spring mvc 简单实例
2012-02-06 18:45 java线程例子 阅读(385) 评论(0) 编辑 收藏 举报转至:http://blog.csdn.net/dingx/article/details/2242105
Spring Framework可以被使用在很多场合之中,考虑到目前大多数Java EE的项目是B/S结构的,所以这里的快速上手教程会以Spring MVC为切入点,用最简单的代码一步一步来实现一个图书列表的页面。
在正式动手之前需要做一些准备工作,先安装并设置好JDK 1.5和Tomcat 5,关于数据库及其访问方式可以根据个人习惯进行选择,教程中使用MySQL数据库和Hibernate(映射由Hibernate Annotation实现)。请将实际使用到的jar文件复制到WEB-INF/lib目录中,整个项目的结构见图1,教程中用到的jar文件见图2。
项目中的Bean定义分散在多个XML文件中,每完成一部分代码就给出相应的配置,最后再进行整合和部署。配置中使用default-autowire="byName"实现了Bean的自动织入,节省了很多个工作量,只需注意Bean及属性的命名即可。
Step 1.Business Objects & DAO
教程中的例子涉及到两个实体对象,代表文章的Article类和代表作者的Author类,分别对应了数据库中的article表和author表,一篇文章有一个作者,而一个作者可以有多篇文章。类的代码如下(省略getter和setter):
代码:Article.java
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代码:Author.java
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在MySQL中创建数据表的SQL语句如下,数据请自行添加(如果使用Hibernate,表可以根据映射自动生成,具体做法请参考Hibernate文档):
代码:数据库创建SQL
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考虑到可能会有多种DAO的实现,所以在DAO层先定义一个IArticleDao接口,随后可以自由选择具体的实现方式,此处结合Spring的HibernateDaoSupport使用Hibernate来进行实现:
代码:IArticleDao.java
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代码:ArticleDao.java
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接下来对Hibernate进行相应的配置,如果使用了JDO或者iBatis,请参考Spring文档。applicationContext-dao.xml内容如下:
代码:applicationContext-dao.xml
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此处如果使用JNDI提供数据源,请根据注释进行调整。Spring的事务管理需要声明事务管理器,由于Hibernate、JDO、JDBC的事务管理器都不一样,所以将其与其他事务的配置分开存放。此外,配置中的一些参数使用了占位符(形如${}),这些内容将在Step 4中进行加载。
Step 2.Service
Service层只是调用DAO中的方法为控制器提供图书列表,Service最好能先给出接口,随后进行实现,但此处的功能比较简单,就直接进行实现了:
代码:ArticleService.java
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Spring通过setArticleDao方法为ArticleService注入DAO,也可以选择通过构造方法注入,2.5中还能用@Autowired进行注入。
applicationContext-services.xml内容如下:
代码:applicationContext-services.xml
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Step 3.Controller & View
Spring MVC提供了多种实现控制器的方式,此处直接实现Controller接口,开发一个单一动作的简单控制器,从Service中取得图书列表,提供给视图进行呈现,ListArticleController内容如下:
代码:ListArticleController.java
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ModelAndView中保存了要传递给视图的对象和具体要使用的视图文件,自2.0起, Spring MVC提供了Convention over Configuration的机制,大大简化了代码与配置。简单地说,名字以Controller结尾的控制器类都会被映射为相应的地址,ListArticleController对应/listarticle*,如果是MultiActionController则会被映射为一个目录;向ModelAndView添加对象时可以不用指定键(key),单一对象的键取决于类名,比如x.y.User的键是user,而某一类对象的Set、List或数组则稍有些复杂,取第一个对象的类名加上“List”作为它的键,比如这里的articles是一个存放Article对象的List,它的键就是articleList;具体的视图会根据请求自动在指定目录中寻找对应的视图文件,本例中就会寻找listarticle(后缀由配置文件决定)。关于Convention over Configuration还有些别的细节,请参考Spring文档的相关章节。
此处的视图比较简陋,只是一张表格,显示了图书的编号、书名和作者,使用JSTL的<c:forEach>标签来遍历列表,具体代码如下:
代码:listarticle.jsp
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为了使用Spring MVC,需要在web.xml中配置一个分派器,将一些特定格式的请求交给Spring MVC来处理(其实就是一个Servlet,这和Struts有些类似),如果它的名字是dispatcher,那么Spring默认会去寻找名为dispatcher-servlet.xml的配置文件,该文件内容如下:
代码:dispatcher-servlet.xml
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配置中的DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator和ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping就是用来实现Convention over Configuration的,而名为viewResolver的Bean则指定了一些视图的信息。
Step 4.Configuration & Deployment
至此,大部分的工作已经完成了,接下来就是加载properties文件和配置事务属性,这些都放在applicationContext.xml中:
代码:applicationContext.xml
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pointcut属性确定了AOP拦截的方法,用的是AspectJ pointcut expression,此处对demo.service中每一个类的所有方法都进行了拦截,也就是它们都在事务中执行。
config.properties中保存了一些与数据库和Hibernate相关的配置信息,它们会代替XML中对应的占位符:
代码:config.properties
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最后要看到的就是web.xml,每个Java EE的Web项目都会有这个配置文件,具体内容如下:
代码:web.xml
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此处加载了Spring的配置文件,并对字符编码进行了处理,*.do和*.html的请求都转交给了Spring MVC的分派器。OpenSessionInViewFilter是用来解决Hibernate的OpenSessionInView问题的,如果没有使用Hibernate则无需配置此过滤器。
项目的部署和一般的Web项目没有任何区别,将项目打成War包或者直接将目录放到Tomcat的webapps中即可。假设目录的名字是SpringDemo,启动Tomcat后访问http://localhost:8080/SpringDemo/listarticle.html就能看到页面的效果了。