07-函数作用域和集合列表字典元祖
# 变量作用域 - 变量由作用范围限制 - 分类:按照作用域分类 - 全局(global): 在函数外部定义 - 局部(local):在函数内部定义 - 变量的作用范围: - 全局变量:在整个全局范围都有效 - 全局变量在局部可以使用(即函数内部可以方位函数外部定义的变量) - 局部变量在局部范围可以使用 - 局部变量在全局范围无法使用 - LEGB原则 - L(Local)局部作用域 - E(Enclosing function locale)外部嵌套函数作用域 - G(Global module)函数定义所在模块作用域 - B(Buildin): python内置魔抗的作用域
# 认为a1是全局的 a1 = 100 def fun(): print(a1) print("I am in fun") # a2的作用范围是fun a2 = 99 print(a2) print(a1) fun() print(a2) 100 100 I am in fun 99 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- NameError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-4-36e1efbb7d66> in <module>() 12 print(a1) 13 fun() ---> 14 print(a2) NameError: name 'a2' is not defined
## 提升局部变量为全局变量 - 使用global - 案例如下
def fun(): global b1 b1 = 100 print(b1) print("I am in fun") # a2的作用范围是fun b2 = 99 print(b2) #print(b2) fun() # print(b1)如果在函数调用上面,则不好使,报错,为什么??? print(b1) 100 I am in fun 99 100
# globals, locals函数 - 可以通过globals和locals显示出局部变量和全局变量 - 参看以下案例
# globals 和 locals # globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数 a = 1 b = 2 def fun(c,d): e = 111 print("Locals={0}".format(locals())) print("Globals={0}".format(globals())) fun(100, 200) Locals={'e': 111, 'd': 200, 'c': 100} Globals={'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment', '__package__': None, '__loader__': None, '__spec__': None, '__builtin__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '_ih': ['', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\n#print(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n#print(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '\ndef fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\nprint(b2)\nfun()', '\ndef fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '\ndef fun():\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '\ndef fun():\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '\ndef fun():\n b1 = 100\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)'], '_oh': {}, '_dh': ['/home/tlxy/cookbook_and_code'], 'In': ['', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\n#print(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n#print(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '\ndef fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\nprint(b2)\nfun()', '\ndef fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '\ndef fun():\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '\ndef fun():\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '\ndef fun():\n b1 = 100\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)'], 'Out': {}, 'get_ipython': <bound method InteractiveShell.get_ipython of <ipykernel.zmqshell.ZMQInteractiveShell object at 0x7f891e18d198>>, 'exit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x7f8914136fd0>, 'quit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x7f8914136fd0>, '_': '', '__': '', '___': '', '_i': '\ndef fun():\n b1 = 100\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '_ii': '\ndef fun():\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '_iii': '\ndef fun():\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '_i1': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\n#print(a2)', 'a1': 100, 'fun': <function fun at 0x7f88fbfb5268>, '_i2': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n#print(a2)', '_i3': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '_i4': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '_i5': '\ndef fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\nprint(b2)\nfun()', '_i6': '\ndef fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '_i7': '\ndef fun():\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '_i8': '\ndef fun():\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '_i9': '\ndef fun():\n b1 = 100\n global b1\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n # a2的作用范围是fun\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \n \nprint(b1)\n#print(b2)\nfun()', '_i10': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', 'a': 1, 'b': 2}
# eval()函数 - 把一个字符串当成一个表达式来执行, 返回表达式执行后的结果 - 语法: eval(string_code, globals=None, locals=None) # exec()函数 - 跟eval功能类似, 但是,不返回结果 - 语法: exec(string_code, globals=None, locals=None)
x = 100 y = 200 # 执行x+y # z = x + y z1 = x + y z2 = eval("x+y") print(z1) print(z2) 300 300
