【转】自动化测试框架pytest中文文档:pytest入门基础

帮助你更好的书写程序

  • 成熟全功能的Python测试工具
    • 支持POSIX / Windows, Python的2.5-3.3 , PyPy和Jython - 2.5.1
    • 1000测试用例自测零bug。
    • pytest升级时有很好的向后兼容性
    • 丰富的在线和PDF文档
    • 大量的第三方插件和内置帮助
    • 在许多小型和大型项目和组织使用
    • 许多测试实例
  • 灵活
    • 易学,有多种用法
    • assert语句断言
    • 追踪和失败断言报告
    • 打印调试和测试执行期间可以捕获标准输出
  • 适合简单的单元测试到复杂的功能测试
    • 模块化和参数化的平台
    • 参数化的测试函数
    • 支持属性
    • Skip和xfail处理失败的用例
    • xdist插件分发测试给多个CPU
    • 不断地重新运行失败的测试
    • 灵活的Python测试发现
  • 集成
    • 多范式:可以执行nose, unittest 和doctest风格的测试用例,甚至Django和trial。
    • 支持良好的集成实践
    • 支持扩展的xUnit风格setup
    • 支持非python测试
    • 支持生成测试覆盖率报告
    • 支持PEP8兼容的编码风格
  • 扩展插件和定制系统:
    • 所有的收集,报告,运行方面都委派给hook函数
    • 定制可以是每个目录,每个项目或每个PyPI上发布的插件
    • 很容易添加命令行选项或定制现有的行为

安装和入门

  • 安装
1 pip install -U pytest # or
2 easy_install -U pytest

检查版本:

1 # py.test --version
2 This is pytest version 2.5.2, imported from /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pytest.pyc
  • 第一个实例:

代码:

1 # content of test_sample.py
2 def func(x):
3     return x + 1
4 def test_answer():
5     assert func(3) == 5

执行结果:

 1 # py.test
 2 =========================================================================================================== test session starts ===========================================================================================================
 3 platform linux2 -- Python 2.7.3 -- py-1.4.20 -- pytest-2.5.2
 4 collected 1 items 
 5 
 6 test_sample.py F
 7 
 8 ================================================================================================================ FAILURES =================================================================================================================
 9 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ test_answer _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10 
11     def test_answer():
12 >       assert func(3) == 5
13 E       assert 4 == 5
14 E        +  where 4 = func(3)
15 
16 test_sample.py:8: AssertionError
17 ======================================================================================================== 1 failed in 0.34 seconds =========================================================================================================

pytest通过标准测试发现规则发现test_answer函数,通常是查找 test_前缀。我们得到了一个故障报告,因为我们调用func(3)没有返回5。pytest的高级內省断言会智能报告assert的中间值,不需要记住那些JUnit传统方法。

  • 异常断言

代码:

1 import pytest
2 def f():
3     raise SystemExit(1)
4 def test_mytest():
5     with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
6         f()

执行结果:

1 $ py.test -q test_sysexit.py
2 .
3 1 passed in 0.01 seconds

-q表示静默模式:

1 -q, --quiet           decrease verbosity.
  • 在类中分组用例

代码

1 # content of test_class.py
2 class TestClass:
3     def test_one(self):
4         x = "this"
5         assert 'h' in x
6         
7     def test_two(self):
8         x = "hello"
9         assert hasattr(x, 'check')

执行结果:

 1 # py.test test_class.py 
 2 =========================================================================================================== test session starts ===========================================================================================================
 3 platform linux2 -- Python 2.7.3 -- py-1.4.20 -- pytest-2.5.2
 4 collected 2 items 
 5 
 6 test_class.py .F
 7 
 8 ================================================================================================================ FAILURES =================================================================================================================
 9 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TestClass.test_two ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10 
11 self = <test_class.TestClass instance at 0x265aef0>
12 
13     def test_two(self):
14         x = "hello"
15 >       assert hasattr(x, 'check')
16 E       assert hasattr('hello', 'check')
17 
18 test_class.py:12: AssertionError
19 =================================================================================================== 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.01 seconds ====================================================================================================
  • 功能测试示例:生成唯一的临时目录

