Apache

------------------------------------------Apache服务器配置----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    

    1.Apache的存取控制(设置目录访问控制方法)方式有两种：
        
        一是"整体存取控制"，只通过httpd.conf来控制文件的设置，来限定目录所能执行的功能及存取目录的权限设置。
    
               二是"分布式(特定目录)存取控制"，在特定目录中建立存取设置文件，这个文件名在srm.conf中的AcessFileName来决定，默认是.htaccess。
    
    例如某些目录中的文件只允许某些人访问，那可在该目录下建立.htaccess文件，当WWW Server读取该目录时便会自动读取.htaccess来决定是否读取执行或要求口令验证。
    这两种方式所使用的命令几乎相同，而且设置的格式也相同。　     


    2.httpd.conf中， 有4种访问控制存取方式：
    
        <Directory>        //针对指定目录进行访问控制

        <Fils>            //针对文件进行访问控制，使用File 语句，不管文件处于哪个目录，只要名字匹配，就必须接受相应的访问控制。
                    //这个语句对于系统安全比较重要，例如上例将屏蔽所有的使用者不能访问.htaccess文件，这样就避免.htaccess中的关键安全信息不至于被客户获取。

        <Location>        //
        <Limit>


    3. Apache服务器配置 之 ¨虚拟主机¨

    术语虚拟主机指的是在单一机器上运行多个网站 (例如 www.company1.com 和 www.company2.com) 。
    
    虚拟主机可以“基于 IP”，即每个 IP 一个站点； 或者“基于名称”， 即每个 IP 多个站点。这些站点运行在同一物理服务器上的事实不会明显的透漏给最终用户。
    
    说明：A. name-based 虚拟主机(一个IP对应多个VHost) 比 ¨IP-based¨(一个IP对应一个VHOST) 简单的多，能缓解IP地址短缺问题
    
            1.只需要配置 DNS服务器——将每个 hostname 映射到 正确的IP地址
    
        2.配置Apache来识别不同的 hostname

    '注：如果没有在自己的DNS配置VHost，则不能通过ServerName来访问VHost；'但可以通过http://localhost/ 来访问httpd.conf中第一个虚拟主机（默认总是访问第一个）
        




    ******************************* 配置实例 ***********************************************

    A.Named-Based(推荐)基于 主机名 的 虚拟主机
    
        1.修改httpd.conf文件
        
            NameVirtualHost 192.168.0.140:80            //可以是 * 或 apache服务器的IP（通常极为本机IP）
        
            <VirtualHost 192.168.0.140:80>
                ServerName vhost1.jw.com
                DocumentRoot /var/www/vhost1
            </VirtualHost>

            <VirtualHost 192.168.0.140:80>
                    DocumentRoot /var/www/vhost2
                    ServerName vhost2.jw.com
                    ServerALias www.vhost2.tst vhost2.jw.com
                    ServerAdmin root@localhost
            </VirtualHost>


        2.添加DNS记录————解析Apache的虚拟主机域名
        
            apache.jw.com. IN A 192.168.0.140
            vhost1 IN CNAME apache                    //
            vhost2.jw.com. IN CNAME apache

        3.修改resolv.conf
        
            nameserver 127.0.0.1        

        4.重启named && httpd

        5.在firefox 输入 vhost1.jw.com || vhost2.jw.com 进行调试

    
    B.ip-Based虚拟主机

        1.修改httpd.conf
    
            <VirtualHost 192.168.1.17>
                    ServerName 192.168.1.17                //此时ServerName可以不写
                    DocumentRoot /usr/local/web1
            </VirtualHost>

            <VirtualHost 192.168.1.18>
                    ServerName 192.168.1.19
                     DocumentRoot /usr/local/web2
            </VirtualHost>

        2.建立虚拟网络接口（Virtual Network interfaces）
            
            a.建立临时的eth0:1 & eth0:2
            
                ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.1.17/24            //eth0:1 可以 与 eth0 不在同一个子网
                ifconfig eth0:2 192.168.1.18/24

            b.建立永久eth0:1 & eth0:2
    
                1.cp ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth0:1            //创建eth0:1文件
                2.修改相关配置，见ifcfg-eth0:1            //??????在fedora14中存在问题，每次只能启动一个interface，
                                        //通过ifconfig只能参看当前被启动的一个interface。

        3.重启 network & httpd, 在firefox中 192.168.1.17 | 18，即可。










    **********************************用户认证与授权————Authentication, Authorization and Access Control*****************

        1.htpasswd -c /etc/httpd/passwd/password aaa        // -c 创建password文件；同时添加 Apache 用户 aaa

        1.mkdir /etc/httpd/passwd/groups                    //创建 groups 文件存储 用户组

        2.htpasswd password bbb                                //假设在/etc/httpd/passwd/ 目录下，添加用户 bbb

        3.添加如下类似项目：                                        //放在httpd.conf中的 <Directory> 或者 特定目录下的 .htaccess
        
            AuthType Basic                                    //详情查看httpd.conf
            AuthName "Restricted Files"
            # (Following line optional)
            AuthBasicProvider file
            AuthUserFile /usr/local/apache/passwd/passwords
            Require user rbowen      

           

#
# This is the main Apache server configuration file.  It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/> for detailed information.
# In particular, see
# <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/directives.html>
# for a discussion of each configuration directive.
#
#
# Do NOT simply read the instructions in here without understanding
# what they do.  They're here only as hints or reminders.  If you are unsure
# consult the online docs. You have been warned.  
#
# The configuration directives are grouped into three basic sections:
#  1. Directives that control the operation of the Apache server process as a
#     whole (the 'global environment').
#  2. Directives that define the parameters of the 'main' or 'default' server,
#     which responds to requests that aren't handled by a virtual host.
#     These directives also provide default values for the settings
#     of all virtual hosts.
#  3. Settings for virtual hosts, which allow Web requests to be sent to
#     different IP addresses or hostnames and have them handled by the
#     same Apache server process.
#
# Configuration and logfile names: If the filenames you specify for many
# of the server's control files begin with "/" (or "drive:/" for Win32), the
# server will use that explicit path.  If the filenames do *not* begin
# with "/", the value of ServerRoot is prepended -- so "logs/foo.log"
# with ServerRoot set to "/etc/httpd" will be interpreted by the
# server as "/etc/httpd/logs/foo.log".
#

