layers 8 number of SCM input forcing layers
scm_lu_index 2 SCM landuse category (2 = dryland, cropland, and pasture; others can be found in the LANDUSE.TBL)
scm_isltyp 4 SCM soil category (4 = silt loam; others can be found in the SOILPARM.TBL)
scm_vegfra 50. SCM vegetation fraction (%)
scm_canwat 0.0 SCM canopy water (kg m-2)
scm_lat 36.605 SCM latitude
scm_lon -97.485 SCM longitude
scm_th_adv .true. turn on theta advection in SCM
scm_wind_adv .true. turn on wind advection in SCM
scm_qv_adv .true. turn on moisture advection in SCM
scm_vert_adv .true. turn on vertical advection in SCM
scm_ql_adv .true. turn on liquid advection in SCM (default is .false. = off)
num_force_soil_layers 5 number of SCM soil forcing layers
scm_soilt_force .true. turn on soil temperature forcing in SCM (default is .false. = off)
scm_soilq_force .true. turn on soil moisture forcing in SCM (default is .false. = off)
scm_force_th_largescale .true. turn on large-scale theta forcing in SCM (default is .false. = off)
scm_force_qv_largescale .true. turn on large-scale qv forcing in SCM (default is .false. = off)
scm_force_ql_largescale .true. turn on large-scale ql forcing in SCM (default is .false. = off)
scm_force_wind_largescale .true. turn on large-scale wind forcing in SCM (default is .false. = off)
&tc controls for tc_em.exe only
insert_bogus_storm .false. T/F for inserting a bogus tropical storm
remove_storm .false. T/F for only removing the original TC
num_storm 1 number of bogus TC
latc_loc -999. center latitude of the bogus TC
lonc_loc -999. center longitude of the bogus TC
vmax_meters_per_second (max_dom) -999. wind max of bogus storm (m s-1)
rmax -999. maximum radius outward from storm center of bogus TC
vmax_ratio (max_dom) -999. ratio for representative maximum winds, 0.75 for 45 km grid, and 0.9 for 15 kim grid
rankine_lid -999. top pressure limit for the TC bogus scheme
&diags
(new since V3.4.1) output fields on pressure levels
Also need to set
auxhist23_outname=”wrfpress_d
io_form_auxhist23 = 2,
auxhist23_interval = 180, 180,
frames_per_auxhist23 = 100, 100,
p_lev_diags 0 0/1 whether to output pressure level diagnostics
num_press_levels 4 Number of pressure levels
press_levels (max_plevs) 0 Pressure levels in Pa
use_tot_or_hyd_p 2 1: use total pressure
2: use hydrostatic pressure
z_lev_diags (new since V3.7.1) 0 switch to vertically interpolate diagnostics to z-levels; (default is off)
num_z_levels (new since V3.7.1) 0 number of height levels to interpolate to
z_levels (new since V3.7.1) 0 list of height values (m) to interpolate data to; positive numbers are for height above mean sea level (i.e., a flight level), negative numbers are for level above ground
p_lev_missing -999. Missing value below ground
extrap_below_grnd 1 Option to extrapolate adiabatically below the ground (set to 2). Default is 1=off.
&afwa (new since V3.6) Cannot be used with OpenMP
afwa_diag_opt (max_dom) 0 (default) AFWA diagnostic opton (1 = on)
afwa_ptype_opt (max_dom) 0 (default) precip type option (1 = on)
afwa_vil_opt (max_dom) 0 (default) vertical int liquid option (1 = on)
afwa_radar_opt (max_dom) 0 (default) radar option (1 = on)
afwa_severe_opt (max_dom) 0 (default) severe weather option (1 = on)
afwa_icing_opt (max_dom) 0 (default) icing option (1 = on)
afwa_vis_opt (max_dom) 0 (default) visibility option (1 = on)
afwa_cloud_opt (max_dom) 0 (default) cloud option (1 = on)
afwa_therm_opt (max_dom) (new since V3.6.1) 0 thermal indices option (default is 0=off)
afwa_turb_opt (max_dom) (new since V3.6.1) 0 turbulence option (default is 0=off)
afwa_buoy_opt (max_dom) (new since V3.6.1) 0 buoyancy option (default is 0=off)
afwa_ptype_ccn_tmp 264.15 (default) CCN temperature for precipitation type calculation
afwa_ptype_tot_melt 50 (default) total melting energy for precipitation type calculation
1 (default) hail
0 graupel
progn (max_dom) (new since V3.7) 0 (default) switch to use mix-activate scheme (only for Morrison, WDM6, WDM5, and NSSL_2MOMCCN/NSSL_2MOM
&ideal (new since V4.0)
ideal_case (new since V4.0) 1 Indicates this is an idealized case run – necessary for all idealized cases beginning V4.0; default is 0=off
WRF Output Fields
List of Fields
The following is an edited output list from the netCDF command 'ncdump -h'. Note that valid output fields will depend on the model options used. If the fields have zero values, then the fields are not computed by the model options selected.
