English Grammar 学习
现在和过去Present and past
1. 现在进行时
A. is/am/are + ing 就是现在进行时
I'm driving
he/she/it is working
we/you/they are doing etc
B. I am doing something = I started doing it and I haven't finished; I'm in the middle of doing it.
- Please don't make so much noise. I'm trying to work. (not I try)
- 'Where's Mark?' 'He's having a shower' (not He has a shower)
- Let's go out now. It isn't raining any more. (not It doesn't rain)
- How's your new job? Are you enjoying it ?
- What's all that noise? What's going on? or What's happening?
有时候动作在说话的时候没有发生
Steve打电话时说: I'm reading a really good book at the moment. It's about a man who...
并没有同时看书和打电话，他的意思是，他已经开始读书了, 但是没有结束，在这个过程中
C. You can use the present continuous with today/this week/this year etc.
你可以使用 今天/本周/今年等的现在进行时
- A: You're working hard today (not You work hard today)
- The company I work for isn't doing so well this year.
D. We use the present continuous when we talk about a change that has started to happen. We often use these verbs in this way
当我们谈论已经开始发生的变化时，我们使用现在进行时。我们经常使用这些动词
getting, becoming changing, improving 改变，改善
starting, beginning increasing, rising, falling, growing 增加，上升，下降，增长
Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better)
The population of the world is increasing very fast. (not increases)
At first I didn't like my job, but I'm starting to enjoy it now(not I start)
Exercises
1.1 What’s happening in the pictures? Choose from these verbs: cross hide scratch take tie wave
cross hide scratch(刮) take tie(绑) wave(挥手)
1.She's taking a picture. 4. He's scratching his head.
2.He's tying a shoelace. 5. She'is hiding behind a tree.
3.They are crossing the road. 6. They are waving to somebody.
1.2 The sentences on the right follow those on the left . Which sentence goes with which?
1 Please don’t make so much noise(噪音). a I’m getting hungry. 1. f
2 We need to leave soon. b They’re lying. 2. e
3 I don’t have anywhere to live right now. c It’s starting to rain. 3. g
4 I need to eat something soon. d They’re trying to sell it. 4. a
5 They don’t need their car any more. e It’s getting late(时间不早了). 5. d
6 Things are not so good at work.(工作不太顺利) f I’m trying to work. 6. h
7 It isn’t true what they say. g I’m staying with friends. 7. b
8 We’re going to get wet(湿润). h The company is losing money. 8. c
1.3 Write questions. Use the present continuous.
1 What’s all that noise? What’s happening? (what / happen?)
2 What’s the matter? Why you're crying (why / you / cry?)
3 Where’s your mother? She working today (she / work / today?)
4 I haven’t seen you for ages(我好久没见过你). what you're doing these days (what / you / do / these days?)
5 Amy is a student. what she's studying (what / she / study?)
6 Who are those people? what they're doing? (what / they / do?)
7 I heard you started a new job. Are you enjoying it? (you / enjoy / it?)
8 We’re not in a hurry(急). why you're walking so fast? (why / you / walk / so fast?)
1.4 Put the verb into the correct form, positive (I’m doing etc.) or negative (I’m not doing etc.).
1 Please don’t make so much noise. I’m trying (I / try) to work.
2 Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining (it / rain) any more.
3 You can turn off the radio. (I / listen) to it.
4 Kate phoned last night. She’s on holiday with friends. (She / have) a great time and doesn’t want to come back.
5 Andrew started evening classes recently. (He / learn) Japanese.
6 Paul and Sarah have had an argument and now (they / speak) to one another.
7 The situation is already very bad and now (it / get) worse.
8 Tim (work) today. He’s taken the day off .
9 (I / look) for Sophie. Do you know where she is?
10 The washing machine has been repaired. (It / work) now.
11 (They / build) a new hospital. It will be finished next year.
12 Ben is a student, but he’s not very happy. (He / enjoy) his course.
13 (The weather / change). Look at those clouds. I think it’s going to rain.
14 Dan has been in the same job for a long time. (He / start) to get bored
5.一般过去时
A
lived/started/wrote/was/died 都是过去式
B
stopped, studied
许多动词是不规则的，一般过去时不以-ed结尾，例如
write → wrote
see → saw
go → went
shut → shut
C
D
Present perfect 现在完成时(强调已经完成或过去发生)
A
He’s lost his key. (= He has lost his key = he lost it and he doesn’t have it now 丢失了，现在没有)
现在完成时一般是have/has + 过去分词。
lost/done/written
B
当我们说: 某事已经发生了(has happened)，这通常是新的信息
当我们用现在完成时，联系了现在。过去发生的动作，现在有了结果
C
当连接了现在时, 强调这个过去的动作对现在造成的影响
11.
现在时
he is
We know
do they have
she is waiting
现在完成时
he has been
we have know
have they had
she has been waiting
how long have you (been) ... ？ (你...多久了？)
How long have they been married? (not How long are they married?)
They have been married for 20 years. (not They are married for 20 years)
Paul is in hospital.
He’s been in hospital since Monday. (= He has been …) (not Paul is in hospital since Monday)
We know each other very well.
We’ve known each other for a long time. (not We know)
Do they have a car?
How long have they had their car?
She’s waiting for somebody.
She hasn’t been waiting very long.
for and since when … ? and how long … ? (从什么时候开始……？ 多长时间……？)
since一般是时间点 不管是抽象还是具体
for 一般是一段时间
不能使用for + all, 直接all my life
现在完成时(表现在的状态)和一般过去时(只表过去状态)
he lost his key(不知道现在是否还在, 强调过去)
Tom has lost his key(现在也没有, 强调现在)
雪梨老师
时间介词:
时间大于一天，用in in summer, in october
时间等于一天，用on on friday onsaturday
时间小于一天，用at at 12 o'clock, at night
三个特殊情况:
in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening
英语里的四个“也”
1.我也喜欢它 I like it, too 在句子结尾有逗号，用too
2.我也喜欢它 I like it, as well 在句子结尾无逗号, 用as well
3.我也喜欢它 I also like it. 在句子中间，用also
4.我也不喜欢它 I don't like it either 否定句，用either
连词
But 然而、但是、不过
- 连接单字：The car is big, but cheap. (这辆车很大，但是很便宜。)
- 连接短语： She has a beautiful appearance, but a bad temper. (她拥有美丽的外表，然而脾气很坏。)
- 连接子句： Wendy is sick, but she still comes to my birthday party. (Wendy生病了，但是她还是来了我的生日派对。)
- 跟在but后面的子句如果较长的话，需要在它前面加上逗号，用作语句停顿和分隔2个完整句子，避免读者混淆句意。否则，可以省略逗号。例如：The car is big but cheap.
- 我们不可用however作连接词来取代but。例如：
- The car is big but cheap. (✓)
- The car is big however cheap. (✘)
Although 虽然、不过
Tim is smart although he is just 5 years old. (虽然Tim只有5岁，但是他很聪明。)
Raymond and James are close friends although they are studying in different schools. (虽然Raymond和James读不同的学校，但是他们是很亲近的朋友。)
- Although和Though的意思是一样，只是Although在书写上较常见，而Though则较常在口语或会话上使用。
- 一般而言，Although在语意上较But正式，
- But跟Although的用法不同，因为它们是2种不同的连接词(Conjunction)。 But作为并列连接词 (Coordinating Conjunction)只能连接2个相同语法类型的项目，即是：
- 单字和单字：The car is big, but cheap.
- 短语和短语： She has a beautiful appearance, but a bad temper.
- 子句和子句：Wendy is sick, but she still comes to my birthday party.
- 使用Although或Though的时候，主子句和附属子句的次序不可掉转。
- We all feel happy although we lose the game. (✓)
- Although we lose the game, we all feel happy. (✓)
- We lose the game, but we all feel happy. (✓)
- But we lose the game, we all feel happy. (✘)
- Although和But不可以放在同一句句子内使用。
- Although we lose the game, but we all feel happy. (✘)
Nevertheless 不过、仍然
- Nevertheless(或是nonetheless)虽然也解作「不过」，但是它是连接副词(Conjunctive Adverb)，主要用在句子开首。
- Nevertheless, many people were injured in the accident. (然而，很多人在意外中受伤。)
- We brought along the umbrella, but we got wet nevertheless. (虽然我们带了雨伞，但我们仍然湿透了。)
- Nevertheless和Nonetheless的意思一样，但普遍而言Nevertheless较为常用，而且Nevertheless于比较主动句(Active Voice)较常见。而Nonetheless则会较多使用在被动句(Passive Voice)。
- Nevertheless与However最大的分别是Nevertheless的表达较强烈和正式。
However 然而、可是、不管怎样
However是个用以表达前后句意义相反的副词(Adverb)。它的用法与Nevertheless无异，只是没有前者在语气强调上那么强烈。另外However较Nevertheless常用。 However与But最大的不同之处是However用来连接2句独立的句子，而But则用以连接2句子句。
- We practice hard for the competition. However, we lose. (我们为比赛很用心地练习，可是输了。)
- I must buy this computer however expensive it is. (我一定会买这部电脑，不管它有多昂贵。)
- 若把However放在句首使用，后面必须加上逗号。
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情况
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方法
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示例
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一般情况
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+s
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run-runs ;get-gets
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以s、x、ch、sh和o结尾
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+es
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pass-passes;
fix-fixes;
watch-watches;teach-teaches
wash-washes;
go-goes;do-does
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以辅音字母+y结尾
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变y为i +es
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study-studies；fly-flies
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特殊情况
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不规则
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have-has
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have/has
你，我，大家有 ------------> have
他，她，它，个人有 -------> has
The baby has no hair
do/be
有动词原型用do(do/does)
无动词原型用be(am/is/are)
Do you like apples ? like 是动词原型
Are you a student ? 无动词原型
Is she singing ? sing不是动词原型，是sing的ing形式
Does she like singing ? 第三人称单数
现在完成进行时Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
英语五大基本句型
主语+谓语 I cry(动作)
主语+谓语+宾语 I love(谓语) 你(宾语)
主语+系动词+表语 I am(系动词) happy(状态，我是什么样的? 我是开心的，所以是表语)
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 I give(谓语) you(间接宾语 一般是人) a book(直接宾语 一般是东西)
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 You make me happy(补充说明我的状态)
There be
单数/可数名词 is 复数名词 are
There is some(既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词)water(不可数名词)
There is a dog and two cats (There be就近原则 离be动词近的是a dog 单数 所以用is)
修改/建议
Delay loading Intro, generally used for page width and height changes result in inaccurate Intro calculations
=> Specify delay time to show the first intro step. General used to wait all elements finished rendering
Note: Using lazy to dynamic import sample, this approach is useful to show prepared sample upon the functional component