### Section 1: Global Environment
#
# The directives in this section affect the overall operation of Apache,
# such as the number of concurrent requests it can handle or where it
# can find its configuration files.
#

#
# Don't give away too much information about all the subcomponents
# we are running.  Comment out this line if you don't mind remote sites
# finding out what major optional modules you are running
ServerTokens OS

#
# ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's
# configuration, error, and log files are kept.
#
# NOTE!  If you intend to place this on an NFS (or otherwise network)
# mounted filesystem then please read the LockFile documentation
# (available at <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mpm_common.html#lockfile>);
# you will save yourself a lot of trouble.
#
# Do NOT add a slash at the end of the directory path.
#
ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"

#
# PidFile: The file in which the server should record its process
# identification number when it starts.  Note the PIDFILE variable in
# /etc/sysconfig/httpd must be set appropriately if this location is
# changed.
#    PidFile指定的文件将记录httpd守护进程的进程号，由于httpd能自动复制其自身，因此系统中有多个httpd进程，但只有一个进程为最初启动的进程，它为其他进程的父进程，对这个进程发送信号将影响所有的httpd进程。PidFILE定义的文件中就记录httpd父进程的进程号
PidFile run/httpd.pid

#
# Timeout: The number of seconds before receives and sends time out.
#    Timeout定义客户程序和服务器连接的超时间隔，超过这个时间间隔（秒）后服务器将断开与客户机的连接。
Timeout 60     

#
# KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than
# one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.
#      在HTTP 1.0中，一次连接只能作传输一次HTTP请求，而KeepAlive参数用于支持HTTP 1.1版本的一次连接、多次传输功能，这样就可以在一次连接中传递多个HTTP请求。虽然只有较新的浏览器才支持这个功能，但还是打开使用这个选项
KeepAlive Off

#
# MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow
# during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.
# We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.
#    MaxKeepAliveRequests为一次连接可以进行的HTTP请求的最大请求次数。将其值设为0将支持在一次连接内进行无限次的传输请求。事实上没有客户程序在一次连接中请求太多的页面，通常达不到这个上限就完成连接了。
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100

#
# KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the
# same client on the same connection.
#    KeepAliveTimeout测试一次连接中的多次请求传输之间的时间，如果服务器已经完成了一次请求，但一直没有接收到客户程序的下一次请求，在间隔超过了这个参数设置的值之后，服务器就断开连接。
KeepAliveTimeout 5

##
## Server-Pool Size Regulation (MPM specific)
## 

# prefork MPM
# StartServers: number of server processes to start
#        启动时打开的httpd进程数目
# MinSpareServers: minimum number of server processes which are kept spare
#        最少会有5个httpd闲置进程监听用户请求

# MaxSpareServers: maximum number of server processes which are kept spare
#        最多....

# ServerLimit: maximum value for MaxClients for the lifetime of the server
#        

# MaxClients: maximum number of server processes allowed to start
#        同时最多链接的客户端数目

# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves
#        每个httpd进程,处理请求的次数，当每个httpd进程处理请求次数大于这个值时，则退出，此时重新从原始httpd父进程复制一个干净的副本
<IfModule prefork.c>
StartServers       8
MinSpareServers    5
MaxSpareServers   20
ServerLimit      256
MaxClients       256
MaxRequestsPerChild  4000
</IfModule>

# worker MPM
# StartServers: initial number of server processes to start
# MaxClients: maximum number of simultaneous client connections
# MinSpareThreads: minimum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# MaxSpareThreads: maximum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# ThreadsPerChild: constant number of worker threads in each server process
# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves
<IfModule worker.c>
StartServers         4
MaxClients         300
MinSpareThreads     25
MaxSpareThreads     75 
ThreadsPerChild     25
MaxRequestsPerChild  0
</IfModule>

#
# Listen: Allows you to bind Apache to specific IP addresses and/or
# ports, in addition to the default. See also the <VirtualHost>
# directive.
#
# Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to 
# prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses (0.0.0.0)
#    Listen 允许将Apache绑定到指定IP地址(通过Virtualhost可以虚拟多个IP),如果省略IP(如默认设置)则Apache回应所有绑定IP地址
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80        
Listen 8088 
Listen 80


# Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support
#
# To be able to use the functionality of a module which was built as a DSO you
# have to place corresponding `LoadModule' lines at this location so the
# directives contained in it are actually available _before_ they are used.
# Statically compiled modules (those listed by `httpd -l') do not need
# to be loaded here.
#
# Example:
# LoadModule foo_module modules/mod_foo.so
#
LoadModule auth_basic_module modules/mod_auth_basic.so
LoadModule auth_digest_module modules/mod_auth_digest.so
LoadModule authn_file_module modules/mod_authn_file.so
LoadModule authn_alias_module modules/mod_authn_alias.so
LoadModule authn_anon_module modules/mod_authn_anon.so
LoadModule authn_dbm_module modules/mod_authn_dbm.so
LoadModule authn_default_module modules/mod_authn_default.so
LoadModule authz_host_module modules/mod_authz_host.so
LoadModule authz_user_module modules/mod_authz_user.so
LoadModule authz_owner_module modules/mod_authz_owner.so
LoadModule authz_groupfile_module modules/mod_authz_groupfile.so
LoadModule authz_dbm_module modules/mod_authz_dbm.so
LoadModule authz_default_module modules/mod_authz_default.so
LoadModule ldap_module modules/mod_ldap.so
LoadModule authnz_ldap_module modules/mod_authnz_ldap.so
LoadModule include_module modules/mod_include.so
LoadModule log_config_module modules/mod_log_config.so
LoadModule logio_module modules/mod_logio.so
LoadModule env_module modules/mod_env.so
LoadModule ext_filter_module modules/mod_ext_filter.so
LoadModule mime_magic_module modules/mod_mime_magic.so
LoadModule expires_module modules/mod_expires.so
LoadModule deflate_module modules/mod_deflate.so
LoadModule headers_module modules/mod_headers.so
LoadModule usertrack_module modules/mod_usertrack.so
LoadModule setenvif_module modules/mod_setenvif.so
LoadModule mime_module modules/mod_mime.so
LoadModule dav_module modules/mod_dav.so
LoadModule status_module modules/mod_status.so
LoadModule autoindex_module modules/mod_autoindex.so
LoadModule info_module modules/mod_info.so
LoadModule dav_fs_module modules/mod_dav_fs.so
LoadModule vhost_alias_module modules/mod_vhost_alias.so
LoadModule negotiation_module modules/mod_negotiation.so
LoadModule dir_module modules/mod_dir.so
LoadModule actions_module modules/mod_actions.so
LoadModule speling_module modules/mod_speling.so
LoadModule userdir_module modules/mod_userdir.so
LoadModule alias_module modules/mod_alias.so
LoadModule substitute_module modules/mod_substitute.so
LoadModule rewrite_module modules/mod_rewrite.so
LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
LoadModule proxy_balancer_module modules/mod_proxy_balancer.so
LoadModule proxy_ftp_module modules/mod_proxy_ftp.so
LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so
LoadModule proxy_ajp_module modules/mod_proxy_ajp.so
LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so
LoadModule cache_module modules/mod_cache.so
LoadModule suexec_module modules/mod_suexec.so
LoadModule disk_cache_module modules/mod_disk_cache.so
LoadModule cgi_module modules/mod_cgi.so
LoadModule version_module modules/mod_version.so