ncdump -h wrfout_d<domain>_<date>
netcdf wrfout_d01_2018-07-14_12:00:00
dimensions:
Time = UNLIMITED ; // (1 currently)
DateStrLen = 19 ;
west_east = 500 ;
south_north = 500 ;
bottom_top = 55 ;
bottom_top_stag = 56 ;
soil_layers_stag = 4 ;
west_east_stag = 501 ;
south_north_stag = 501 ;
variables:
float XLAT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
XLAT:description = "LATITUDE, SOUTH IS NEGATIVE" ;
XLAT:units = "degree_north" ;
float XLONG(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
XLONG:description = "LONGITUDE, WEST IS NEGATIVE" ;
XLONG:units = "degree_east" ;
float LU_INDEX(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LU_INDEX:description = "LAND USE CATEGORY" ;
LU_INDEX:units = "" ;
float ZNU(Time, bottom_top) ;
ZNU:description = "eta values on half (mass) levels" ;
ZNU:units = "" ;
float ZNW(Time, bottom_top_stag) ;
ZNW:description = "eta values on full (w) levels" ;
ZNW:units = "" ;
float ZS(Time, soil_layers_stag) ;
ZS:description = "DEPTHS OF CENTERS OF SOIL LAYERS" ;
ZS:units = "m" ;
float DZS(Time, soil_layers_stag) ;
DZS:description = "THICKNESSES OF SOIL LAYERS" ;
DZS:units = "m" ;
float VAR_SSO(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
VAR_SSO:description = "variance of subgrid-scale orography" ;
VAR_SSO:units = "m2" ;
float U(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east_stag) ;
U:description = "x-wind component" ;
U:units = "m s-1" ;
float V(Time, bottom_top, south_north_stag, west_east) ;
V:description = "y-wind component" ;
V:units = "m s-1" ;
float W(Time, bottom_top_stag, south_north, west_east) ;
W:description = "z-wind component" ;
W:units = "m s-1" ;
float PH(Time, bottom_top_stag, south_north, west_east) ;
PH:description = "perturbation geopotential" ;
PH:units = "m2 s-2" ;
float PHB(Time, bottom_top_stag, south_north, west_east) ;
PHB:description = "base-state geopotential" ;
PHB:units = "m2 s-2" ;
float T(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
T:description = "perturbation potential temperature theta-t0" ;
T:units = "K" ;
float THM(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
THM:description = "either 1) pert moist pot temp=(1+Rv/Rd Qv)*(theta)-T0,
or 2) pert dry pot temp=t" ;
THM:units = "K" ;
float MU(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
MU:description = "perturbation dry air mass in column" ;
MU:units = "Pa" ;
float MUB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
MUB:description = "base state dry air mass in column" ;
MUB:units = "Pa" ;
float P(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
P:description = "perturbation pressure" ;
P:units = "Pa" ;
float PB(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
PB:description = "BASE STATE PRESSURE" ;
PB:units = "Pa" ;
float FNM(Time, bottom_top) ;
FNM:description = "upper weight for vertical stretching" ;
FNM:units = "" ;
float FNP(Time, bottom_top) ;
FNP:description = "lower weight for vertical stretching" ;
FNP:units = "" ;
float RDNW(Time, bottom_top) ;
RDNW:description = "inverse d(eta) values between full (w) levels" ;
RDNW:units = "" ;
float RDN(Time, bottom_top) ;
RDN:description = "inverse d(eta) values between half (mass) levels" ;
RDN:units = "" ;
float DNW(Time, bottom_top) ;
DNW:description = "d(eta) values between full (w) levels" ;
DNW:units = "" ;
float DN(Time, bottom_top) ;
DN:description = "d(eta) values between half (mass) levels" ;
DN:units = "" ;
float CFN(Time) ;
CFN:description = "extrapolation constant" ;
CFN:units = "" ;
float CFN1(Time) ;
CFN1:description = "extrapolation constant" ;
CFN1:units = "" ;
int THIS_IS_AN_IDEAL_RUN(Time) ;
THIS_IS_AN_IDEAL_RUN:description = "T/F flag: this is an ARW ideal simulation" ;
THIS_IS_AN_IDEAL_RUN:units = "-" ;
float P_HYD(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
P_HYD:description = "hydrostatic pressure" ;
P_HYD:units = "Pa" ;
float Q2(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
Q2:description = "QV at 2 M" ;
Q2:units = "kg kg-1" ;
float T2(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
T2:description = "TEMP at 2 M" ;