功能测试经常需要创建一些文件,并将其传递给应用程序对象。pytest提供 Builtin fixtures/function 参数允许请求任意资源,例如唯一的临时目录:

1 def test_needsfiles(tmpdir):
2     print tmpdir
3     assert 0

执行结果:

 1 ]# py.test -q test_tmpdir.py
 2 FF
 3 ================================================================================================================ FAILURES =================================================================================================================
 4 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ test_needsfiles _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
 5 
 6 tmpdir = local('/tmp/pytest-0/test_needsfiles0')
 7 
 8     def test_needsfiles(tmpdir):
 9         print tmpdir
10 >       assert 0
11 E       assert 0
12 
13 test_tmpdir.py:7: AssertionError
14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Captured stdout -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 /tmp/pytest-0/test_needsfiles0
16 1 failed in 0.07 seconds

断言的前面的print内容也会打印出来,测试时可以多加print语句,保证异常时输出一些有用的信息。

下面方式可以查看内置的

 1 # py.test --fixtures
 2 
 3 =========================================================================================================== test session starts ===========================================================================================================
 4 platform linux2 -- Python 2.7.3 -- py-1.4.20 -- pytest-2.5.2
 5 collected 5 items 
 6 capsys
 7     enables capturing of writes to sys.stdout/sys.stderr and makes
 8     captured output available via ``capsys.readouterr()`` method calls
 9     which return a ``(out, err)`` tuple.
10     
11 capfd
12     enables capturing of writes to file descriptors 1 and 2 and makes
13     captured output available via ``capsys.readouterr()`` method calls
14     which return a ``(out, err)`` tuple.
15     
16 monkeypatch
17     The returned ``monkeypatch`` funcarg provides these
18     helper methods to modify objects, dictionaries or os.environ::
19     
20     monkeypatch.setattr(obj, name, value, raising=True)
21     monkeypatch.delattr(obj, name, raising=True)
22     monkeypatch.setitem(mapping, name, value)
23     monkeypatch.delitem(obj, name, raising=True)
24     monkeypatch.setenv(name, value, prepend=False)
25     monkeypatch.delenv(name, value, raising=True)
26     monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(path)
27     monkeypatch.chdir(path)
28     
29     All modifications will be undone after the requesting
30     test function has finished. The ``raising``
31     parameter determines if a KeyError or AttributeError
32     will be raised if the set/deletion operation has no target.
33     
34 pytestconfig
35     the pytest config object with access to command line opts.
36 recwarn
37     Return a WarningsRecorder instance that provides these methods:
38     
39     * ``pop(category=None)``: return last warning matching the category.
40     * ``clear()``: clear list of warnings
41     
42     See http://docs.python.org/library/warnings.html for information
43     on warning categories.
44     
45 tmpdir
46     return a temporary directory path object
47     which is unique to each test function invocation,
48     created as a sub directory of the base temporary
49     directory.  The returned object is a `py.path.local`_
50     path object.
51     
52 
53 ============================================================================================================  in 0.02 seconds =============================================================================================================

使用和调用

  • python -m pytest调用:
    • python -m pytest [...] 效果和py.test [...] 一样
  • 获取版本,选项名,环境变量
    • py.test --version 看版本
    • py.test --fixtures 查看内置参数
    • py.test -h | --help 命令行和配置文件帮助
  • 失败后停止
    • 首次失败后停止执行:py.test -x
    • py.test --maxfail=2 两次失败之后停止执行
  • 执行选择用例
    • py.test test_mod.py,执行模块中的用例
    • py.test somepath,执行路径中用例
    • py.test -k stringexpr,执行字符串表达式中的用例,比如"MyClass? and not method",选择TestMyClass.test_something,排除了TestMyClass.test_method_simple。
    • py.test --pyargs pkg,导入pkg,使用其文件系统位置来查找和执行用例。执行pypkg目录下的所有用例。
  • 调试输出:
    • py.test --showlocals 在traceback中显示本地变量
    • py.test -l 在traceback中显示本地变量(快捷方式)
    • py.test --tb=long 默认的traceback信息格式化形式
    • py.test --tb=native 标准库格式化形式
    • py.test --tb=short 更短的格式
    • py.test --tb=line 每个错误一行
  • 失败时调用PDB (Python Debugger):