#
# The following modules are not loaded by default:
#
#LoadModule asis_module modules/mod_asis.so
#LoadModule authn_dbd_module modules/mod_authn_dbd.so
#LoadModule cern_meta_module modules/mod_cern_meta.so
#LoadModule cgid_module modules/mod_cgid.so
#LoadModule dbd_module modules/mod_dbd.so
#LoadModule dumpio_module modules/mod_dumpio.so
#LoadModule filter_module modules/mod_filter.so
#LoadModule ident_module modules/mod_ident.so
#LoadModule log_forensic_module modules/mod_log_forensic.so
#LoadModule unique_id_module modules/mod_unique_id.so
#

#
# Load config files from the config directory "/etc/httpd/conf.d".
#
Include conf.d/*.conf

#
# ExtendedStatus controls whether Apache will generate "full" status
# information (ExtendedStatus On) or just basic information (ExtendedStatus
# Off) when the "server-status" handler is called. The default is Off.
#    Apache服务器可以通过特殊的HTTP请求，来报告自身的运行状态，打开这个ExtendedStatus 参数可以让服务器报告更全面的运行状态信息
#ExtendedStatus On

#
# If you wish httpd to run as a different user or group, you must run
# httpd as root initially and it will switch.  
#
# User/Group: The name (or #number) of the user/group to run httpd as.
#  . On SCO (ODT 3) use "User nouser" and "Group nogroup".
#  . On HPUX you may not be able to use shared memory as nobody, and the
#    suggested workaround is to create a user www and use that user.
#  NOTE that some kernels refuse to setgid(Group) or semctl(IPC_SET)
#  when the value of (unsigned)Group is above 60000; 
#  don't use Group #-1 on these systems!
#
User apache
Group apache

### Section 2: 'Main' server configuration
#
# The directives in this section set up the values used by the 'main'
# server, which responds to any requests that aren't handled by a
# <VirtualHost> definition.  These values also provide defaults for
# any <VirtualHost> containers you may define later in the file.
#
# All of these directives may appear inside <VirtualHost> containers,
# in which case these default settings will be overridden for the
# virtual host being defined.
#

#
# ServerAdmin: Your address, where problems with the server should be
# e-mailed.  This address appears on some server-generated pages, such
# as error documents.  e.g. admin@your-domain.com
#    这一项用于配置WWW服务器的管理员的email地址，这将在HTTP服务出现错误的条件下,给管理员发送邮件报告错误
ServerAdmin root@localhost

#
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If this is not set to valid DNS name for your host, server-generated
# redirections will not work.  See also the UseCanonicalName directive.
#
# If your host doesn't have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
# You will have to access it by its address anyway, and this will make 
# redirections work in a sensible way.
#    指定了Apache服务器的IP，通常不需设定，Aapche服务器自动通过DNS获得自身的名字
#     当Apache服务器没有正式的DNS名字时，可以通过ServerName显示指定Apache服务器的IP。设置不正确，则无法正常启动

#ServerName www.example.com:80

#
# UseCanonicalName: Determines how Apache constructs self-referencing 
# URLs and the SERVER_NAME and SERVER_PORT variables.
# When set "Off", Apache will use the Hostname and Port supplied
# by the client.  When set "On", Apache will use the value of the
# ServerName directive.
#
UseCanonicalName Off

#
# DocumentRoot: The directory out of which you will serve your
# documents. By default, all requests are taken from this directory, but
# symbolic links and aliases may be used to point to other locations.
#    指定网页文件存放的目录
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"

#
# Each directory to which Apache has access can be configured with respect
# to which services and features are allowed and/or disabled in that
# directory (and its subdirectories). 
#
# First, we configure the "default" to be a very restrictive set of 
# features.  
#    　Apache服务器可以针对目录进行文档的访问控制，然而访问控制可以通过两种方式来实现，一个是在配置文件 httpd.conf（或access.conf）中针对每个目录进行设置，另一个方法是在每个目录下设置访问控制文件，通常访问控制文件名字为.htaccess。虽然使用这两个方式都能用于控制浏览器的访问，然而使用配置文件的方法要求每次改动后重新启动httpd守护进程，比较不灵活，因此主要用于配置服务器系统的整体安全控制策略，而使用每个目录下的.htaccess文件设置具体目录的访问控制更为灵活方便。

#由于Apache对一个目录的访问控制设置是能够被下一级目录继承的，因此对根目录的设置将影响到它的下级目录。注意由于AllowOverride None的设置，使得Apache服务器不需要查看根目录下的访问控制文件，也不需要查看以下各级目录下的访问控制文件，直至httpd.conf（或access.conf ）中为某个目录指定了允许Alloworride，即允许查看访问控制文件。

#<Directory>语句封装一组指令，就是用来定义目录的访问限制的，
<Directory />
    #FollowSymLinks选项来打开或关闭支持符号连接的特性
    Options FollowSymLinks

