高数笔记 P00b:常用定理
1 有界性定理
若\(f(x)\)在\([a,b]\)上连续,则\(\exists K \gt 0, \ |f(x)| \le K\).
2 最值定理
若\(f(x)\)在\([a,b]\)上连续,则\(m \le f(x) \le M\),\(m, M\) 为\(f(x)\)在\([a,b]\)上的最小、最大值。
(后面的\(m,M\)根据情景一般是最值,不再指明。)
3 介值定理
- 若\(f(x)\)在\([a,b]\)上连续,且\(m \le \mu \le M\),则\(\exists \xi \in [a,b]\),使\(f(\xi ) = \mu\).
- 若\(f(x)\)在\([a,b]\)上连续,且\(f(a) \not = f(b)\),则\(f(x)\)可以取到\(f(a), \ f(b)\)之间的任意函数值。
4 零点定理
若\(f(x)\)在\([a,b]\)上连续,且\(f(a) \cdot f(b) \lt 0\),则\(\exists \xi \in [a,b]\),使\(f(\xi ) = 0\).
5 费马定理
若\(f(x)\)在\(x = x_0\)处可导,并取到极值,则\(f'(x_0) = 0\).
6 罗尔定理
若\(f(x)\)满足:\([a,b]\)上连续,\((a,b)\)上可导,\(f(a) = f(b)\),则\(\exists \xi \in (a,b)\),使\(f'(\xi ) = 0\).
7 拉格朗日中值定理
若\(f(x)\)满足:\([a,b]\)上连续,\((a,b)\)上可导,则\(\exists \xi \in (a,b)\),使\(f'(\xi ) = \cfrac {f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}\).
证明如下:
令\(f'(x) = \cfrac {f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}\),
两边同时积分,得\(f(x) = \cfrac{f(b) - f(a)}{b - a} x + C\) , 取\(C = 0\),
取\(F(x) = f(x) - \cfrac{f(b) - f(a)}{b - a} x\), 其中
\(F(a) = \cfrac{bf(a) - af(b)}{b - a}, \ F(b) = \cfrac{bf(a) - af(b)}{b - a}\),
得\(F(a) = F(b)\), 由罗尔定理,\(\exists \xi \in (a,b)\),\(F'(\xi ) = 0\),即\(f'(\xi ) = \cfrac {f(b) - f(a)}{b - a}\).
8 柯西中值定理
若\(f(x), \ g(x)\)满足:\([a,b]\)上连续,\((a,b)\)上可导,\(g'(x) \not = 0\)则\(\exists \xi \in (a,b)\),使\(\cfrac {f(b) - f(a)}{g(b) - g(a)} = \cfrac {f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}\).
证明如下:
令\(\cfrac {f(b) - f(a)}{g(b) - g(a)} = \cfrac {f'(x)}{g'(x)}\),
两边同时积分,得\([g(b) - g(a)]f(x) = [f(b) - f(a)]g(x)\),
取\(F(x) = [g(b) - g(a)]f(x) - [f(b) - f(a)]g(x)\),
\(F(a) = f(a)g(b) - f(b)g(a), \ F(b) = f(a)g(b) - f(b)g(a)\),
得\(F(a) = F(b)\), 由罗尔定理,\(\exists \xi \in (a,b)\),\(F'(\xi ) = 0\),即\(\cfrac {f(b) - f(a)}{g(b) - g(a)} = \cfrac {f'(\xi)}{g'(\xi)}\).
9 泰勒公式
若\(f(x)\)在\(x_0\)的某个邻域内(或者\((a,b)\)内)有\(n+1\)阶导数,则此邻域内的任意\(x\),均有
- 拉格朗日余项 \(\cfrac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1)!}(x- x_0)^{n+1}\)
- 佩亚诺余项 \(\omicron ((x - x_0)^n)\)
10 积分中值定理
若\(f(x)\)在\([a,b]\)上连续,则\(\exists \xi \in [a,b]\), 使\(\int_b^a f(x)dx = f(\xi)(b - a)\).
证明如下:
由题,设\(m,M\)为\(f(x)\)在\([a,b]\)上的最小值、最大值,\(m \le f(x) \le M\),
则\(\int_b^a mdx \le \int_b^a f(x)dx \le \int_b^a Mdx\),
即\(m(b - a) \le \int_b^a f(x)dx \le M(b - a)\),
记\(\cfrac {\int_b^a f(x)dx}{(b - a)} = \mu\), 得\(m \le \mu \le M\),
由介值定理,\(\exists \xi \in [a,b]\), 使\(f(\xi) = \mu\).
因此,\(\exists \xi \in [a,b]\), 使\(f(\xi) (b - a) = \int_b^a f(x)dx\).