Python带有一个内置的Python调试器称为PDB。pytest可以在命令行选项指定调用:

py.test --pdb

这将每次失败时调用Python调试器。

py.test -x --pdb # 失败时调用pdb,然后退出测试。
py.test --pdb - maxfail=33次失败调用pdb
  • 设置断点:
1 import pytest
2 def test_function():
3     ...
4     pytest.set_trace() # invoke PDB debugger and tracing

以前的版本中只有通过py.test-s禁用命令行捕捉才可以进入pdb调试。

  • Profiling测试执行时间:得到最执行慢的10个测试:
py.test --durations=10
  • 创建JUnitXML格式的文件

创建Hudson或其他持续集成服务器的结果文件:

py.test --junitxml=path
  • 创建resultlog格式的文件

要创建纯文本的机器可读的结果文件,用于PyPy-testweb展示等。

py.test --resultlog=path
  • 发送测试报告给在线pastebin服务

bpaste可以为你的文本生成url连接,下面为创建每个测试失败创建一个url:

py.test --pastebin=failed
py.test --pastebin=all
py.test --pastebin=failed -x

目前只支持:py.test --pastebin=failed

  • 禁用插件
    py.test -p no:doctest
    
  • 在python代码中调用pytest
    1 pytest.main([’-x’, ’mytestdir’])
    2 pytest.main("-x mytestdir")
    3 # 指定插件
    4 # content of myinvoke.py
    5 import pytest
    6 class MyPlugin:
    7     def pytest_sessionfinish(self):
    8         print("***test run reporting finishing")
    9 pytest.main("-qq", plugins=[MyPlugin()])

执行结果:

1 $ python myinvoke.py
2 ***
3 test run reporting finishing

好的集成实践

  • 使用虚拟环境
 1 #virtualenv .
 2 New python executable in ./bin/python
 3 Installing setuptools, pip...done.
 4 root@AutoTest:[/data/code/python/pytest]#source bin/activate
 5 (pytest)root@AutoTest:[/data/code/python/pytest]#pip install pytest
 6 Downloading/unpacking pytest
 7   Downloading pytest-2.5.2.tar.gz (608kB): 608kB downloaded
 8   Running setup.py (path:/data/code/python/pytest/build/pytest/setup.py) egg_info for package pytest
 9     
10 Downloading/unpacking py>=1.4.20 (from pytest)
11   Downloading py-1.4.22.tar.gz (189kB): 189kB downloaded
12   Running setup.py (path:/data/code/python/pytest/build/py/setup.py) egg_info for package py
13     
14 Installing collected packages: pytest, py
15   Running setup.py install for pytest
16     
17     Installing py.test-2.7 script to /data/code/python/pytest/bin
18     Installing py.test script to /data/code/python/pytest/bin
19   Running setup.py install for py
20     
21 Successfully installed pytest py
22 Cleaning up...
  • 测试布局和导入规则

测试布局的方法有2种。一为放置在应用代码之外,适用于有很多功能测试等情况。

setup.py # your distutils/setuptools Python package metadata
mypkg/
__init__.py
appmodule.py
tests/
test_app.py
...

 

二为嵌入测试目录到应用,当(单元)测试和应用之间的有直接关系,并想一起发布时有用:

setup.py # your distutils/setuptools Python package metadata
mypkg/
__init__.py
appmodule.py
...
test/
test_app.py
...

---未完待续

原文地址

posted on 2015-01-05 10:55  随意地行走  阅读(4317)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报

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