    #AllowOverride None表示不允许这个目录下的访问控制文件来改变这里进行的配置，这也意味着不用查看这个目录下的相应访问控制文件。
    AllowOverride None
</Directory>

#
# Note that from this point forward you must specifically allow
# particular features to be enabled - so if something's not working as
# you might expect, make sure that you have specifically enabled it
# below.
#

#
# This should be changed to whatever you set DocumentRoot to.
#
<Directory "/var/www/html">

#
# Possible values for the Options directive are "None", "All",
# or any combination of:
#   Indexes Includes FollowSymLinks SymLinksifOwnerMatch ExecCGI MultiViews
#
# Note that "MultiViews" must be named *explicitly* --- "Options All"
# doesn't give it to you.
#
# The Options directive is both complicated and important.  Please see
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html#options
# for more information.
#
    #Indexes 允许浏览器可以生成这个目录下所有文件的索引，使得在这个目录下没有index.html（或其他索引文件）时，能向浏览器发送这个目录下的文件列表 
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks

#
# AllowOverride controls what directives may be placed in .htaccess files.
# It can be "All", "None", or any combination of the keywords:
#   Options FileInfo AuthConfig Limit
#
    AllowOverride None

#
# Controls who can get stuff from this server.
#
    #Order定义处理Allow和Deny的顺序，而Allow、Deny则针对名字或IP进行访问控制设置
    Order allow,deny

    #Allow from all表示允许所有的客户机访问这个目录，而不进行任何限制
    Allow from all

</Directory>

#
# UserDir: The name of the directory that is appended onto a user's home
# directory if a ~user request is received.
#
# The path to the end user account 'public_html' directory must be
# accessible to the webserver userid.  This usually means that ~userid
# must have permissions of 711, ~userid/public_html must have permissions
# of 755, and documents contained therein must be world-readable.
# Otherwise, the client will only receive a "403 Forbidden" message.
#
# See also: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html#forbidden
#
#    当在一台FreeBSD上运行Apache服务器时，这台计算机上的所有用户都可以有自己的网页路径，
#    形如 http://freebsd.example.org.cn/~user，使用波浪符号加上用户名就可以映射到用户自己的网页目录上。
#    映射目录为用户个人主目录下的一个子目录，其名字就用UseDir这个参数进行定义，缺省为public_html。
#    如果不想为正式的用户提供网页服务，使用DISABLED作UserDir的参数即可。
<IfModule mod_userdir.c>
    #
    # UserDir is disabled by default since it can confirm the presence
    # of a username on the system (depending on home directory
    # permissions).
    #
#    UserDir disabled

    #
    # To enable requests to /~user/ to serve the user's public_html
    # directory, remove the "UserDir disabled" line above, and uncomment
    # the following line instead:
    # 

   # 如果selinux开启状态为enforcing，则必须setsebool -P httpd_enable_homedirs on???[6~
    UserDir public_html

</IfModule>

#
# Control access to UserDir directories.  The following is an example
# for a site where these directories are restricted to read-only.
#
#<Directory /home/*/public_html>
#    AllowOverride FileInfo AuthConfig Limit
#    Options MultiViews Indexes SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec
#    <Limit GET POST OPTIONS>
#        Order allow,deny
#        Allow from all
#    </Limit>
#    <LimitExcept GET POST OPTIONS>
#        Order deny,allow
#        Deny from all
#    </LimitExcept>
#</Directory>

#
# DirectoryIndex: sets the file that Apache will serve if a directory
# is requested.
#
# The index.html.var file (a type-map) is used to deliver content-
# negotiated documents.  The MultiViews Option can be used for the 
# same purpose, but it is much slower.
#    设置预设首页：即可同过¨ http://服务器IP:port/¨来访问 DocumentRoot=¨/var/www/html/¨下的页面
DirectoryIndex index.jsp index.html index.html.var 

#
# AccessFileName: The name of the file to look for in each directory
# for additional configuration directives.  See also the AllowOverride
# directive.
#    设置Apache特定目录访问权限文件的文件名
AccessFileName .htaccess

#
# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being 
# viewed by Web clients. 
#    防止用户访问:以¨.ht¨开头文件，如.htaccess/.htpasswd
<Files ~ "^\.ht">
    Order allow,deny
    Deny from all
    Satisfy All
</Files>

#
# TypesConfig describes where the mime.types file (or equivalent) is
# to be found.
#    TypeConfig用于设置保存有不同的MIME类型数据的文件名，该文件控制服务器发送到客户端浏览器的文件类型，
#    据此，客户端浏览器用特定的应用程序（插件）打开某种 扩展名的文件
TypesConfig /etc/mime.types

#
# DefaultType is the default MIME type the server will use for a document
# if it cannot otherwise determine one, such as from filename extensions.
# If your server contains mostly text or HTML documents, "text/plain" is
# a good value.  If most of your content is binary, such as applications
# or images, you may want to use "application/octet-stream" instead to
# keep browsers from trying to display binary files as though they are
# text.
#    当Apache不认识某种文件类型时，将其当作文本文件处理
DefaultType text/plain

#
# The mod_mime_magic module allows the server to use various hints from the
# contents of the file itself to determine its type.  The MIMEMagicFile
# directive tells the module where the hint definitions are located.
#    除了从文件的后缀出发来判断文件的MIME类型之外，Apache还可以进一步分析文件的一些特征，来判断文件的真实MIME类型
<IfModule mod_mime_magic.c>
#   MIMEMagicFile /usr/share/magic.mime
    MIMEMagicFile conf/magic
</IfModule>

#
# HostnameLookups: Log the names of clients or just their IP addresses
# e.g., www.apache.org (on) or 204.62.129.132 (off).
# The default is off because it'd be overall better for the net if people
# had to knowingly turn this feature on, since enabling it means that
# each client request will result in AT LEAST one lookup request to the
# nameserver.
#    关闭选项之后，服务器就不会获得客户机的主机名，而只能使用IP地址来记录客户。将其设置为On打开DNS反查功能。但是这将使服务器对每次客户请求都进行DNS查询，增加了系统开销，使得反应变慢，因此缺省设置为使用Off关闭此选项
HostnameLookups Off