# exec示例 x = 100 y = 200 # 执行x+y # z = x + y z1 = x + y # 1, 注意字符串中引号的写法 # 2. 比对exec执行结果和代码执行结果 z2 = exec("print('x+y:', x+y)") print(z1) print(z2) x+y: 300 300 None
# 递归函数 - 含税直接或者间接调用自身 - 优点:简洁,理解容易 - 缺点:对递归深度有限制,消耗资源大 - python对递归深度有限制,超过限制报错 - 在写递归程序的时候,一定注意结束条件
# 递归调用深度限制代码 x = 0 def fun(): global x x += 1 print(x) # 函数自己调用自己 fun() # 调用函数 fun() 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 …… 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- RecursionError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-15-342ffb5916b5> in <module>() 11 12 # 调用函数 ---> 13 fun() <ipython-input-15-342ffb5916b5> in fun() 8 print(x) 9 # 函数自己调用自己 ---> 10 fun() 11 12 # 调用函数 ... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ... <ipython-input-15-342ffb5916b5> in fun() 8 print(x) 9 # 函数自己调用自己 ---> 10 fun() 11 12 # 调用函数 RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in comparison
# 斐波那契额数列 # 一列数字,第一个值是1, 第二个也是1, 从第三个开始,每一个数字的值等于前两个数字出现的值的和 # 数学公式为: f(1) = 1, f(2) = 1, f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2) # 例如: 1,1,2,3,5,8,13.。。。。。。。。 # 下面求斐波那契数列函数有一定问题,比如n一开始就是负数,如何修正 # n表示求第n个数子的斐波那契数列的值 def fib(n): if n == 1: return 1 if n == 2: return 1 # 思考:为什么后面return能够正确执行,而不用else语句 return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) print(fib(3)) print(fib(10)) 2 55
# 内置数据结构(变量类型) - list - set - dict - tuple ## list(列表) - 一组由顺序的数据的组合 - 创建列表 - 空列表
# 1, 创建空列表 l1 = [] # type是内置函数,负责打印出变量的类型 print(type(l1)) print(l1) # 2. 创建带值的列表 l2 = [100] print(type(l2)) print(l2) # 3. 创建列表,带多个值 l3 = [2,3,1,4,6,4,6] print(type(l3)) print(l3) # 4. 使用list() l4 = list() print(type(l4)) print(l4) <class 'list'> [] <class 'list'> [100] <class 'list'> [2, 3, 1, 4, 6, 4, 6] <class 'list'> []
## 列表常用操作 - 访问 - 使用下标操作(索引) - 列表的位置是从0开始 - 分片操作 - 对列表进行任意一段的截取 - l[:]
# 下标访问列表 l = [3,2,1,4,6,3,2] print(l[3]) 4 print(l[0]) 3
# 分片操作 # 注意截取的范围,包含左边的下标值,不包含右边的下标值 print(l[1:4]) # 下标值可以为空,如果不写,左边下标值默认为0, 右边下标值为最大数加一,即表示截取到最后一个数据 print(l[:]) print(l[:4]) print(l[2:]) [2, 1, 4] [3, 2, 1, 4, 6, 3, 2] [3, 2, 1, 4] [1, 4, 6, 3, 2]
print(l) # 分片可以控制增长幅度,默认增长幅度为1 print(l[1:6:1]) # 打印从下标1开始的数字,每次隔一个 print(l[1:6:2]) # 下标可以超出范围,超出后不在考虑多余下标内容 print(l[2:10]) # 下标值,增长幅度可以为负数 # 为负数,表明顺序是从右往左 # 规定: 数组最后一个数字的下标是-1 [3, 2, 1, 4, 6, 3, 2] [2, 1, 4, 6, 3] [2, 4, 3] [1, 4, 6, 3, 2] [3, 2, 1]
# 分片之负数下标 print(l) # 下面显示的是为空,因为默认分片总是从左向右截取 # 即正常情况,分片左边的值一定小于右边的值 print(l[-2:-4]) print(l[-4:-2]) # 如果分片一定左边值比右边大,则步长参数需要使用负数 # 此案例为一个list直接正反颠倒提供了一种思路 print(l[-2:-4:-1]) [3, 2, 1, 4, 6, 3, 2] [] [4, 6] [3, 6]
## 分片操作是生成一个新的list
- 内置函数id,负责显示一个变量或者数据的唯一确定编号
# id函数举例 a = 100 b = 200 print(id(a)) print(id(b)) c = a print(id(c)) # 如果a跟c只想一份数据,则更改a的值同样也会更改c的值 # 但是,显示结果并非如此,为什么? a = 101 print(a) print(c) 93941189949760 93941189952960 93941189949760 101 100
# 通过id可以直接判断出分片是从新生成了一份数据还是使用的同一份数据 l = [3,4,56,76,32,21,43,5] ll = l[:] lll = ll # 如果两个id值一样,则表明分片产生的列表是使用的同一地址同一份数据 # 否则,则表明分片是从新生成了一份数据,即一个新的列表,然后把数值拷贝到新列表中 print(id(l)) print(id(ll)) print(id(lll)) # 通过id知道,ll和lll是同一份数据,验证代码如下 l[1] = 100 print(l) print(ll) ll[1] = 100 print(ll) print(lll) # 通过id可以直接判断出分片是从新生成了一份数据还是使用的同一份数据 l = [3,4,56,76,32,21,43,5] ll = l[:] lll = ll # 如果两个id值一样,则表明分片产生的列表是使用的同一地址同一份数据 # 否则,则表明分片是从新生成了一份数据,即一个新的列表,然后把数值拷贝到新列表中 print(id(l)) print(id(ll)) print(id(lll)) # 通过id知道,ll和lll是同一份数据,验证代码如下 l[1] = 100 print(l) print(ll) ll[1] = 100 print(ll) print(lll) 140226763582408 140226318124808 140226318124808 [3, 100, 56, 76, 32, 21, 43, 5] [3, 4, 56, 76, 32, 21, 43, 5] [3, 100, 56, 76, 32, 21, 43, 5] [3, 100, 56, 76, 32, 21, 43, 5]