Python属性、方法和类管理系列之----元类

元类的介绍

请看位于下面网址的一篇文章,写的相当好。
http://blog.jobbole.com/21351/

实例补充

class Meta(type):
    def __new__(meta, cls, parent, attr_dict):
        res = super(Meta, meta).__new__(meta,cls, parent, attr_dict)
        print('meta new stage, %s is %s, %s is %s' % (meta, type(meta), cls, type(cls))) 
        return res
    def __init__(self,cls, parent, attr_dict):
        super(Meta, self).__init__(cls,parent, attr_dict)
        print('meta init stage, %s is %s, %s is %s' % (self, type(self), cls, type(cls)))
    def __call__(self, *args, **kargs):
        print('meta call stage, %s is %s' % (self, type(self)))
        return super(Meta, self).__call__(*args, **kargs)

def decorate(cls):
    print('decorate cls, %s is %s' % (cls, type(cls)))
    return cls

@decorate
class A(metaclass=Meta):
    def __new__(cls):
        res = super(A, cls).__new__(cls)
        print('A new stage, %s is %s' % (cls, type(cls)))
        return res
    def __init__(self):
        super(A, self).__init__()
        print('A init stage, %s is %s' % (self, type(self)))
    def test(self):
        pass
a=A()
print(a)

运行结果如下:

meta new stage, <class '__main__.Meta'> is <class 'type'>, A is <class 'str'>
meta init stage, <class '__main__.A'> is <class '__main__.Meta'>, A is <class 'str'>
decorate cls, <class '__main__.A'> is <class '__main__.Meta'>
meta call stage, <class '__main__.A'> is <class '__main__.Meta'>
A new stage, <class '__main__.A'> is <class '__main__.Meta'>
A init stage, <__main__.A object at 0x00000000022A74E0> is <class '__main__.A'>
<__main__.A object at 0x00000000022A74E0>

说明:
当我们自己创建一个类时,其实Python内部的运作机制如下:

  1. 看这个类中是否有设置元类,如果有,调用该元类进行初始化,如果没有,调用type进行初始化。
  2. 无论是我们自己定义的元类还是type,都有一个__new__方法,用来生成元类, 都有一个__init__用来初始化类。
  3. 查看是否有类的装饰器,如果有的话,调用之。
    其实,元类的__new____init__几乎什么都不做。
    当我们创建一个类的实例时,其实Python内部的运作机制如下:
  4. 调用元类的__call__方法,该方法会做两件事情:
  • 调用类自身的__new__方法用来创建类(如果有的话),如果我们没有显示的定义它,那么会调用从object继承过来的__new__方法。
  • 调用类自身的__init__方法(如果有的话)来初始化得到实例,如果我们没有显示的定义它,那么会调用从object继承过来的__init__方法。
    其实,object的__init__几乎什么都不做。

应用实例

由于我们经常在写类的内置拦截器方法时,少写下划线,或者出现拼写错误,从而怎么调试都不能发现问题所在,在浪费了很多时间以后才发现时犯的是多么低级的错误。
下面我写了这个元类来进行检查。

class AttrCheckMeta(type):
    def __new__(meta, cls, parent, attr_dict):
        import types
        attrs_checking_list=['__init__', '__del__', '__call__', '__str__', '__repr__', 
                    '__getattr__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__', '__getattribute__',
                    '__getitem__', '__setitem__', '__delitem__', '__iter__', '__next__',
                    '__contains__', '__get__', '__set__', '__delete__', '__lt__', 
                    '__le__', '__gt__', '__ge__', '__eq__', '__add__', '__iadd__', 
                    '__radd__', '__sub__', '__isub__', '__rsub__', '__mul__', '__imul__',
                    '__neg__', '__pos__', '__abs__', '__floordiv__', '__ifloordiv__', 
                    '__truediv__', '__itruediv__', '__mod__', '__imod__', '__imod__', 
                    '__pow__', '__ipow__', '__concat__', '__iconcat__', '__and__', 
                    '__iand__', '__or__', '__ior__', '__xor__', '__ixor__', '__inv__', 
                    '__invert__ ', '__lshift__', '__ilshift__', '__rshift__', '__irshift__ ',
                    '__bool__', '__len__', '__nonzero__', '__enter__', '__exit__',
                    '__new__', '__index__', '__oct__', '__hex__']
        for attr,value in attr_dict.items():
            #处理方法名前后都包含__,但是名字写错的情况。
            if attr[:2]=='__' and attr[-2:]=='__' and isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
                if attr not in attrs_checking_list:
                    print('found problem function: %s' % attr)
            #处理漏写后面__的情况,此时Python会把这个方法吗当成是需要扩张的方法。
            elif attr.startswith('_'+cls+'__') and isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
                print('maybe has problem: %s' % attr)

        return super(AttrCheckMeta, meta).__new__(meta,cls, parent, attr_dict)
    def __init__(self,cls, parent, attr_dict):
        super(AttrCheckMeta, self).__init__(cls,parent, attr_dict)
    def __call__(self, *args, **kargs):
        return super(AttrCheckMeta, self).__call__(*args, **kargs)

class A(metaclass=AttrCheckMeta):
    def __new__(cls):
        return super(A, cls).__new__(cls)
    def __add(self, va, val):
        pass
    def __innit__(self):
        super(A, self).__init__()

a=A()

故意写了两个错误在类A中,运行结果如下:

found problem function name: __innit__
maybe has problem: _A__add

当然,这个可以用装饰器来完成同样的任务,而且装饰器似乎更加直白、容易理解。
代码如下:

def check_ol(cls):
    '''the overloading function name is easily to have spelling mistake.
    It will be very hard to find the related mistakes, so i use this automethod to check
    It will print the possible mistakes once found, will do nothing if passed'''
    import types
    attrs_checking_list=['__init__', '__del__', '__call__', '__str__', '__repr__', 
                '__getattr__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__', '__getattribute__',
                '__getitem__', '__setitem__', '__delitem__', '__iter__', '__next__',
                '__contains__', '__get__', '__set__', '__delete__', '__lt__', 
                '__le__', '__gt__', '__ge__', '__eq__', '__add__', '__iadd__', 
                '__radd__', '__sub__', '__isub__', '__rsub__', '__mul__', '__imul__',
                '__neg__', '__pos__', '__abs__', '__floordiv__', '__ifloordiv__', 
                '__truediv__', '__itruediv__', '__mod__', '__imod__', '__imod__', 
                '__pow__', '__ipow__', '__concat__', '__iconcat__', '__and__', 
                '__iand__', '__or__', '__ior__', '__xor__', '__ixor__', '__inv__', 
                '__invert__ ', '__lshift__', '__ilshift__', '__rshift__', '__irshift__ ',
                '__bool__', '__len__', '__nonzero__', '__enter__', '__exit__',
                '__new__', '__index__', '__oct__', '__hex__']
    for attr,value in cls.__dict__.items():
        #处理方法名前后都包含__,但是名字写错的情况。
        if attr[:2]=='__' and attr[-2:]=='__' and isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
            if attr not in attrs_checking_list:
                print('found problem function name: %s' % attr)
        #处理漏写后面__的情况,此时Python会把这个方法吗当成是需要扩张的方法。
        elif attr.startswith('_'+cls.__name__+'__') and isinstance(value, types.FunctionType):
            print('maybe has problem: %s' % attr)
    return cls

posted @ 2015-08-26 12:46  jessonsh  阅读(1136)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报