#
# EnableMMAP: Control whether memory-mapping is used to deliver
# files (assuming that the underlying OS supports it).
# The default is on; turn this off if you serve from NFS-mounted 
# filesystems.  On some systems, turning it off (regardless of
# filesystem) can improve performance; for details, please see
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html#enablemmap
#
#EnableMMAP off

#
# EnableSendfile: Control whether the sendfile kernel support is 
# used to deliver files (assuming that the OS supports it). 
# The default is on; turn this off if you serve from NFS-mounted 
# filesystems.  Please see
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html#enablesendfile
#
#EnableSendfile off

#
# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost>
# container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
# logged here.  If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost>
# container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
#    指定错误记录文件的位置，对于<VirtualHost>段特别指定的虚拟机来说，此处声明被忽略
ErrorLog logs/error_log

#
# LogLevel: Control the number of messages logged to the error_log.
# Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
# alert, emerg.
#
LogLevel warn

#
# The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
# a CustomLog directive (see below).
#
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common
LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer
LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent

# "combinedio" includes actual counts of actual bytes received (%I) and sent (%O); this
# requires the mod_logio module to be loaded.
#LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio

#
# The location and format of the access logfile (Common Logfile Format).
# If you do not define any access logfiles within a <VirtualHost>
# container, they will be logged here.  Contrariwise, if you *do*
# define per-<VirtualHost> access logfiles, transactions will be
# logged therein and *not* in this file.
#
#CustomLog logs/access_log common

#
# If you would like to have separate agent and referer logfiles, uncomment
# the following directives.
#
#CustomLog logs/referer_log referer
#CustomLog logs/agent_log agent

#
# For a single logfile with access, agent, and referer information
# (Combined Logfile Format), use the following directive:
#
CustomLog logs/access_log combined

#
# Optionally add a line containing the server version and virtual host
# name to server-generated pages (internal error documents, FTP directory
# listings, mod_status and mod_info output etc., but not CGI generated
# documents or custom error documents).
# Set to "EMail" to also include a mailto: link to the ServerAdmin.
# Set to one of:  On | Off | EMail
#    一些情况下，例如当客户请求的网页并不存在时，服务器将产生错误文档，缺省情况下由于打开了 ServerSignature选项，错误文档的最后一行将包含服务器的名字、Apache的版本等信息。有的管理员更倾向于不对外显示这些信息，就可以将这个参数设置为Off，或者设置为Email，最后一行将替换为对ServerAdmin 的Email提示。
ServerSignature On

#
# Aliases: Add here as many aliases as you need (with no limit). The format is 
# Alias fakename realname
#
# Note that if you include a trailing / on fakename then the server will
# require it to be present in the URL.  So "/icons" isn't aliased in this
# example, only "/icons/".  If the fakename is slash-terminated, then the 
# realname must also be slash terminated, and if the fakename omits the 
# trailing slash, the realname must also omit it.
#
# We include the /icons/ alias for FancyIndexed directory listings.  If you
# do not use FancyIndexing, you may comment this out.
#    
#    服务器文件系统中的真实位置进行直接映射，一般的文档将在DocumentRoot 中进行查询，然而使用Alias定义的路径将直接映射到相应目录下，而不再到DocumentRoot 下面进行查询。因此Alias可以用来映射一些公用文件的路径，例如保存了各种常用图标的icons路径。这样使得除了使用符号连接之外，文档根目录（DocumentRoot）外的目录也可以通过使用了Alias映射，提供给浏览器访问。

Alias /icons/ "/var/www/icons/"

<Directory "/var/www/icons">
    Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride None
    Order allow,deny
    Allow from all
</Directory>

#
# WebDAV module configuration section.
# 
<IfModule mod_dav_fs.c>
    # Location of the WebDAV lock database.
    DAVLockDB /var/lib/dav/lockdb
</IfModule>

#
# ScriptAlias: This controls which directories contain server scripts.
# ScriptAliases are essentially the same as Aliases, except that
# documents in the realname directory are treated as applications and
# run by the server when requested rather than as documents sent to the client.
# The same rules about trailing "/" apply to ScriptAlias directives as to
# Alias.
#
#    ScriptAlias也是用于URL路径的映射，但与Alias的不同在于，ScriptAlias是用于映射CGI程序的路径，这个路径下的文件都被定义为CGI程序，通过执行它们来获得结果，而非由服务器直接返回其内容。缺省情况下CGI程序使用cgi-bin目录作为虚拟路径。

ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/var/www/cgi-bin/"

#
# "/var/www/cgi-bin" should be changed to whatever your ScriptAliased
# CGI directory exists, if you have that configured.
#
<Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin">
    AllowOverride None
    Options None
    Order allow,deny
    Allow from all
</Directory>

#
# Redirect allows you to tell clients about documents which used to exist in
# your server's namespace, but do not anymore. This allows you to tell the
# clients where to look for the relocated document.
#
#    Redirect参数是用来重写URL的，当浏览器访问服务器上的一个已经不存在的资源的时候，服务器返回给浏览器新的URL，告诉浏览器从该URL中获取资源。这主要用于原来存在于服务器上的文档，改变了位置之后，而又希望能使用老URL能访问到，以保持与以前的URL兼容。
#
# Example:
# Redirect permanent /foo http://www.example.com/bar

#
# Directives controlling the display of server-generated directory listings.
#

#
# IndexOptions: Controls the appearance of server-generated directory
# listings.
#
IndexOptions FancyIndexing VersionSort NameWidth=* HTMLTable Charset=UTF-8

#
# AddIcon* directives tell the server which icon to show for different
# files or filename extensions.  These are only displayed for
# FancyIndexed directories.
#
#    如果使用了IndexOptions FancyIndexing选项，可以让服务器产生的目录列表中针对各种不同类型的文档引用各种图标。而哪种文件使用哪种图标，则使用下面的 AddIconByEncoding、AddIconByType以及AddIcon来定义，分别依据MIME的编码、类型以及文件的后缀来判断使用何种图标。如果不能确定文档使用的图标，就使用 DefaultIcon定义的缺省图标。