T2:units = "K" ;
float TH2(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
TH2:description = "POT TEMP at 2 M" ;
TH2:units = "K" ;
float PSFC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
PSFC:description = "SFC PRESSURE" ;
PSFC:units = "Pa" ;
float U10(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
U10:description = "U at 10 M" ;
U10:units = "m s-1" ;
float V10(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
V10:description = "V at 10 M" ;
V10:units = "m s-1" ;
float RDX(Time) ;
RDX:description = "INVERSE X GRID LENGTH" ;
RDX:units = "" ;
float RDY(Time) ;
RDY:description = "INVERSE Y GRID LENGTH" ;
RDY:units = "" ;
float RESM(Time) ;
RESM:description = "TIME WEIGHT CONSTANT FOR SMALL STEPS" ;
RESM:units = "" ;
float CF1(Time) ;
CF1:description = "2nd order extrapolation constant" ;
CF1:units = "" ;
float CF2(Time) ;
CF2:description = "2nd order extrapolation constant" ;
CF2:units = "" ;
float CF3(Time) ;
CF3:description = "2nd order extrapolation constant" ;
CF3:units = "" ;
int ITIMESTEP(Time) ;
ITIMESTEP:description = "" ;
ITIMESTEP:units = "" ;
float XTIME(Time) ;
XTIME:description = "minutes since 2018-07-14 00:00:00" ;
XTIME:units = "minutes since 2018-07-14 00:00:00" ;
float QVAPOR(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
QVAPOR:description = "Water vapor mixing ratio" ;
QVAPOR:units = "kg kg-1" ;
float QCLOUD(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
QCLOUD:description = "Cloud water mixing ratio" ;
QCLOUD:units = "kg kg-1" ;
float QRAIN(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
QRAIN:description = "Rain water mixing ratio" ;
QRAIN:units = "kg kg-1" ;
float QICE(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
QICE:description = "Ice mixing ratio" ;
QICE:units = "kg kg-1" ;
float QSNOW(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
QSNOW:description = "Snow mixing ratio" ;
QSNOW:units = "kg kg-1" ;
float QGRAUP(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
QGRAUP:description = "Graupel mixing ratio" ;
QGRAUP:units = "kg kg-1" ;
float SHDMAX(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SHDMAX:description = "ANNUAL MAX VEG FRACTION" ;
SHDMAX:units = "" ;
float SHDMIN(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SHDMIN:description = "ANNUAL MIN VEG FRACTION" ;
SHDMIN:units = "" ;
float SNOALB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SNOALB:description = "ANNUAL MAX SNOW ALBEDO IN FRACTION" ;
SNOALB:units = "" ;
float TSLB(Time, soil_layers_stag, south_north, west_east) ;
TSLB:description = "SOIL TEMPERATURE" ;
TSLB:units = "K" ;
float SMOIS(Time, soil_layers_stag, south_north, west_east) ;
SMOIS:description = "SOIL MOISTURE" ;
SMOIS:units = "m3 m-3" ;
float SH2O(Time, soil_layers_stag, south_north, west_east) ;
SH2O:description = "SOIL LIQUID WATER" ;
SH2O:units = "m3 m-3" ;
float SMCREL(Time, soil_layers_stag, south_north, west_east) ;
SMCREL:description = "RELATIVE SOIL MOISTURE" ;
SMCREL:units = "" ;
float SEAICE(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SEAICE:description = "SEA ICE FLAG" ;
SEAICE:units = "" ;
float XICEM(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
XICEM:description = "SEA ICE FLAG (PREVIOUS STEP)" ;
XICEM:units = "" ;
float SFROFF(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SFROFF:description = "SURFACE RUNOFF" ;
SFROFF:units = "mm" ;
float UDROFF(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
UDROFF:description = "UNDERGROUND RUNOFF" ;
UDROFF:units = "mm" ;
int IVGTYP(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
IVGTYP:description = "DOMINANT VEGETATION CATEGORY" ;
IVGTYP:units = "" ;
int ISLTYP(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ISLTYP:description = "DOMINANT SOIL CATEGORY" ;
ISLTYP:units = "" ;
float VEGFRA(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
VEGFRA:description = "VEGETATION FRACTION" ;
VEGFRA:units = "" ;
float GRDFLX(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
GRDFLX:description = "GROUND HEAT FLUX" ;
GRDFLX:units = "W m-2" ;
