linux之 rpm yum dnf
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rpm工具：
- RPM 全名 RedHat Package Managerment，是由Red Hat公司提出，被众多Linux发行版本所采用，是一种数据库记录的方式来将所需要的软件安装到到Linux系统的一套软件管理机制。
- 它最大的特点就是将你要安装的软件先编译过，并且打包成为 RPM 机制的文件，通过打包好的软件里面默认的数据库，记录这个软件要安装的时候必须具备的依赖属性软件。
- 当在你的 Linux 主机安装时，RPM 会先依照软件里面的数据查询Linux 主机的依赖属性软件是否满足，若满足则子以安装，若不满足则不子安装。那么安装的时候就将该软件的信息整个写入 RPM 的数据库中，以便未来的查询、验证与反安装。
通常，RPM 包采用系统默认的安装路径。安装文件会按照类别分别安装到不同的目录，如下所示：
| RPM 包默认安装路径 | 含 义 |
|---|---|
| /etc/ | 配置文件安装目录，如/etc/dnf |
| /usr/bin/ | 可执行的命令安装目录 |
| /usr/lib/ | 程序所使用的函数库保存位置 |
| /usr/share/doc/ | 基本的软件使用手册保存位置 |
| /usr/share/man/ | 帮助文件(man page文件)保存位置 |
RPM 包还可以手动指定安装路径（不推荐）。
获取指定安装包的安装路径：
- 先找到rpm安装包：rpm -qa rpm_pakage_fullname
- 再根据已经安装的安装包全称获得该安装包的默认安装路径：rpm -ql rpm_pakage_fullname（rpm-ql 只能获取已经用rpm或yum或dnf安装过的软件包的全称，意味着你用源码安装的软件就查不到，另外你没有安装过这个软件包也查不到的）
[root@igoodful yum.repos.d]rpm -qa *rz* lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 [root@igoodful yum.repos.d]rpm -qa lrzsz lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 [root@igoodful yum.repos.d]rpm -ql lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 /usr/bin/rb /usr/bin/rx /usr/bin/rz /usr/bin/sb /usr/bin/sx /usr/bin/sz /usr/lib/.build-id /usr/lib/.build-id/b2 /usr/lib/.build-id/b2/25f21df8a410853ff0ca69c273bfd6166a36a0 /usr/lib/.build-id/b2/25f21df8a410853ff0ca69c273bfd6166a36a0.1 /usr/lib/.build-id/b2/25f21df8a410853ff0ca69c273bfd6166a36a0.2 /usr/lib/.build-id/f2 /usr/lib/.build-id/f2/29412bed6b8d68690555e59b6910cf19b44a19 /usr/lib/.build-id/f2/29412bed6b8d68690555e59b6910cf19b44a19.1 /usr/lib/.build-id/f2/29412bed6b8d68690555e59b6910cf19b44a19.2 /usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/lrzsz.mo /usr/share/man/man1/rz.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/sz.1.gz [root@igoodful yum.repos.d]rpm -ql lrzsz* package lrzsz* is not installed [root@igoodful yum.repos.d]
官方文档：https://dnf.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html
yum和dnf都是管理rmp包的，也只管理rpm包，源码包，它是无法管理的。
CentOS 6和CentOS 7系统中默认使用yum来管理软件包安装，但CentOS Stream 8开始默认使用DNF来管理软件包安装， Fedora 22 已经默认使用DNF，DNF也是
- dnf缓存文件为：/var/cache/dnf
- dnf全局配置文为：/etc/dnf/dnf.conf
- dnf仓库配置文件为：/etc/yum.repos.d/*
CentOS 6和CentOS 7系统中安装 DNF：
（1）CentOS 6和CentOS 7系统中为了安装 DNF ，您必须先安装并启用 epel-release 依赖。
yum -y install epel-release
（2）然后再使用 epel-release 依赖中的 YUM 命令来安装 DNF 包。在系统中执行以下命令：
yum -y install dnf
dnf命令总览：
[root@192.168.31.225:~]# dnf --help usage: dnf [options] COMMAND List of Main Commands: alias List or create command aliases autoremove remove all unneeded packages that were originally installed as dependencies check check for problems in the packagedb check-update check for available package upgrades clean remove cached data deplist [deprecated, use repoquery --deplist] List package's dependencies and what packages provide them distro-sync synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions downgrade Downgrade a package group display, or use, the groups information help display a helpful usage message history display, or use, the transaction history info display details about a package or group of packages install install a package or packages on your system list list a package or groups of packages makecache generate the metadata cache mark mark or unmark installed packages as installed by user. module Interact with Modules. provides find what package provides the given value reinstall reinstall a package remove remove a package or packages from your system repolist display the configured software repositories repoquery search for packages matching keyword repository-packages run commands on top of all packages in given repository search search package details for the given string shell run an interactive DNF shell swap run an interactive DNF mod for remove and install one spec updateinfo display advisories about packages upgrade upgrade a package or packages on your system upgrade-minimal upgrade, but only 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system List of Plugin Commands: builddep Install build dependencies for package or spec file changelog Show changelog data of packages config-manager manage dnf configuration options and repositories copr Interact with Copr repositories. debug-dump dump information about installed rpm packages to file debug-restore restore packages recorded in debug-dump file debuginfo-install install debuginfo packages download Download package to current directory groups-manager create and edit groups metadata file kpatch Toggles automatic installation of kpatch-patch packages needs-restarting determine updated binaries that need restarting offline-distrosync Prepare offline distrosync of the system offline-upgrade Prepare offline upgrade of the system playground Interact with Playground repository. repoclosure Display a list of unresolved dependencies for repositories repodiff List differences between two sets of repositories repograph Output a full package dependency graph in dot format repomanage Manage a directory of rpm packages reposync download all packages from remote repo system-upgrade Prepare system for upgrade to a new release General DNF options: -c [config file], --config [config file] config file location -q, --quiet quiet operation -v, --verbose verbose operation --version show DNF version and exit --installroot [path] set install root --nodocs do not install documentations --noplugins disable all plugins --enableplugin [plugin] enable plugins by name --disableplugin [plugin] disable plugins by name --releasever RELEASEVER override the value of $releasever in config and repo files --setopt SETOPTS set arbitrary config and repo options --skip-broken resolve depsolve problems by skipping packages -h, --help, --help-cmd show command help --allowerasing allow erasing of installed packages to resolve dependencies -b, --best try the best available package versions in transactions. --nobest do not limit the transaction to the best candidate -C, --cacheonly run entirely from system cache, don't update cache -R [minutes], --randomwait [minutes] maximum command wait time -d [debug level], --debuglevel [debug level] debugging output level --debugsolver dumps detailed solving results into files --showduplicates show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands -e ERRORLEVEL, --errorlevel ERRORLEVEL error output level --obsoletes enables dnf's obsoletes processing logic for upgrade or display capabilities that the package obsoletes for info, list and repoquery --rpmverbosity [debug level name] debugging output level for rpm -y, --assumeyes automatically answer yes for all questions --assumeno automatically answer no for all questions --enablerepo [repo] Enable additional repositories. List option. Supports globs, can be specified multiple times. --disablerepo [repo] Disable repositories. List option. Supports globs, can be specified multiple times. --repo [repo], --repoid [repo] enable just specific repositories by an id or a glob, can be specified multiple times --enable enable repos with config-manager command (automatically saves) --disable disable repos with config-manager command (automatically saves) -x [package], --exclude [package], --excludepkgs [package] exclude packages by name or glob --disableexcludes [repo], --disableexcludepkgs [repo] disable excludepkgs --repofrompath [repo,path] label and path to an additional repository to use (same path as in a baseurl), can be specified multiple times. --noautoremove disable removal of