AddIconByEncoding (CMP,/icons/compressed.gif) x-compress x-gzip

AddIconByType (TXT,/icons/text.gif) text/*
AddIconByType (IMG,/icons/image2.gif) image/*
AddIconByType (SND,/icons/sound2.gif) audio/*
AddIconByType (VID,/icons/movie.gif) video/*

AddIcon /icons/binary.gif .bin .exe
AddIcon /icons/binhex.gif .hqx
AddIcon /icons/tar.gif .tar
AddIcon /icons/world2.gif .wrl .wrl.gz .vrml .vrm .iv
AddIcon /icons/compressed.gif .Z .z .tgz .gz .zip
AddIcon /icons/a.gif .ps .ai .eps
AddIcon /icons/layout.gif .html .shtml .htm .pdf
AddIcon /icons/text.gif .txt
AddIcon /icons/c.gif .c
AddIcon /icons/p.gif .pl .py
AddIcon /icons/f.gif .for
AddIcon /icons/dvi.gif .dvi
AddIcon /icons/uuencoded.gif .uu
AddIcon /icons/script.gif .conf .sh .shar .csh .ksh .tcl
AddIcon /icons/tex.gif .tex
AddIcon /icons/bomb.gif core

AddIcon /icons/back.gif ..
AddIcon /icons/hand.right.gif README
AddIcon /icons/folder.gif ^^DIRECTORY^^
AddIcon /icons/blank.gif ^^BLANKICON^^

#
# DefaultIcon is which icon to show for files which do not have an icon
# explicitly set.
#
DefaultIcon /icons/unknown.gif

#
# AddDescription allows you to place a short description after a file in
# server-generated indexes.  These are only displayed for FancyIndexed
# directories.
# Format: AddDescription "description" filename
#
#AddDescription "GZIP compressed document" .gz
#AddDescription "tar archive" .tar
#AddDescription "GZIP compressed tar archive" .tgz

#
# ReadmeName is the name of the README file the server will look for by
# default, and append to directory listings.
#    通过URL浏览某目录时，Apache默认查询README file，并加到directory listings
#
# HeaderName is the name of a file which should be prepended to(出现在directory indexes之前)
# directory indexes(文件列表). 
ReadmeName README.html
HeaderName HEADER.html

#
# IndexIgnore is a set of filenames which directory indexing should ignore
# and not include in the listing.  Shell-style wildcarding is permitted.
#    IndexIgnore让服务器在列出文件列表时忽略相应的文件， 这里使用模式配置的方式定义文件名。
#
IndexIgnore .??* *~ *# HEADER* README* RCS CVS *,v *,t

#
# DefaultLanguage and AddLanguage allows you to specify the language of 
# a document. You can then use content negotiation to give a browser a 
# file in a language the user can understand.
#
# Specify a default language. This means that all data
# going out without a specific language tag (see below) will 
# be marked with this one. You probably do NOT want to set
# this unless you are sure it is correct for all cases.
#
# * It is generally better to not mark a page as 
# * being a certain language than marking it with the wrong
# * language!
#
# DefaultLanguage nl
#
# Note 1: The suffix does not have to be the same as the language
# keyword --- those with documents in Polish (whose net-standard
# language code is pl) may wish to use "AddLanguage pl .po" to
# avoid the ambiguity with the common suffix for perl scripts.
#
# Note 2: The example entries below illustrate that in some cases 
# the two character 'Language' abbreviation is not identical to 
# the two character 'Country' code for its country,
# E.g. 'Danmark/dk' versus 'Danish/da'.
#
# Note 3: In the case of 'ltz' we violate the RFC by using a three char
# specifier. There is 'work in progress' to fix this and get
# the reference data for rfc1766 cleaned up.
#
# Catalan (ca) - Croatian (hr) - Czech (cs) - Danish (da) - Dutch (nl)
# English (en) - Esperanto (eo) - Estonian (et) - French (fr) - German (de)
# Greek-Modern (el) - Hebrew (he) - Italian (it) - Japanese (ja)
# Korean (ko) - Luxembourgeois* (ltz) - Norwegian Nynorsk (nn)
# Norwegian (no) - Polish (pl) - Portugese (pt)
# Brazilian Portuguese (pt-BR) - Russian (ru) - Swedish (sv)
# Simplified Chinese (zh-CN) - Spanish (es) - Traditional Chinese (zh-TW)
#    
#    一个HTML文档可以同时具备多个语言的版本，如对于file1.html文档可以具备file1.html.en、file1.html.fr 等不同的版本，每个语言后缀必须使用AddLanguage进行定义。这样服务器可以针对不同国家的客户，通过与浏览器进行协商，发送不同的语言版本。而LanguagePriority 定义不同语言的优先级，以便在浏览器没有特殊要求时，按照顺序使用不同的语言版本回应对file1.html 的请求。这个国际化的能力实际的应用并不多。

    
AddLanguage ca .ca
AddLanguage cs .cz .cs
AddLanguage da .dk
AddLanguage de .de
AddLanguage el .el
AddLanguage en .en
AddLanguage eo .eo
AddLanguage es .es
AddLanguage et .et
AddLanguage fr .fr
AddLanguage he .he
AddLanguage hr .hr
AddLanguage it .it
AddLanguage ja .ja
AddLanguage ko .ko
AddLanguage ltz .ltz
AddLanguage nl .nl
AddLanguage nn .nn
AddLanguage no .no
AddLanguage pl .po
AddLanguage pt .pt
AddLanguage pt-BR .pt-br
AddLanguage ru .ru
AddLanguage sv .sv
AddLanguage zh-CN .zh-cn
AddLanguage zh-TW .zh-tw

#
# LanguagePriority allows you to give precedence to some languages
# in case of a tie during content negotiation.
#
# Just list the languages in decreasing order of preference. We have
# more or less alphabetized them here. You probably want to change this.
#
LanguagePriority en ca cs da de el eo es et fr he hr it ja ko ltz nl nn no pl pt pt-BR ru sv zh-CN zh-TW

#
# ForceLanguagePriority allows you to serve a result page rather than
# MULTIPLE CHOICES (Prefer) [in case of a tie] or NOT ACCEPTABLE (Fallback)
# [in case no accepted languages matched the available variants]
#
ForceLanguagePriority Prefer Fallback