float ACGRDFLX(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACGRDFLX:description = "ACCUMULATED GROUND HEAT FLUX" ;
ACGRDFLX:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACSNOM(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSNOM:description = "ACCUMULATED MELTED SNOW" ;
ACSNOM:units = "kg m-2" ;
float SNOW(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SNOW:description = "SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT" ;
SNOW:units = "kg m-2" ;
float SNOWH(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SNOWH:description = "PHYSICAL SNOW DEPTH" ;
SNOWH:units = "m" ;
float CANWAT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
CANWAT:description = "CANOPY WATER" ;
CANWAT:units = "kg m-2" ;
float SSTSK(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SSTSK:description = "SKIN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE" ;
SSTSK:units = "K" ;
float COSZEN(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
COSZEN:description = "COS of SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE" ;
COSZEN:units = "dimensionless" ;
float LAI(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LAI:description = "LEAF AREA INDEX" ;
LAI:units = "m-2/m-2" ;
float VAR(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
VAR:description = "OROGRAPHIC VARIANCE" ;
VAR:units = "" ;
float MAPFAC_M(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
MAPFAC_M:description = "Map scale factor on mass grid" ;
MAPFAC_M:units = "" ;
float MAPFAC_U(Time, south_north, west_east_stag) ;
MAPFAC_U:description = "Map scale factor on u-grid" ;
MAPFAC_U:units = "" ;
float MAPFAC_V(Time, south_north_stag, west_east) ;
MAPFAC_V:description = "Map scale factor on v-grid" ;
MAPFAC_V:units = "" ;
float F(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
F:description = "Coriolis sine latitude term" ;
F:units = "s-1" ;
float E(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
E:description = "Coriolis cosine latitude term" ;
E:units = "s-1" ;
float SINALPHA(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SINALPHA:description = "Local sine of map rotation" ;
SINALPHA:units = "" ;
float COSALPHA(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
COSALPHA:description = "Local cosine of map rotation" ;
COSALPHA:units = "" ;
float HGT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
HGT:description = "Terrain Height" ;
HGT:units = "m" ;
float TSK(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
TSK:description = "SURFACE SKIN TEMPERATURE" ;
TSK:units = "K" ;
float P_TOP(Time) ;
P_TOP:description = "PRESSURE TOP OF THE MODEL" ;
P_TOP:units = "Pa" ;
float T00(Time) ;
T00:description = "BASE STATE TEMPERATURE" ;
T00:units = "K" ;
float P00(Time) ;
P00:description = "BASE STATE PRESURE" ;
P00:units = "Pa" ;
float TLP(Time) ;
TLP:description = "BASE STATE LAPSE RATE" ;
TLP:units = "" ;
float TISO(Time) ;
TISO:description = "TEMP AT WHICH THE BASE T TURNS CONST" ;
TISO:units = "K" ;
float TLP_STRAT(Time) ;
TLP_STRAT:description = "BASE STATE LAPSE RATE (DT/D(LN(P)) IN STRATOSPHERE" ;
TLP_STRAT:units = "K" ;
float P_STRAT(Time) ;
P_STRAT:description = "BASE STATE PRESSURE AT BOTTOM OF STRATOSPHERE" ;
P_STRAT:units = "Pa" ;
float MAX_MSTFX(Time) ;
MAX_MSTFX:description = "Max map factor in domain" ;
MAX_MSTFX:units = "" ;
float MAX_MSTFY(Time) ;
MAX_MSTFY:description = "Max map factor in domain" ;
MAX_MSTFY:units = "" ;
float RAINC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
RAINC:description = "ACCUMULATED TOTAL CUMULUS PRECIPITATION" ;
RAINC:units = "mm" ;
float RAINSH(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
RAINSH:description = "ACCUMULATED SHALLOW CUMULUS PRECIPITATION" ;
RAINSH:units = "mm" ;
float RAINNC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
RAINNC:description = "ACCUMULATED TOTAL GRID SCALE PRECIPITATION" ;
RAINNC:units = "mm" ;
float SNOWNC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SNOWNC:description = "ACCUMULATED TOTAL GRID SCALE SNOW AND ICE" ;
SNOWNC:units = "mm" ;
float GRAUPELNC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
GRAUPELNC:description = "ACCUMULATED TOTAL GRID SCALE GRAUPEL" ;
