Jason Koo

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Terminal VS Console

Posted on 2012-11-05 18:49  Jason Koo  阅读(488)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报

In the linux world they can all look the same from the point of view of the user at the keyboard. The differences are in how they interact with each other.

The shell is the program which actually processes commands and returns output. Most shells also manage foreground and background processes, command history and command line editing. These features (and many more) are standard in bash, the most common shell in modern linux systems.

terminal refers to a wrapper program which runs a shell. Decades ago, this was a physical device consisting of little more than a monitor and keyboard. As unix/linux systems added better multiprocessing and windowing systems, this terminal concept was abstracted into software. Now you have programs such as Gnome Terminal which launches a window in a Gnome windowing environment which will run ashell into which you can enter commands.

The console is a special sort of terminal. Historically, the console was a single keyboard and monitor plugged into a dedicated serial console port on a computer used for direct communication at a low level with the operating system. Modern linux systems provide virtual consoles. These are accessed through key combinations (e.g. Alt+F1 or Ctrl+Alt+F1; the function key numbers different consoles) which are handled at low levels of the linux operating system -- this means that there is no special service which needs to be installed and configured to run. Interacting with the console is also done using a shell program.

 

console和terminal是很容易让人迷惑的两个概念。根据wikipedia上的定义,小型计算机的console应该就是键盘加显示器而terminal则是输入数据进去,和显示数据来源的设备,通常是一个计算机系统。

Linux下的console除了真实的硬件设备外,还有virtual console,也就是你按alt+Fn或者alt+ctrl+Fn切换到的东西。所谓虚拟就是这些console共享同一个真实的设备,只有一个活动的console才显示在前面。这些console对应的设备是:/dev/ttyN,其中1 ≤ N ≤ 63。而/dev/tty0则是指向当前的terminal;/dev/console是指向当前console,但它现在并_不是_对/dev/tty0的符号链接。更多可参考console(4)。

/dev/tty是另一个特殊设备,它指向控制终端(controlling terminal)。如果某个进程的控制终端是/dev/tty3,那么/dev/tty就指向/dev/tty3了。控制终端是什么概念?它是一个进程的某个属性,是依附带该进程上的终端比如我们在某个终端下输入ctrl+C,那么它控制的前台进程就会收到SIGINT,而后台进程会收到SIGTTIN或SIGTTOU ,如果它们读写该终端的话。被同一个终端控制的所有进程被称为一个会话(session),会话的领导就是创建改会话的进程,其子进程也会被该终端控制。所以,1) 需要交互的命令行程序通常会从/dev/tty这个设备进行读写;2) Unix后台进程都需要在fork之后调用setsid(2),3) 需要加O_NOCTTY,当你open一个可能是终端的文件时。

另外,想要确定/dev/tty究竟是指向哪个设备,可以调用TIOCCONS ioctl。参考tty(4)。

下面是另外一个概念——伪终端(pseudo-terminal),根据pty(7)的介绍,伪终端一对虚拟设备,提供端到端双向通信的通路,一端称为master,另一端称为slave。在slave那端看到的和在真实终端看到的效果一样。所以伪终端一般被ssh等网络登录程序使用。历史上,有两套伪终端接口,一个是Unix 98伪终端,另一个是BSD伪终端。

BSD提供的接口很简单:/dev/pty[p-za-e][0-9a-f] 是master; /dev/tty[p-za-e][0-9a-f] 是slave,它们都是配好对的。这样看起来很简单,但对程序员来说不容易,要找到一个合适的终端需要一个个从头尝试。所以这种方式已经被遗弃。而Unix 98伪终端则完全不同,它始终使用/dev/ptmx作为master复制设备,然后在每次打开它的时候才得到一个master设备的fd,同时在/dev/pts/目录下得到一个slave设备。这样编程就相对容易了,根据pts(4)介绍,需要三个新的API: ptsname(3),grantpt(3)和unlockpt(3)。我们可以通过一个实例看一下如何使用: