C之位域分析

1.首先回忆结构体

我们都知道定义一个结构体可以这样的方式定义:

struct Point {
    float x;
    float y;
} point;                      //等价于: struct  Point  point;

除此之外,如果不想声明结构体,只想定义结构体的话,还可以这样:

struct  {
    float x;
    float y;
} point;                      //等价于:  struct  Point  point;

2.位域之简单应用

做低层时,经常会读写寄存器,比如操作某位,设置为0或1,而在C语言中便为我们提供一种数据结构”位域”,使得我们通过读写”位域”来实现操作某位.

例如一个常见的位域的结构体,操作如下所示:

#include <stdio.h>
 
struct {                                                  
         unsigned mode:8;          //bit[0,7]:模式选择
         unsigned en:1;            //bit[8]   :使能选择
         unsigned reserved:1;      //bit[9]    :保留reserved  (也可以写成unsigned reserved:1;)
         unsigned clk_select:4;    //bit[10,13]:时钟选择
         unsigned ch_select:3;     //bit[14,15]:通道选择
}reg11;            //定义一个reg11变量,不声明结构体的好处在于确保变量唯一性
 
int main()
{      
         reg11.en =1;                     //bit8=1 --> 256
         printf("reg11=%d\n",reg11);         //打印 256
 
         reg11.mode =50;
         printf("reg11=%d\n",reg11);         //打印 256+50
         return 0;
}

打印:

reg11=256
reg11=306

3.位域之越界处理

比如,我们定义的某个位域只有固定1位,如果向该位写入超过1位的值.会自动保留最低1位.

#include <stdio.h>
struct {                                                  
         unsigned mode:8;          //bit[0,7]:模式选择
         unsigned en:1;            //bit[8]   :使能选择
         unsigned reserved:1;      //bit[9]    :保留reserved(也可以写成unsigned reserved:1;)
         unsigned clk_select:4;    //bit[10,13]:时钟选择
         unsigned ch_select:3;     //bit[14,15]:通道选择
}reg11;     //定义一个reg11变量,不声明结构体的好处在于确保变量唯一性
 
int main()
{     
         reg11.en =1;                     //bit8=1 --> 256
         printf("1st:reg11=%d\n",reg11);  //打印 256
 
         reg11.en =5;                     //5(b'101) 保留低1位: b'1
         printf("2st:reg11=%d\n",reg11);  //打印 256
 
         reg11.en =6;                     //6(b'110) 保留低1位: b'0
         printf("3st:reg11=%d\n",reg11);  //打印 0
 
         return 0;
}

打印:

1st:reg11=256
2st:reg11=256
3st:reg11=0

4.注意, 使用位域的结构体的长度默认最小值为int型(4字节),如果超过4字节(32位),则会是64位

示例:

#include <stdio.h>
 
struct {
         unsigned a:4;
         unsigned b:2;
         unsigned c:1;
}reg1;        //位域总长度只有7位
 
struct reg{
         unsigned a:4;
         unsigned b:2;
         unsigned c:32;
}reg2;
 
int main()
{      
         printf("%d\n",sizeof(reg1));
         printf("%d\n",sizeof(reg2));
         return 0;
}

打印:

4
8

#include <stdio.h>
 
typedef union{
unsigned char val;
 
struct {                                                  
         unsigned a:4; 
         unsigned b:1; 
         unsigned c:2;
         unsigned d:1;
       }bit;       
 
}reg11;
 
int main()
{      
        reg11 reg;
 
        reg.val=0;
        reg.bit.b = 1; 

        printf("bit size = %d\n",sizeof(reg.bit));
        printf("val size = %d\n",sizeof(reg.val));
        printf("reg11 size = %d\n",sizeof(reg));
        printf("\nval = %d\n",reg.val);
 
        return 0;
}

打印:

bit size = 4
val size = 1
reg11 size = 4

val = 16

5.如果某个寄存器只有8位(1字节),该如何使用位域处理?

直接定义为unsigned char

#include<stdio.h>
typedef struct
{
  unsigned char bit0:1;
  unsigned char bit1:1;
  unsigned char bit2:1;
  unsigned char bit3:1;
  unsigned char bit4:1;
  unsigned char bit5:1;
  unsigned char bit6:1;
}bitValue;

typedef union
{
  unsigned char bytedata;
  bitValue  bitdata;
}regValue;

int main()
{
  regValue data;

  data.bytedata= 0xBF;
  printf("bit6 = %d\n\n",data.bitdata.bit6);
  printf("bitValue size = %d\n",sizeof(data.bitdata));
  printf("regValue size = %d\n",sizeof(data));

  return 0;
}

打印:

bit6 = 0

bitValue size = 1
regValue size = 1

6.如果想定义并初始化

typedef struct {
    unsigned OVL     :6;
    unsigned OVOLCN :2;
}rg11;
 
rg11 reg = {57,1};            //初始化reg变量  OVL=57   OVOLCN=1 

 

posted @ 2023-11-09 20:42  ImreW  阅读(13)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报