38. JS表单验证（附带示例）

1. 前言

表单是 Web 应用（网站）的重要组成部分，通过表单可以收集用户提交的信息，例如姓名、邮箱、电话等。由于用户在填写这些信息时，有可能出现一些错误，例如输入手机号时漏掉了一位、在输入的内容前后输入空格、邮箱的格式不正确等。为了节省带宽同时避免这些问题对服务器造成不必要的压力，我们可以使用 JavaScript 在提交数据之前对数据进行检查，确认无误后再发送到服务器。

使用 JavaScript 来验证提交数据（客户端验证）比将数据提交到服务器再进行验证（服务器端验证）用户体验要更好，因为客户端验证发生在用户浏览器中，无需向服务器发送请求，所以速度更快，而服务器端验证，需要先将数据提交到服务器，然后服务器再将结果返回给浏览器，用户需要等待服务器响应结果才能知道哪里出了问题。

注意：虽然客户端验证更快，但是客户端验证并不能替代服务器端验证。在开发过程中，无论是否进行客户端验证，都需要在服务器端对于用户提交的数据进行验证，因为用户可以在浏览器中禁用 JavaScript。

2. 使用 JavaScript 进行表单验证

表单验证通常由两个部分组成：

必填字段验证：确保必填的字段都被填写；
数据格式验证：确保所填内容的类型和格式是正确的、有效的。

3. 必填字段验证

必填字段验证在用户注册时比较常见，通过必填字段验证，能够确保表单中的必填字段都被填写，例如用户名、密码、邮箱等。

实现必填字段验证非常简单，只需要通过程序来检查必填表单元素的值是否为空即可，示例代码如下：

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>JavaScript</title>
    <style>
        .error{
            color: red;
        }
        label{
            display: inline-block;
            width: 70px;
            text-align: right;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <form onsubmit="return validateForm()" action="" method="post">
        <fieldset>
            <legend>注册:</legend>
            <div class="row">
                <label>用户名：</label>
                <input type="text" name="name">
                <span class="error" id="nameErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <label>密码：</label>
                <input type="password" name="pwd">
                <span class="error" id="pwdErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <label>Email：</label>
                <input type="text" name="email">
                <span class="error" id="emailErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <label>手机号：</label>
                <input type="text" name="mobile" maxlength="11">
                <span class="error" id="mobileErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <label>验证码：</label>
                <input type="text" name="captcha" maxlength="4"><span id="captcha" onclick="getCaptcha()"></span>
                <span class="error" id="captchaErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <input type="submit" value="注册">
            </div>
        </fieldset>
    </form>
    <script>
        var captcha = getCaptcha(); // 生成验证码
        // 清空 input 标签后的提示信息
        var tags = document.getElementsByTagName('input');
        for (var i = 0; i < tags.length; i++) {
            tags[i].onchange = function(){
                var idname = this.name + "Err";
                document.getElementById(idname).innerHTML = '';
            }
        }
        // 显示错误消息
        function printError(elemId, hintMsg) {
            document.getElementById(elemId).innerHTML = hintMsg;
        }
        // 验证表单数据
        function validateForm() {
            // 获取表单元素的值
            var name = document.querySelector("input[name='name']").value;
            var pwd = document.querySelector("input[name='pwd']").value;
            var email = document.querySelector("input[name='email']").value;
            var mobile = document.querySelector("input[name='mobile']").value;
            var captcha = document.querySelector("input[name='captcha']").value;
                   
            if(name == "" || name == null){
                printError("nameErr", "用户名不能为空");
                return false;
            }
            if(pwd == "" || pwd == null){
                printError("pwdErr", "密码不能为空");
                return false;
            }
            if(email == "" || email == null){
                printError("emailErr", "邮箱不能为空");
                return false;
            }
            if(mobile == "" || mobile == null){
                printError("mobileErr", "手机号不能为空");
                return false;
            }
            if(captcha == "" || captcha == null){
                printError("captchaErr", "验证码不能为空");
                return false;
            }
        }
        // 获取验证码
        function getCaptcha(){
            var cap = Math.floor(Math.random()*10000).toString();
            if(cap.length != 4) cap += "0";
            captcha = cap;
            document.getElementById("captcha").innerHTML = cap;
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

运行结果如下：

图：必填字段验证

4. 数据格式验证

数据格式验证就是通过正则表达式来验证用户所填的数据，是否符合要求，以邮箱地址为例，正确的邮箱地址中要包含一个@和一个.，而且@不能是邮箱地址的第一个字符，.要出现在@之后。

示例代码如下：

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>JavaScript</title>
    <style>
        .error{
            color: red;
        }
        label{
            display: inline-block;
            width: 70px;
            text-align: right;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <form onsubmit="return validateForm()" action="" method="post">
        <fieldset>
            <legend>注册:</legend>
            <div class="row">
                <label>用户名：</label>
                <input type="text" name="name">
                <span class="error" id="nameErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <label>密码：</label>
                <input type="password" name="pwd">
                <span class="error" id="pwdErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <label>Email：</label>
                <input type="text" name="email">
                <span class="error" id="emailErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <label>手机号：</label>
                <input type="text" name="mobile" maxlength="11">
                <span class="error" id="mobileErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <label>验证码：</label>
                <input type="text" name="captcha" maxlength="4"><span id="captcha" onclick="getCaptcha()"></span>
                <span class="error" id="captchaErr"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
                <input type="submit" value="注册">
            </div>
        </fieldset>
    </form>
    <script>
        var capCode = getCaptcha(); // 生成验证码
        console.log(capCode);
        // 清空 input 标签后的提示信息
        var tags = document.getElementsByTagName('input');
        for (var i = 0; i < tags.length; i++) {
            tags[i].onchange = function(){
                var idname = this.name + "Err";
                document.getElementById(idname).innerHTML = '';
            }
        }
        // 显示错误消息
        function printError(elemId, hintMsg) {
            document.getElementById(elemId).innerHTML = hintMsg;
        }
        // 验证表单数据
        function validateForm() {
            // 获取表单元素的值
            var name = document.querySelector("input[name='name']").value;
            var pwd = document.querySelector("input[name='pwd']").value;
            var email = document.querySelector("input[name='email']").value;
            var mobile = document.querySelector("input[name='mobile']").value;
            var captcha = document.querySelector("input[name='captcha']").value;
                   
            if(name == "" || name == null){
                printError("nameErr", "用户名不能为空");
                return false;
            }
            if(pwd == "" || pwd == null){
                printError("pwdErr", "密码不能为空");
                return false;
            }
            if(email == "" || email == null){
                printError("emailErr", "邮箱不能为空");
                return false;
            } else {
                var regex = /^\S+@\S+\.\S+$/;
                if(regex.test(email) === false) {
                    printError("emailErr", "请输入正确的邮箱地址");
                    return false;
                }
            }
            if(mobile == "" || mobile == null){
                printError("mobileErr", "手机号不能为空");
                return false;
            } else {
                var regex = /^[1]\d{10}$/;
                if(regex.test(mobile) === false) {
                    printError("mobileErr", "您输入的手机号码有误");
                    return false;
                }
            }
            if(captcha == "" || captcha == null){
                printError("captchaErr", "验证码不能为空");
                return false;
            } else {
                console.log(capCode);
                console.log(captcha);
                if(capCode != captcha){
                    printError("captchaErr", "验证码有误");
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        // 获取验证码
        function getCaptcha(){
            var cap = Math.floor(Math.random()*10000).toString();
            if(cap.length != 4) cap += "0";
            document.getElementById("captcha").innerHTML = cap;
            return capCode = cap;
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>