dependencies that are no longer used --nogpgcheck disable gpg signature checking (if RPM policy allows) --color COLOR control whether color is used --refresh set metadata as expired before running the command -4 resolve to IPv4 addresses only -6 resolve to IPv6 addresses only --destdir DESTDIR, --downloaddir DESTDIR set directory to copy packages to --downloadonly only download packages --comment COMMENT add a comment to transaction --bugfix Include bugfix relevant packages, in updates --enhancement Include enhancement relevant packages, in updates --newpackage Include newpackage relevant packages, in updates --security Include security relevant packages, in updates --advisory ADVISORY, --advisories ADVISORY Include packages needed to fix the given advisory, in updates --bz BUGZILLA, --bzs BUGZILLA Include packages needed to fix the given BZ, in updates --cve CVES, --cves CVES Include packages needed to fix the given CVE, in updates --sec-severity {Critical,Important,Moderate,Low}, --secseverity {Critical,Important,Moderate,Low} Include security relevant packages matching the severity, in updates --forcearch ARCH Force the use of an architecture [root@192.168.31.225:~]#
dnf（Dandified YUM）是Linux系统中常用的包管理器，可以用于安装、升级、删除软件包以及管理软件仓库。以下是一些dnf命令的最佳实践：
列出所有可用的仓库 dnf repolist 搜索软件包 dnf search <package_name> 安装软件包 dnf install <package_name> 升级软件包 dnf upgrade 删除软件包 dnf remove <package_name> 清理dnf缓存 dnf clean all 列出已安装的软件包 dnf list installed 列出软件包依赖 dnf repoquery --requires <package_name> 列出软件包提供的功能 dnf repoquery --provides <package_name> 查看软件包详细信息 dnf info <package_name> 同时安装多个软件包 dnf install <package_name1> <package_name2> <package_name3> 安装指定版本的软件包 dnf install <package_name>-<version> 禁用软件仓库 dnf --disablerepo=<repository_name> install <package_name> 启用软件仓库 dnf --enablerepo=<repository_name> install <package_name> 更新软件仓库元数据 dnf makecache 总之，dnf命令非常强大，可以通过它来完成许多任务，例如软件包管理、仓库管理、软件包版本控制等。上述最佳实践只是其中的一部分，但它们足以满足日常工作中的大部分需求。
搜索rpm软件包：
包含：dnf管理的所有rpm软件包、已经安装过了的rpm安装包，dnf管理的但还没有安装到系统的rpm软件包
（1）dnf管理的所有rpm软件包：
dnf list
（2）已经安装过了的rpm安装包：
dnf list installed
（3）dnf管理的但还没有安装到系统的rpm软件包：
dnf list available
（4）根据软件包名称xxx匹配查找rpm软件包：dnf search rpm_name
dnf search xxx
（5）根据可执行程序文件名匹配查找rpm软件包：dnf provides exe_name
场景：比如你看见张三执行了某个神秘的命令，然后你也想要安装这个命令来玩，那你就可以找到他执行这个命令的文件位置，然后使用dnf provides /xxx/yyy/zzz获得rpm安装包名称，然后再去自己的机器上安装即可，但是张三若是源码安装了这个神秘命令，那dnf就无能为力了
dnf provides /bin/bash
（6）获取指定rpm软件包的信息：dnf info rpm_name
[root@igoodful ~]dnf info lrzsz
Last metadata expiration check: 0:03:54 ago on Wed 01 Mar 2023 10:57:18 PM CST.
Available Packages
Name : lrzsz
Version : 0.12.20
Release : 43.el8
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 84 k
Source : lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.src.rpm
Repository : baseos
Summary : The lrz and lsz modem communications programs
URL : http://www.ohse.de/uwe/software/lrzsz.html
License : GPLv2+
Description : Lrzsz (consisting of lrz and lsz) is a cosmetically modified
: zmodem/ymodem/xmodem package built from the public-domain version of
: the rzsz package. Lrzsz was created to provide a working GNU
: copylefted Zmodem solution for Linux systems.
[root@igoodful ~]
安装软件包：
（1）直接安装：dnf -y install rpm_name
[root@igoodful ~]dnf -y install lrzsz
Last metadata expiration check: 0:17:23 ago on Wed 01 Mar 2023 10:57:18 PM CST.
Dependencies resolved.
=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
lrzsz x86_64 0.12.20-43.el8 baseos 84 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 84 k
Installed size: 190 k
Downloading Packages:
lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64.rpm 52 kB/s | 84 kB 00:01
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 42 kB/s | 84 kB 00:02
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64
Complete!
[root@igoodful ~]
dnf -y reinstall lrzsz：
[root@192.168.31.225:~]# dnf -y reinstall lrzsz Last metadata expiration check: 0:22:15 ago on Wed 08 Mar 2023 06:28:39 PM CST. Dependencies resolved. ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= Reinstalling: lrzsz x86_64 0.12.20-43.el8 baseos 84 k Transaction Summary ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= Total download size: 84 k Installed size: 190 k Downloading Packages: lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64.rpm 451 kB/s | 84 kB 00:00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 135 kB/s | 84 kB 00:00 Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Reinstalling : lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 1/2 Cleanup : lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 2/2 Running scriptlet: lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 2/2 Verifying : lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 2/2 Reinstalled: lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 Complete! [root@192.168.31.225:~]#
[root@igoodful ~]dnf provides lrzsz
Last metadata expiration check: 0:19:19 ago on Wed 01 Mar 2023 10:57:18 PM CST.
lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programs
Repo : @System
Matched from:
Provide : lrzsz = 0.12.20-43.el8
lrzsz-0.12.20-43.el8.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programs
Repo : baseos
Matched from:
Provide : lrzsz = 0.12.20-43.el8
[root@igoodful ~]
卸载软件：
卸载gnome桌面环境：
# dnf groupremove "GNOME"
dnf history：
- 你经常安装centos系统的时候，有一个很大的痛点，那就是每次重新安装系统后，都要重新安装一遍原来的安装包，而且你还不知道安装了哪些安装包，这会让人抓狂；
- 这个命令非常有用，通常我们安装系统后，经过一段时间后，你自己也不知道安装了些啥，你可能通过history命令记录，但是这个记录了所有正确与不正确的命令，你也可能包装一下yum或dnf成一个shell脚本来记录自己安装了哪些安装包，但都不如这个命令高效通用；
- 这个命令只记录你真正安装了或更新了的安装包，而你执行失败了的安装事不会记录下来的，你多次执行相同的安装命令，也只会记录第一次安装成功的记录，通过这个手段您可以知道在自您使用dnf开始，有什么软件什么时候被安装和卸载；
- dnf history是不是都能找到你安装过的所有安装包呢？显然不是的，它只能追踪你用yum或dnf安装过的或更新过的软件包。如果你用源码安装过的软件包，那它就没办法来记录了，这个得你自己记住咯；
下面就是我本人弄了一个低质量的简单的用于记录安装了哪些包的脚本，也就是包装了dnf命令，但和dnf history比起来还是差远了
[root@igoodful scripts] vim dnff.sh
#!/bin/bash
arg_all="$*"
function dnff(){
if [ ! -d /data/log ];then
mkdir -p /data/log
fi
echo "dnff ${arg_all}" >> /data/log/yum_rpm.log
/usr/bin/dnf ${arg_all}
echo "${arg_all}"
}
function main(){
dnff
}
main
[root@192.168.31.225:~]# dnf history |awk -F'|' '{print $2}' Command line -y remove Percona-Server-MongoDB-36-server.x86_64 -y install Percona-Server-MongoDB-36-server.x86_64 -y install e2fsprogs-devel install -y bzip2-devel.x86* -y install uuid install python39 install python3-devel openssl-devel install -y mailx groupremove GNOME install ftp install https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm -y install lrzsz -y remove lrzsz -y install lrzsz remove lrzsz install dstat groupinstall Server -y install libcurl-devel install libtirpc-devel install -y openldap openldap-clients openldap-devel -y install pam-devel install -y numactl git lrzsz libaio libaio-devel automake autoconf bison libtool ncurses-devel ncurses vim numactl-devel sendmail perl-CPAN perl-Time-HiRes patch cpan perl-DBD-MySQL perl-YAML perl-File-Which perl-DBI bind-utils zlib-devel perl-JSON.noarch openssh-server o remove -y java cvs libselinux-devel postgresql mysql ecj jna sinjdoc -y install libevent-devel remove cmake -y install make cmake gcc gcc-c++ wget ncurses ncurses-devel openssl openssl-devel libaio libaio-devel bison perl perl-devel -y install cmake -y install lrzsz [root@192.168.31.225:~]#
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igoodful@qq.com