GRAUPELNC:units = "mm" ;
float HAILNC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
HAILNC:description = "ACCUMULATED TOTAL GRID SCALE HAIL" ;
HAILNC:units = "mm" ;
float REFL_10CM(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
REFL_10CM:description = "Radar reflectivity (lamda = 10 cm)" ;
REFL_10CM:units = "dBZ" ;
float CLDFRA(Time, bottom_top, south_north, west_east) ;
CLDFRA:description = "CLOUD FRACTION" ;
CLDFRA:units = "" ;
float SWDOWN(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWDOWN:description = "DOWNWARD SHORT WAVE FLUX AT GROUND SURFACE" ;
SWDOWN:units = "W m-2" ;
float GLW(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
GLW:description = "DOWNWARD LONG WAVE FLUX AT GROUND SURFACE" ;
GLW:units = "W m-2" ;
float SWNORM(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWNORM:description = "NORMAL SHORT WAVE FLUX AT GROUND SURFACE (SLOPE-DEPENDENT)" ;
SWNORM:units = "W m-2" ;
float ACSWUPT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSWUPT:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWELLING SHORTWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
ACSWUPT:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACSWUPTC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSWUPTC:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWELLING CLEAR SKY SHORTWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
ACSWUPTC:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACSWDNT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSWDNT:description = "ACCUMULATED DOWNWELLING SHORTWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
ACSWDNT:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACSWDNTC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSWDNTC:description = "ACCUMULATED DOWNWELLING CLEAR SKY SHORTWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
ACSWDNTC:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACSWUPB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSWUPB:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWELLING SHORTWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
ACSWUPB:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACSWUPBC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSWUPBC:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWELLING CLEAR SKY SHORTWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
ACSWUPBC:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACSWDNB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSWDNB:description = "ACCUMULATED DOWNWELLING SHORTWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
ACSWDNB:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACSWDNBC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACSWDNBC:description = "ACCUMULATED DOWNWELLING CLEAR SKY SHORTWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
ACSWDNBC:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLWUPT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLWUPT:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWELLING LONGWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
ACLWUPT:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLWUPTC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLWUPTC:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWELLING CLEAR SKY LONGWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
ACLWUPTC:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLWDNT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLWDNT:description = "ACCUMULATED DOWNWELLING LONGWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
ACLWDNT:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLWDNTC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLWDNTC:description = "ACCUMULATED DOWNWELLING CLEAR SKY LONGWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
ACLWDNTC:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLWUPB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLWUPB:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWELLING LONGWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