#
# Specify a default charset for all content served; this enables
# interpretation of all content as UTF-8 by default.  To use the 
# default browser choice (ISO-8859-1), or to allow the META tags
# in HTML content to override this choice, comment out this
# directive:
#    浏览器选择的标准编码
AddDefaultCharset GB2312

#
# AddType allows you to add to or override the MIME configuration
# file mime.types for specific file types.
#
#AddType application/x-tar .tgz

#
# AddEncoding allows you to have certain browsers uncompress
# information on the fly. Note: Not all browsers support this.
# Despite the name similarity, the following Add* directives have nothing
# to do with the FancyIndexing customization directives above.
#    AddEncoding用于告诉一些使用压缩的MIME类型，这样可以让浏览器进行解压缩操作。
#
#AddEncoding x-compress .Z
#AddEncoding x-gzip .gz .tgz

# If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
# probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
#
#    AddType参数可以为特定后缀的文件指定MIME类型，这里的设置将覆盖mime.types中的设置。
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz

#
#   MIME-types for downloading Certificates and CRLs
#
AddType application/x-x509-ca-cert .crt
AddType application/x-pkcs7-crl    .crl

#
# AddHandler allows you to map certain file extensions to "handlers":
# actions unrelated to filetype. These can be either built into the server
# or added with the Action directive (see below)
#
# To use CGI scripts outside of ScriptAliased directories:
# (You will also need to add "ExecCGI" to the "Options" directive.)
#
#AddHandler cgi-script .cgi

#
# For files that include their own HTTP headers:
#
#AddHandler send-as-is asis

#
# For type maps (negotiated resources):
# (This is enabled by default to allow the Apache "It Worked" page
#  to be distributed in multiple languages.)
#
#    AddHandler是用于指定非静态的处理类型，用于定义文档为一个非静态的文档类型，
#    *******需要进行处理，再向浏览器返回处理结果*****************
#
#    例如上面注释中AddHandler cgi-script .cgi是将以.cgi结尾的文件设置为cgi-script类型，那么服务器将启动这个CGI程序以进行处理。
#    如果需要在前面AliasScript定义的路径之外执行CGI程序，就需要使用这个参数进行设置，此后以.cgi结尾的文件将被当作CGI程序执行。
AddHandler type-map var

#
# Filters allow you to process content before it is sent to the client.
#
# To parse .shtml files for server-side includes (SSI):
# (You will also need to add "Includes" to the "Options" directive.)
#
AddType text/html .shtml
AddOutputFilter INCLUDES .shtml

#
# Action lets you define media types that will execute a script whenever
# a matching file is called. This eliminates the need for repeated URL
# pathnames for oft-used CGI file processors.
# Format: Action media/type /cgi-script/location
# Format: Action handler-name /cgi-script/location
#

#
# Customizable error responses come in three flavors:
# 1) plain text 2) local redirects 3) external redirects
#
# Some examples:
#ErrorDocument 500 "The server made a boo boo."
#ErrorDocument 404 /missing.html
#ErrorDocument 404 "/cgi-bin/missing_handler.pl"
#ErrorDocument 402 http://www.example.com/subscription_info.html
#

#
# Putting this all together, we can internationalize error responses.
#
# We use Alias to redirect any /error/HTTP_<error>.html.var response to
# our collection of by-error message multi-language collections.  We use 
# includes to substitute the appropriate text.
#
# You can modify the messages' appearance without changing any of the
# default HTTP_<error>.html.var files by adding the line:
#
#   Alias /error/include/ "/your/include/path/"
#
# which allows you to create your own set of files by starting with the
# /var/www/error/include/ files and
# copying them to /your/include/path/, even on a per-VirtualHost basis.
#

Alias /error/ "/var/www/error/"

<IfModule mod_negotiation.c>
<IfModule mod_include.c>
    <Directory "/var/www/error">
        AllowOverride None
        Options IncludesNoExec
        AddOutputFilter Includes html
        AddHandler type-map var
        Order allow,deny
        Allow from all
        LanguagePriority en es de fr
        ForceLanguagePriority Prefer Fallback
    </Directory>

#    ErrorDocument 400 /error/HTTP_BAD_REQUEST.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 401 /error/HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 403 /error/HTTP_FORBIDDEN.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 404 /error/HTTP_NOT_FOUND.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 405 /error/HTTP_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 408 /error/HTTP_REQUEST_TIME_OUT.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 410 /error/HTTP_GONE.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 411 /error/HTTP_LENGTH_REQUIRED.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 412 /error/HTTP_PRECONDITION_FAILED.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 413 /error/HTTP_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 414 /error/HTTP_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LARGE.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 415 /error/HTTP_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 500 /error/HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 501 /error/HTTP_NOT_IMPLEMENTED.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 502 /error/HTTP_BAD_GATEWAY.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 503 /error/HTTP_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE.html.var
#    ErrorDocument 506 /error/HTTP_VARIANT_ALSO_VARIES.html.var

</IfModule>
</IfModule>

#
# The following directives modify normal HTTP response behavior to
# handle known problems with browser implementations.
#
#    BrowserMatch命令为特定的客户程序，设置特殊的参数，以保证对老版本浏览器的兼容性，并支持新浏览器的新特性。

BrowserMatch "Mozilla/2" nokeepalive
BrowserMatch "MSIE 4\.0b2;" nokeepalive downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
BrowserMatch "RealPlayer 4\.0" force-response-1.0
BrowserMatch "Java/1\.0" force-response-1.0
BrowserMatch "JDK/1\.0" force-response-1.0

#
# The following directive disables redirects on non-GET requests for
# a directory that does not include the trailing slash.  This fixes a 
# problem with Microsoft WebFolders which does not appropriately handle 
# redirects for folders with DAV methods.
# Same deal with Apple's DAV filesystem and Gnome VFS support for DAV.
#
BrowserMatch "Microsoft Data Access Internet Publishing Provider" redirect-carefully
BrowserMatch "MS FrontPage" redirect-carefully
BrowserMatch "^WebDrive" redirect-carefully
BrowserMatch "^WebDAVFS/1.[0123]" redirect-carefully
BrowserMatch "^gnome-vfs/1.0" redirect-carefully
BrowserMatch "^XML Spy" redirect-carefully
BrowserMatch "^Dreamweaver-WebDAV-SCM1" redirect-carefully

