k8s集群搭建

一、环境规划

1、部署方式

k8s有多种部署方式，目前主流的方式有3种：kubeadm、minikube、二进制包。

1）kubeadm：一个用于快速搭建单节点kubernetes的工具

2）minikube：一个用于快速搭建kubernetes集群的工具

3）二进制包：从官网下载每个组件的二进制包，依次去安装，此方式对于理解kubernetes组件更加有效

说明：现在需要安装kubernetes的集群环境，但是又不想过于麻烦，所以选择使用kubeadm方式

2、节点信息

主机　　　　IP　　　　　　　　操作系统　　　　　　配置

Maste　　192.168.23.167　　Centos7.6迷你版　　2CPU、2G内存、50G硬盘

Node1　　192.168.23.168　　Centos7.6迷你版　　2CPU、2G内存、50G硬盘

Node2　　192.168.23.169　　Centos7.6迷你版　　2CPU、2G内存、50G硬盘

二、环境搭建

需要在每台服务器中分别安装docker（18.06.3）、kubeadm（1.17.4）、kubelet（1.17.4）、kubectl（1.17.4）程序

1、检查操作系统版本

此方式下安装kubernetes集群要求Centos版本在7.5之上

[root@master ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)

2、主机名解析

为了方便后面集群节点间的直接调用，在这配置一下主机名解析，企业中推荐使用内部DNS服务器

编辑三台服务器的/etc/hosts文件，每台服务器都添加下面3条内容

vi /etc/hosts

192.168.23.167 k8s-master
192.168.23.168 k8s-node1
192.168.23.169 k8s-node2

3、时间同步

kubernetes要求集群中的节点时间必须精确一致，这里直接使用chronyd服务从网络同步时间。

企业中建议配置内部的时间同步服务器

启动：
systemctl start chronyd
开机自启动：
systemctl enable chronyd
验证：
date

4、禁用iptables和firewalld服务

kubernetes和docker在运行中会产生大量的iptables规则，为了不让系统规则跟它们混淆，直接关闭系统的规则

systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
systemctl stop iptables
systemctl disable iptables

5、禁用selinux

selinux是linux系统下的一个安全服务，如果不关闭它，在安装集群中会产生各种各样的奇葩问题

编制 /etc/selinux/config文件，修改SELINUX的值为disabled，需要重启

vi /etc/selinux/config
设置：SELINUX=disabled

6、禁用swap分区

swap分区指的是虚拟内存分区，它的作用是在物理内存使用完之后，将磁盘空间虚拟成内存来使用，启动swap设备会对系统的性能产生非常负面的影响，因此kubernetes要求每个节点都要禁用swap设备但是如果因为某些原因确实不能关闭swap分区，就需要在集群安装过程中通过明确的参数进行配置说明

编辑配置文件/etc/fstab，注释掉swap分区一行，需要重启

vi /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=2813222e-01ab-41f7-bd54-4671ca35999f /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
#/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

7、修改linux的内核参数

修改linux的内核参数，添加网桥过滤和地址转发功能。编辑/etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf，添加如下配置：

vi /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf
设置如下
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

重新加载配置：

sysctl -p

加载网桥过滤模块：

modprobe br_netfilter

查看网桥过滤模块是否加载成功：

lsmod | grep br_netfilter

8、配置ipvs功能

在kubernetes中service有两种代理模型，一种是基于iptables的，一种是基于ipvs的。两者比较的话，ipvs的性能明显要高一些，但是如果要使用它，需要手动载入ipvs模块

1）安装ipset 和 ipvsadm

yum install ipset ipvsadm -y

2）添加需要加载的模块写入脚本文件

cat  <<EOF > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF

3）为脚本添加文件执行权限

chmod +x /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules

4）执行脚本文件

/bin/bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules

5）查看对应的模块是否加载成功

lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

9、重启服务器

上面步骤完成之后，需要重新启动linux系统

reboot

查看selinux是否禁用 getenforce

getenforce

查看swap是否禁用 free -m

free -m

三、安装docker

1）切换镜像源

wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo

2）查看当前镜像源中支持的docker版本

yum list docker-ce --showduplicates

3）安装指定版本的docker-ce

yum install --setopt=obsoletes=0 docker-ce-18.06.3.ce-3.el7 -y

备注：必须指定 --setopt=obsoletes=0，否则yum会自动安装更高版本

4）添加一个配置文件

Docker在默认情况下使用Cgroup Driver为cgroupfs，而kubernetes推荐使用systemd来代替cgroupfs

mkdir /etc/docker

cat <<EOF > /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
"exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
"registry-mirrors": ["https://kn0t2bca.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF

5）启动docker

systemctl restart docker
systemctl enable docker（设置为开机自启动）

6）检查docker状态和版本

docker version

四、安装kubernetes组件

下面的操作3台机器都执行

1）切割镜像源

由于kubernetes的镜像源在国外，速度比较慢，这里切换成国内的镜像源

编辑/etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo，添加下面的配置

vi /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
内容：
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
       http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg

2）安装kubeadm、kubelet和kubectl

yum install --setopt=obsoletes=0 kubeadm-1.17.4-0 kubelet-1.17.4-0 kubectl-1.17.4-0 -y

3）配置kubelet的cgroup

vi /etc/sysconfig/kubelet
设置内容：
KUBELET_CGROUP_ARGS="--cgroup-driver=systemd"
KUBE_PROXY_MODE="ipvs"
（删除原有内容：KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS=）

4）设置kubelet开机自启

systemctl enable kubelet

五、准备镜像集群

下面的操作3台机器都执行

1）查看镜像

在安装kubernetes集群之前，必须要提前准备好集群需要的镜像，所需镜像可以通过下面命令查看

kubeadm config images list

2）下载镜像

此镜像在kubernetes的仓库中，由于网络原因，无法连接，下面提供了一种代替方案，直接复制执行命令

images=(
    kube-apiserver:v1.17.4
    kube-controller-manager:v1.17.4
    kube-scheduler:v1.17.4
    kube-proxy:v1.17.4
    pause:3.1
    etcd:3.4.3-0
    coredns:1.6.5
)

for imageName in ${images[@]} ; do
    docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName
    docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName k8s.gcr.io/$imageName
    docker rmi registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName 
done

执行命令查看镜像是否安装

docker images

六、集群初始化

1）创建集群

下面的操作只在master节点执行

kubeadm init \
--kubernetes-version=v1.17.4 \
--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
--service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \
--apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.23.167

2）创建必要文件

 mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
 sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
 sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

3）查看节点

kubectl get nodes

4）将node节点加入到集群中

下面的操作只需要在node节点上执行即可（运行init时输出的hash值）

kubeadm join 192.168.23.167:6443 --token fkx54b.3vyestuvkb8i7jii \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:d8b10dd051db1081223c01f（手动换行了，其实不换行，是整体）
c10e022d890511b949d401805a608f3d9713bb118db1081223c01fc10e022d890511b949d401805a608f3d9713bb118

七、安装网络插件

kubernetes支持多种网络插件，比如flannel、calico、canal等等，任选一种使用即可，本次选择flannel。

本次安装的插件使用的是DaemonSet的控制器，它会在每个节点上都运行。

下面的操作只在master节点上执行

1）获取flannel的配置文件

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

备注：这里由于网络原因无法下载，下面提供一个下载好的kube-flannel.yml

---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
  privileged: false
  volumes:
    - configMap
    - secret
    - emptyDir
    - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:
    - pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
    - pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
    - pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
  # Users and groups
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  # Privilege Escalation
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  # Capabilities
  allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN']
  defaultAddCapabilities: []
  requiredDropCapabilities: []
  # Host namespaces
  hostPID: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: true
  hostPorts:
  - min: 0
    max: 65535
  # SELinux
  seLinux:
    # SELinux is unused in CaaSP
    rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: flannel
rules:
  - apiGroups: ['extensions']
    resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
    verbs: ['use']
    resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - pods
    verbs:
      - get
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes
    verbs:
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes/status
    verbs:
      - patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
  name: flannel
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
data:
  cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-amd64
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - amd64
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-amd64
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-amd64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
            add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-arm64
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - arm64
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-arm64
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-arm64
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-arm
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - arm
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-arm
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-arm
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-ppc64le
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - ppc64le
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-ppc64le
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-ppc64le
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds-s390x
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
              - matchExpressions:
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/os
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - linux
                  - key: beta.kubernetes.io/arch
                    operator: In
                    values:
                      - s390x
      hostNetwork: true
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-s390x
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.12.0-s390x
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
             add: ["NET_ADMIN"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
        - name: run
          hostPath:
            path: /run/flannel
        - name: cni
          hostPath:
            path: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          configMap:
            name: kube-flannel-cfg