ACLWUPB:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLWUPBC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLWUPBC:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWELLING CLEAR SKY LONGWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
ACLWUPBC:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLWDNB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLWDNB:description = "ACCUMULATED DOWNWELLING LONGWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
ACLWDNB:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLWDNBC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLWDNBC:description = "ACCUMULATED DOWNWELLING CLEAR SKY LONGWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
ACLWDNBC:units = "J m-2" ;
float SWUPT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWUPT:description = "INSTANTANEOUS UPWELLING SHORTWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
SWUPT:units = "W m-2" ;
float SWUPTC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWUPTC:description = "INSTANTANEOUS UPWELLING CLEAR SKY SHORTWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
SWUPTC:units = "W m-2" ;
float SWDNT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWDNT:description = "INSTANTANEOUS DOWNWELLING SHORTWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
SWDNT:units = "W m-2" ;
float SWDNTC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWDNTC:description = "INSTANTANEOUS DOWNWELLING CLEAR SKY SHORTWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
SWDNTC:units = "W m-2" ;
float SWUPB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWUPB:description = "INSTANTANEOUS UPWELLING SHORTWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
SWUPB:units = "W m-2" ;
float SWUPBC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWUPBC:description = "INSTANTANEOUS UPWELLING CLEAR SKY SHORTWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
SWUPBC:units = "W m-2" ;
float SWDNB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWDNB:description = "INSTANTANEOUS DOWNWELLING SHORTWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
SWDNB:units = "W m-2" ;
float SWDNBC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SWDNBC:description = "INSTANTANEOUS DOWNWELLING CLEAR SKY SHORTWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
SWDNBC:units = "W m-2" ;
float LWUPT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LWUPT:description = "INSTANTANEOUS UPWELLING LONGWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
LWUPT:units = "W m-2" ;
float LWUPTC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LWUPTC:description = "INSTANTANEOUS UPWELLING CLEAR SKY LONGWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
LWUPTC:units = "W m-2" ;
float LWDNT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LWDNT:description = "INSTANTANEOUS DOWNWELLING LONGWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
LWDNT:units = "W m-2" ;
float LWDNTC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LWDNTC:description = "INSTANTANEOUS DOWNWELLING CLEAR SKY LONGWAVE FLUX AT TOP" ;
LWDNTC:units = "W m-2" ;
float LWUPB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LWUPB:description = "INSTANTANEOUS UPWELLING LONGWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
LWUPB:units = "W m-2" ;
float LWUPBC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LWUPBC:description = "INSTANTANEOUS UPWELLING CLEAR SKY LONGWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
LWUPBC:units = "W m-2" ;
float LWDNB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LWDNB:description = "INSTANTANEOUS DOWNWELLING LONGWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
LWDNB:units = "W m-2" ;
float LWDNBC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LWDNBC:description = "INSTANTANEOUS DOWNWELLING CLEAR SKY LONGWAVE FLUX AT BOTTOM" ;
LWDNBC:units = "W m-2" ;
float OLR(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
OLR:description = "TOA OUTGOING LONG WAVE" ;
OLR:units = "W m-2" ;
float XLAT_U(Time, south_north, west_east_stag) ;
XLAT_U:description = "LATITUDE, SOUTH IS NEGATIVE" ;
