torch--多层感知机实现图像分类
方法一：
"""
多层感知机简单实现Fashion-MNIST分类，从零开始实现
"""
import torch
import torchvision
from torch.utils import data
from torchvision import transforms
from d2l import torch as d2l
from IPython import display
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from torch import nn
def get_fashion_mnist_labels(labels):
"""返回Fashion-MNIST数据集的文本标签"""
text_labels = ['t-shirt', 'trouser', 'pullover', 'dress', 'coat',
'sandal', 'shirt', 'sneaker', 'bag', 'ankle boot']
return [text_labels[int(i)] for i in labels]
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5):
"""绘制图像列表"""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
if torch.is_tensor(img):
# 图片张量
ax.imshow(img.numpy())
else:
# PIL图片
ax.imshow(img)
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
def get_dataloader_workers():
"""使用4个进程来读取数据"""
return 4
# 准备数据
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None):
"""下载Fashion-MNIST数据集，然后将其加载到内存中"""
trans = [transforms.ToTensor()]
if resize:
trans.insert(0, transforms.Resize(resize))
trans = transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=True, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
return (data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
class Accumulator:
"""在n个变量上累加"""
def __init__(self, n):
self.data = [0.0] * n
def add(self, *args):
self.data = [a + float(b) for a, b in zip(self.data, args)]
def reset(self):
self.data = [0.0] * len(self.data)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
return self.data[idx]
class Animator:
"""在动画中绘制数据"""
def __init__(self, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, legend=None, xlim=None,
ylim=None, xscale='linear', yscale='linear',
fmts=('-', 'm--', 'g-.', 'r:'), nrows=1, ncols=1,
figsize=(3.5, 2.5), pic_name=None):
# 增量地绘制多条线
if legend is None:
legend = []
d2l.use_svg_display()
self.fig, self.axes = d2l.plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize=figsize)
if nrows * ncols == 1:
self.axes = [self.axes, ]
# 使用lambda函数捕获参数
self.config_axes = lambda: d2l.set_axes(
self.axes[0], xlabel, ylabel, xlim, ylim, xscale, yscale, legend)
self.X, self.Y, self.fmts = None, None, fmts
self.pic_name = pic_name
def add(self, x, y):
# 向图表中添加多个数据点
if not hasattr(y, "__len__"):
y = [y]
n = len(y)
if not hasattr(x, "__len__"):
x = [x] * n
if not self.X:
self.X = [[] for _ in range(n)]
if not self.Y:
self.Y = [[] for _ in range(n)]
for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(x, y)):
if a is not None and b is not None:
self.X[i].append(a)
self.Y[i].append(b)
self.axes[0].cla()
for x, y, fmt in zip(self.X, self.Y, self.fmts):
self.axes[0].plot(x, y, fmt)
self.config_axes()
plt.draw()
plt.pause(0.1)
plt.savefig(self.pic_name)
display.display(self.fig)
display.clear_output(wait=True)
def show(self):
display.display(self.fig)
# 训练
def accuracy(y_hat, y):
"""计算预测正确的数量"""
if len(y_hat.shape) > 1 and y_hat.shape[1] > 1:
y_hat = y_hat.argmax(axis=1)
cmp = y_hat.type(y.dtype) == y
return float(cmp.type(y.dtype).sum())
def evaluate_accuracy(net, data_iter):
"""计算在指定数据集上模型的精度"""
if isinstance(net, torch.nn.Module):
net.eval() # 将模型设置为评估模式
metric = Accumulator(2) # 正确预测数、预测总数
with torch.no_grad():
for X, y in data_iter:
metric.add(accuracy(net(X), y), y.numel())
return metric[0] / metric[1]
# 训练
def train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater):
"""训练模型一个迭代周期（定义见第3章）"""
# 将模型设置为训练模式
if isinstance(net, torch.nn.Module):
net.train()
# 训练损失总和、训练准确度总和、样本数
metric = Accumulator(3)
for X, y in train_iter:
# 计算梯度并更新参数
y_hat = net(X)
l = loss(y_hat, y)
if isinstance(updater, torch.optim.Optimizer):
# 使用PyTorch内置的优化器和损失函数
updater.zero_grad()
l.mean().backward()
updater.step()
else:
# 使用定制的优化器和损失函数
l.sum().backward()
updater(X.shape[0])
metric.add(float(l.sum()), accuracy(y_hat, y), y.numel())
# 返回训练损失和训练精度
return metric[0] / metric[2], metric[1] / metric[2]
def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, updater):
"""训练模型（定义见第3章）"""
animator = Animator(xlabel='epoch',
xlim=[1, num_epochs], ylim=[0.3, 0.9],