#
# Allow server status reports generated by mod_status,
# with the URL of http://servername/server-status
# Change the ".example.com" to match your domain to enable.
#
#<Location /server-status>
#    SetHandler server-status
#    Order deny,allow
#    Deny from all
#    Allow from .example.com
#</Location>

#
# Allow remote server configuration reports, with the URL of
#  http://servername/server-info (requires that mod_info.c be loaded).
# Change the ".example.com" to match your domain to enable.
#
#<Location /server-info>
#    SetHandler server-info
#    Order deny,allow
#    Deny from all
#    Allow from .example.com
#</Location>

#
# Proxy Server directives. Uncomment the following lines to
# enable the proxy server:
#
#    Apache服务器本身就具备代理的功能，然而这要求加载入mod_proxy模块。这能使用IfModule语句进行判断，如果存在mod_proxy模块，就使用ProxyRequests打开代理支持。此后的Directory用于设置对Proxy功能的访问权限设置，以及用于设置缓冲的各个参数设置。

#<IfModule mod_proxy.c>
#ProxyRequests On
#
#<Proxy *>
#    Order deny,allow
#    Deny from all
#    Allow from .example.com
#</Proxy>

#
# Enable/disable the handling of HTTP/1.1 "Via:" headers.
# ("Full" adds the server version; "Block" removes all outgoing Via: headers)
# Set to one of: Off | On | Full | Block
#
#ProxyVia On

#
# To enable a cache of proxied content, uncomment the following lines.
# See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_cache.html for more details.
#
#<IfModule mod_disk_cache.c>
#   CacheEnable disk /
#   CacheRoot "/var/cache/mod_proxy"
#</IfModule>
#

#</IfModule>
# End of proxy directives.

<Directory /var/www/vhost1>
    AuthName "Access to vhost1: only single user"

    #AuthType Basic | Digest；Basic 在客户端输入的密码向服务器发送时，不加密，故用于不太敏感的数据传送。
    AuthType Basic

    #默认情况　AuthBasicProvider file（以文本方式存放用户名-密码，缺点：记录多时，费时）; 还可以dbm|dbd（以数据库存储密码）
    AuthBasicProvider file                     

    #存放验证密码文件
    AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/passwd/password

    #只能指定用户登录
    Require user  apache aaa

</Directory>

<Directory /var/www/vhost2>
    AuthName AccessToVhost2_mutipleUser
    AuthType Basic
    AuthBasicProvider file                     
    AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/passwd/password
    AuthGroupFile /etc/httpd/passwd/groups

    #指定多个用户
    Require group test1 test2 

</Directory>

<Directory /var/www/vhost3>
    #AllowOverride AuthConfig
    
    #所有password文件中的用户都可访问
    #Require valid-user
</Directory>


Alias /tmp/ "/usr/local/tmp/"

<Directory /usr/local/tmp/>
    Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
</Directory>

Alias /private/ "/usr/local/private/"

<Directory /usr/local/private>
    AuthName "Access to private"
    AuthType Basic
    AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/passwd/password
    Require user abc xyz
    
</Directory>

Alias /test/ "/usr/local/test/"

<Directory "/usr/local/test/">
    Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
    AllowOverride None
    Order allow,deny
    Allow from 192.168.16.0/24
</Directory>
##########################################################################################

### Section 3: Virtual Hosts        虚拟主机
#
# VirtualHost: If you want to maintain multiple domains/hostnames on your
# machine you can setup VirtualHost containers for them. Most configurations
# use only name-based virtual hosts so the server doesn't need to worry about
# IP addresses. This is indicated by the asterisks in the directives below.
#
# Please see the documentation at 
# <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/vhosts/>
# for further details before you try to setup virtual hosts.
#
# You may use the command line option '-S' to verify your virtual host
# configuration.

#
# Use name-based virtual hosting.
# NameVirtualHost 192.168.0.148[:80]    指定帮定的IP
# NameVirtualHost *[:80]        如果想在服务器的IP上进行帮定，可以＊；如：在eth0
#                               上创建虚拟网卡eth0:3 192.168.1.13

#
NameVirtualHost *:80
#
# NOTE: NameVirtualHost cannot be used without a port specifier 
# (e.g. :80) if mod_ssl is being used, due to the nature of the
# SSL protocol.
#

#
# VirtualHost example:
# Almost any Apache directive may go into a VirtualHost container.
# The first VirtualHost section is used for requests without a known
# server name.
#
#<VirtualHost *:80>
#    ServerAdmin:虚拟主机的域名；DocumentRoot:虚拟主机的根目录；这两行是必须的。
#    ServerAdmin webmaster@dummy-host.example.com
#    DocumentRoot /www/docs/dummy-host.example.com
#    ServerName dummy-host.example.com
#    ErrorLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log
#    CustomLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log common
#</VirtualHost>
################################################################o#
<VirtualHost 192.168.1.10>
#建立虚拟网卡：ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.1.10/24

    ServerAdmin webmaster@edu.cn

#要想解析出域名，必须配置DNS，详情请看/var/named/edu.cn.zone
    DocumentRoot /var/www/ip-based1
    ServerName www1.edu.cn
#   ErrorLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log
#   CustomLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log common
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost 192.168.1.11>
#建立虚拟网卡：ifconfig eth0:2 192.168.1.11/24
    ServerAdmin webmaster@edu.cn
    DocumentRoot /var/www/ip-based2
    ServerName www2.edu.cn
#   ErrorLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log
#   CustomLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log common
</VirtualHost>

#Name-Based 

#建立虚拟网卡：ifconfig eth0:3 192.168.1.13
<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerAdmin webmaster@edu.cn
    DocumentRoot /var/www/name-based1
    ServerName www3.edu.cn
#   ErrorLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log
#   CustomLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log common
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:80>

    ServerAdmin webmaster@edu.cn
    DocumentRoot /var/www/name-based2
    ServerName www4.edu.cn
#   ErrorLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log
#   CustomLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log common
</VirtualHost>