XLAT_U:units = "degree_north" ;
float XLONG_U(Time, south_north, west_east_stag) ;
XLONG_U:description = "LONGITUDE, WEST IS NEGATIVE" ;
XLONG_U:units = "degree_east" ;
float XLAT_V(Time, south_north_stag, west_east) ;
XLAT_V:description = "LATITUDE, SOUTH IS NEGATIVE" ;
XLAT_V:units = "degree_north" ;
float XLONG_V(Time, south_north_stag, west_east) ;
XLONG_V:description = "LONGITUDE, WEST IS NEGATIVE" ;
XLONG_V:units = "degree_east" ;
float ALBEDO(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ALBEDO:description = "ALBEDO" ;
ALBEDO:units = "-" ;
float CLAT(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
CLAT:description = "COMPUTATIONAL GRID LATITUDE, SOUTH IS NEGATIVE" ;
CLAT:units = "degree_north" ;
float ALBBCK(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ALBBCK:description = "BACKGROUND ALBEDO" ;
ALBBCK:units = "" ;
float EMISS(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
EMISS:description = "SURFACE EMISSIVITY" ;
EMISS:units = "" ;
float NOAHRES(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
NOAHRES:description = "RESIDUAL OF THE NOAH SURFACE ENERGY BUDGET" ;
NOAHRES:units = "W m{-2}" ;
float TMN(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
TMN:description = "SOIL TEMPERATURE AT LOWER BOUNDARY" ;
TMN:units = "K" ;
float XLAND(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
XLAND:description = "LAND MASK (1 FOR LAND, 2 FOR WATER)" ;
XLAND:units = "" ;
float UST(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
UST:description = "U* IN SIMILARITY THEORY" ;
UST:units = "m s-1" ;
float PBLH(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
PBLH:description = "PBL HEIGHT" ;
PBLH:units = "m" ;
float HFX(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
HFX:description = "UPWARD HEAT FLUX AT THE SURFACE" ;
HFX:units = "W m-2" ;
float QFX(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
QFX:description = "UPWARD MOISTURE FLUX AT THE SURFACE" ;
QFX:units = "kg m-2 s-1" ;
float LH(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LH:description = "LATENT HEAT FLUX AT THE SURFACE" ;
LH:units = "W m-2" ;
float ACHFX(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACHFX:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWARD HEAT FLUX AT THE SURFACE" ;
ACHFX:units = "J m-2" ;
float ACLHF(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
ACLHF:description = "ACCUMULATED UPWARD LATENT HEAT FLUX AT THE SURFACE" ;
ACLHF:units = "J m-2" ;
float SNOWC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SNOWC:description = "FLAG INDICATING SNOW COVERAGE (1 FOR SNOW COVER)" ;
SNOWC:units = "" ;
float SR(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SR:description = "fraction of frozen precipitation" ;
SR:units = "-" ;
float C1H(Time, bottom_top) ;
C1H:description = "half levels, c1h = d bf / d eta, using znw" ;
C1H:units = "Dimensionless" ;
float C2H(Time, bottom_top) ;
C2H:description = "half levels, c2h = (1-c1h)*(p0-pt)" ;
C2H:units = "Pa" ;
float C1F(Time, bottom_top_stag) ;
C1F:description = "full levels, c1f = d bf / d eta, using znu" ;
C1F:units = "Dimensionless" ;
float C2F(Time, bottom_top_stag) ;
C2F:description = "full levels, c2f = (1-c1f)*(p0-pt)" ;
C2F:units = "Pa" ;
float C3H(Time, bottom_top) ;
C3H:description = "half levels, c3h = bh" ;
C3H:units = "Dimensionless" ;
float C4H(Time, bottom_top) ;
C4H:description = "half levels, c4h = (eta-bh)*(p0-pt)+pt, using znu" ;
C4H:units = "Pa" ;
float C3F(Time, bottom_top_stag) ;
C3F:description = "full levels, c3f = bf" ;
C3F:units = "Dimensionless" ;
float C4F(Time, bottom_top_stag) ;
C4F:description = "full levels, c4f = (eta-bf)*(p0-pt)+pt, using znw" ;
C4F:units = "Pa" ;
float PCB(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
PCB:description = "base state dry air mass in column" ;
PCB:units = "Pa" ;
float PC(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
PC:description = "perturbation dry air mass in column" ;
PC:units = "Pa" ;
float LANDMASK(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LANDMASK:description = "LAND MASK (1 FOR LAND, 0 FOR WATER)" ;