legend=['train loss', 'train acc', 'test acc'],
pic_name="Simple_Multilayer_Fashion_mnist")
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
train_metrics = train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater)
test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(net, test_iter)
animator.add(epoch + 1, train_metrics + (test_acc,))
train_loss, train_acc = train_metrics
assert train_loss < 0.5, train_loss # train_loss大于0.5报错
assert train_acc <= 1 and train_acc > 0.7, train_acc
assert test_acc <= 1 and test_acc > 0.7, test_acc
def predict_ch3(net, test_iter, n=6):
"""预测标签（定义见第3章）"""
for X, y in test_iter:
break
trues = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(y)
preds = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(net(X).argmax(axis=1))
titles = ["True:" + true +'\n' + "Pred:" + pred for true, pred in zip(trues, preds)]
d2l.show_images(
X[0:n].reshape((n, 28, 28)), 1, n, titles=titles[0:n])
d2l.plt.show()
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size) # 不进行resize操作, resize=64
# 网络模型
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Flatten(),
nn.Linear(784, 256),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(256, 10))
# 初始化模型参数
def init_weights(m):
if type(m) == nn.Linear:
nn.init.normal_(m.weight, std=0.01)
net.apply(init_weights)
num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens = 784, 10, 256
batch_size, lr, num_epochs = 256, 0.1, 10
# 损失函数
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none')
trainer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, trainer)
predict_ch3(net, test_iter)
方法二：调用nn
"""
多层感知机实现Fashion-MNIST分类，从零开始实现
"""
import torch
import torchvision
from torch.utils import data
from torchvision import transforms
from d2l import torch as d2l
from IPython import display
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from torch import nn
def get_fashion_mnist_labels(labels):
"""返回Fashion-MNIST数据集的文本标签"""
text_labels = ['t-shirt', 'trouser', 'pullover', 'dress', 'coat',
'sandal', 'shirt', 'sneaker', 'bag', 'ankle boot']
return [text_labels[int(i)] for i in labels]
def show_images(imgs, num_rows, num_cols, titles=None, scale=1.5): #@save
"""绘制图像列表"""
figsize = (num_cols * scale, num_rows * scale)
_, axes = d2l.plt.subplots(num_rows, num_cols, figsize=figsize)
axes = axes.flatten()
for i, (ax, img) in enumerate(zip(axes, imgs)):
if torch.is_tensor(img):
# 图片张量
ax.imshow(img.numpy())
else:
# PIL图片
ax.imshow(img)
ax.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
ax.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
if titles:
ax.set_title(titles[i])
return axes
def get_dataloader_workers():
"""使用4个进程来读取数据"""
return 4
# 准备数据
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None):
"""下载Fashion-MNIST数据集，然后将其加载到内存中"""
trans = [transforms.ToTensor()]
if resize:
trans.insert(0, transforms.Resize(resize))
trans = transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=True, transform=trans, download=True)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(
root="../data", train=False, transform=trans, download=True)
return (data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size, shuffle=True,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()),
data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size, shuffle=False,
num_workers=get_dataloader_workers()))
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size) # 不进行resize操作, resize=64
# 初始化模型参数
num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens = 784, 10, 256
W1 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(num_inputs, num_hiddens, requires_grad=True) * 0.01)
b1 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_hiddens, requires_grad=True))
W2 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(num_hiddens, num_outputs, requires_grad=True) * 0.01)
b2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_outputs, requires_grad=True))
params = [W1, b1, W2, b2]
# 激活函数
def relu(X):
a = torch.zeros_like(X)
return torch.max(X, a)
