Python闭包的高级应用-装饰器的实现
我们先看一个闭包的例子:
from time import ctime def before_call(f): def wrapped(*args, **kargs): print 'before calling, now is %s' % ctime() return f(*args, **kargs) return wrapped def test(name): print 'hello, %s' % (name) if __name__ == '__main__': before_call(test)("lucky")
我们先看运行结果:
~/Documents/py python 2.py before calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:30:18 2014 hello, lucky
上面的代码使用了闭包,因为子函数wrapped将父函数的内部变量f与之绑定。
这样,wrapped这个闭包函数,实际上先打印时间,然后调用f,所以正如结果打印的一般,before_call起到的是一种装饰的作用。
这里我扩展它的功能,增加一个调用函数后,打印时间:
from time import ctime def before_call(f): def wrapped(*args, **kargs): print 'before calling, now is %s' % ctime() return f(*args, **kargs) return wrapped def after_call(f): def wrapped(*args, **kargs): try: return f(*args, **kargs) finally: print 'after calling, now is %s' % ctime() return wrapped def test(name): print 'hello, %s' % (name) if __name__ == '__main__': before_call(test)("lucky") after_call(test)("peter") before_call(after_call(test))("john") after_call(before_call(test))('marry')
运行结果为:
~/Documents/py python 2.py before calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014 hello, lucky hello, peter after calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014 before calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014 hello, john after calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014 before calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014 hello, marry after calling, now is Sat Dec 27 21:37:24 2014
运行结果是正确的。注意最后两个,顺序交换了,对结果无影响。
下面我们再包装一层:
def after_call(): def after(f): def wrapped(*args, **kargs): try: return f(*args, **kargs) finally: print 'after calling, now is %s' % ctime() return wrapped return after def before_call(): def before(f): def wrapped(*args, **kargs): print 'before calling, now is %s' % ctime() return f(*args, **kargs) return wrapped return before
那么如何使用呢?这里就是python装饰器的语法,
如果我们这样使用:
@before_call() def test(name): print 'hello, %s' % (name) if __name__ == '__main__': test("lucky")
注意test函数前加了装饰的符号。
还可以这样:
@after_call() def test(name): print 'hello, %s' % (name)
甚至可以嵌套多层:
@before_call() @after_call() def test(name): print 'hello, %s' % (name)
这就是python中装饰器的原理,内部采用了闭包。