LANDMASK:units = "" ;
float LAKEMASK(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
LAKEMASK:description = "LAKE MASK (1 FOR LAKE, 0 FOR NON-LAKE)" ;
LAKEMASK:units = "" ;
float SST(Time, south_north, west_east) ;
SST:description = "SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE" ;
SST:units = "K" ;
List of Global Attributes
:TITLE = " OUTPUT FROM WRF V4.0.3 MODEL" ;
:START_DATE = "2018-07-14_00:00:00" ;
:SIMULATION_START_DATE = "2018-07-14_00:00:00" ;
:WEST-EAST_GRID_DIMENSION = 501 ;
:SOUTH-NORTH_GRID_DIMENSION = 501 ;
:BOTTOM-TOP_GRID_DIMENSION = 56 ;
:DX = 4000.f ;
:DY = 4000.f ;
:AERCU_OPT = 0 ;
:AERCU_FCT = 1.f ;
:IDEAL_CASE = 0 ;
:DIFF_6TH_SLOPEOPT = 0 ;
:AUTO_LEVELS_OPT = 2 ;
:DIFF_6TH_THRESH = 0.1f ;
:DZBOT = 50.f ;
:DZSTRETCH_S = 1.3f ;
:DZSTRETCH_U = 1.1f ;
:SKEBS_ON = 0 ;
:SPEC_BDY_FINAL_MU = 1 ;
:USE_Q_DIABATIC = 0 ;
:GRIDTYPE = "C" ;
:DIFF_OPT = 1 ;
:KM_OPT = 4 ;
:DAMP_OPT = 3 ;
:DAMPCOEF = 0.2f ;
:KHDIF = 0.f ;
:KVDIF = 0.f ;
:MP_PHYSICS = 6 ;
:RA_LW_PHYSICS = 4 ;
:RA_SW_PHYSICS = 4 ;
:SF_SFCLAY_PHYSICS = 1 ;
:SF_SURFACE_PHYSICS = 2 ;
:BL_PBL_PHYSICS = 1 ;
:CU_PHYSICS = 0 ;
:SF_LAKE_PHYSICS = 0 ;
:SURFACE_INPUT_SOURCE = 3 ;
:SST_UPDATE = 0 ;
:GRID_FDDA = 0 ;
:GFDDA_INTERVAL_M = 0 ;
:GFDDA_END_H = 0 ;
:GRID_SFDDA = 0 ;
:SGFDDA_INTERVAL_M = 0 ;
:SGFDDA_END_H = 0 ;
:HYPSOMETRIC_OPT = 2 ;
:USE_THETA_M = 1 ;
:GWD_OPT = 0 ;
:SF_URBAN_PHYSICS = 0 ;
:SF_SURFACE_MOSAIC = 0 ;
:SF_OCEAN_PHYSICS = 0 ;
:SHCU_PHYSICS = 0 ;
:MFSHCONV = 0 ;
:FEEDBACK = 1 ;
:SMOOTH_OPTION = 2 ;
:SWRAD_SCAT = 1.f ;
:W_DAMPING = 0 ;
:RADT = 15.f ;
:BLDT = 0.f ;
:CUDT = 0.f ;
:AER_OPT = 0 ;
:SWINT_OPT = 0 ;
:AER_TYPE = 1 ;
:AER_AOD550_OPT = 1 ;
:AER_ANGEXP_OPT = 1 ;
:AER_SSA_OPT = 1 ;
:AER_ASY_OPT = 1 ;
:AER_AOD550_VAL = 0.12f ;
:AER_ANGEXP_VAL = 1.3f ;
:AER_SSA_VAL = 0.85f ;
:AER_ASY_VAL = 0.9f ;
:MOIST_ADV_OPT = 1 ;
:SCALAR_ADV_OPT = 1 ;
:TKE_ADV_OPT = 1 ;
:DIFF_6TH_OPT = 0 ;
:DIFF_6TH_FACTOR = 0.12f ;
:OBS_NUDGE_OPT = 0 ;
:BUCKET_MM = -1.f ;
:BUCKET_J = -1.f ;
:PREC_ACC_DT = 0.f ;
:ISFTCFLX = 0 ;
:ISHALLOW = 0 ;
:ISFFLX = 1 ;
:ICLOUD = 1 ;
:ICLOUD_CU = 0 ;
:TRACER_PBLMIX = 1 ;
:SCALAR_PBLMIX = 0 ;
:YSU_TOPDOWN_PBLMIX = 0 ;
:GRAV_SETTLING = 0 ;
:DFI_OPT = 0 ;
:SIMULATION_INITIALIZATION_TYPE = "REAL-DATA CASE" ;
:WEST-EAST_PATCH_START_UNSTAG = 1 ;
:WEST-EAST_PATCH_END_UNSTAG = 500 ;
:WEST-EAST_PATCH_START_STAG = 1 ;
:WEST-EAST_PATCH_END_STAG = 501 ;
:SOUTH-NORTH_PATCH_START_UNSTAG = 1 ;
:SOUTH-NORTH_PATCH_END_UNSTAG = 500 ;
:SOUTH-NORTH_PATCH_START_STAG = 1 ;
:SOUTH-NORTH_PATCH_END_STAG = 501 ;
:BOTTOM-TOP_PATCH_START_UNSTAG = 1 ;
:BOTTOM-TOP_PATCH_END_UNSTAG = 55 ;
:BOTTOM-TOP_PATCH_START_STAG = 1 ;
:BOTTOM-TOP_PATCH_END_STAG = 56 ;
:GRID_ID = 1 ;
:PARENT_ID = 0 ;
:I_PARENT_START = 1 ;
:J_PARENT_START = 1 ;
:PARENT_GRID_RATIO = 1 ;
:DT = 20.f ;
:CEN_LAT = 39.00001f ;
:CEN_LON = -98.f ;
:TRUELAT1 = 30.f ;
:TRUELAT2 = 50.f ;
:MOAD_CEN_LAT = 39.00001f ;
:STAND_LON = -98.f ;
:POLE_LAT = 90.f ;
:POLE_LON = 0.f ;
:GMT = 0.f ;
:JULYR = 2018 ;
:JULDAY = 195 ;
:MAP_PROJ = 1 ;
:MAP_PROJ_CHAR = "Lambert Conformal" ;
:MMINLU = "MODIFIED_IGBP_MODIS_NOAH" ;
:NUM_LAND_CAT = 21 ;
:ISWATER = 17 ;
:ISLAKE = 21 ;
:ISICE = 15 ;
:ISURBAN = 13 ;
:ISOILWATER = 14 ;
:HYBRID_OPT = 2 ;
:ETAC = 0.2f ;
Special WRF Output Variables
The WRF model outputs the state variables defined in the Registry file, and these state variables are used in the model's prognostic equations. Some of these variables are perturbation fields; therefore the following definitions for reconstructing meteorological variables are necessary:
total geopotential PH + PHB
total geopotential height in m ( PH + PHB ) / 9.81
total potential temperature in_ K T + 300
total pressure in mb ( P + PB ) * 0.01
wind compoments, grid relative U, V
surface pressure in Pa psfc
surface winds, grid relative U10, V10 (valid at mass points)
surface temperature and mixing ratio T2, Q2
The definitions for map projection options:
map_proj = 1: Lambert Conformal
2: Polar Stereographic
3: Mercator
6: latitude and longitude (including global)
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