# 网络模型
def net(X):
X = X.reshape((-1, num_inputs))
H = relu(X@W1 + b1) # 这里“@”代表矩阵乘法
return (H@W2 + b2)
# 损失函数
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none')
class Accumulator:
"""在n个变量上累加"""
def __init__(self, n):
self.data = [0.0] * n
def add(self, *args):
self.data = [a + float(b) for a, b in zip(self.data, args)]
def reset(self):
self.data = [0.0] * len(self.data)
def __getitem__(self, idx):
return self.data[idx]
class Animator:
"""在动画中绘制数据"""
def __init__(self, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, legend=None, xlim=None,
ylim=None, xscale='linear', yscale='linear',
fmts=('-', 'm--', 'g-.', 'r:'), nrows=1, ncols=1,
figsize=(3.5, 2.5), pic_name=None):
# 增量地绘制多条线
if legend is None:
legend = []
d2l.use_svg_display()
self.fig, self.axes = d2l.plt.subplots(nrows, ncols, figsize=figsize)
if nrows * ncols == 1:
self.axes = [self.axes, ]
# 使用lambda函数捕获参数
self.config_axes = lambda: d2l.set_axes(
self.axes[0], xlabel, ylabel, xlim, ylim, xscale, yscale, legend)
self.X, self.Y, self.fmts = None, None, fmts
self.pic_name = pic_name
def add(self, x, y):
# 向图表中添加多个数据点
if not hasattr(y, "__len__"):
y = [y]
n = len(y)
if not hasattr(x, "__len__"):
x = [x] * n
if not self.X:
self.X = [[] for _ in range(n)]
if not self.Y:
self.Y = [[] for _ in range(n)]
for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(x, y)):
if a is not None and b is not None:
self.X[i].append(a)
self.Y[i].append(b)
self.axes[0].cla()
for x, y, fmt in zip(self.X, self.Y, self.fmts):
self.axes[0].plot(x, y, fmt)
self.config_axes()
plt.draw()
plt.pause(0.1)
plt.savefig(self.pic_name)
display.display(self.fig)
display.clear_output(wait=True)
def show(self):
display.display(self.fig)
# 训练
def accuracy(y_hat, y):
"""计算预测正确的数量"""
if len(y_hat.shape) > 1 and y_hat.shape[1] > 1:
y_hat = y_hat.argmax(axis=1)
cmp = y_hat.type(y.dtype) == y
return float(cmp.type(y.dtype).sum())
def evaluate_accuracy(net, data_iter):
"""计算在指定数据集上模型的精度"""
if isinstance(net, torch.nn.Module):
net.eval() # 将模型设置为评估模式
metric = Accumulator(2) # 正确预测数、预测总数
with torch.no_grad():
for X, y in data_iter:
metric.add(accuracy(net(X), y), y.numel())
return metric[0] / metric[1]
# 训练
def train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater):
"""训练模型一个迭代周期（定义见第3章）"""
# 将模型设置为训练模式
if isinstance(net, torch.nn.Module):
net.train()
# 训练损失总和、训练准确度总和、样本数
metric = Accumulator(3)
for X, y in train_iter:
# 计算梯度并更新参数
y_hat = net(X)
l = loss(y_hat, y)
if isinstance(updater, torch.optim.Optimizer):
# 使用PyTorch内置的优化器和损失函数
updater.zero_grad()
l.mean().backward()
updater.step()
else:
# 使用定制的优化器和损失函数
l.sum().backward()
updater(X.shape[0])
metric.add(float(l.sum()), accuracy(y_hat, y), y.numel())
# 返回训练损失和训练精度
return metric[0] / metric[2], metric[1] / metric[2]
def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, updater):
"""训练模型（定义见第3章）"""
animator = Animator(xlabel='epoch',
xlim=[1, num_epochs], ylim=[0.3, 0.9],
legend=['train loss', 'train acc', 'test acc'],
pic_name="Multilayer_Fashion_mnist")
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
train_metrics = train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, updater)
test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(net, test_iter)
animator.add(epoch + 1, train_metrics + (test_acc,))
train_loss, train_acc = train_metrics
assert train_loss < 0.5, train_loss
assert train_acc <= 1 and train_acc > 0.7, train_acc
assert test_acc <= 1 and test_acc > 0.7, test_acc
def predict_ch3(net, test_iter, n=6):
"""预测标签（定义见第3章）"""
for X, y in test_iter:
break
trues = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(y)
preds = d2l.get_fashion_mnist_labels(net(X).argmax(axis=1))
titles = ["True:" + true +'\n' + "Pred:" + pred for true, pred in zip(trues, preds)]
d2l.show_images(
X[0:n].reshape((n, 28, 28)), 1, n, titles=titles[0:n])
d2l.plt.show()
num_epochs, lr = 10, 0.1
updater = torch.optim.SGD(params, lr=lr)
train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, updater)
predict_ch3(net, test_iter)
