英语 - 语法
第一节 时态和语态
英语中有多少种时态？
|
时间 |
现在 |
过去 |
将来 |
过去将来 |
|
一般 |
一般现在时 |
一般过去时 |
一般将来时 |
一般过去将来时 |
|
进行 |
现在进行时 |
过去进行时 |
将来进行时 |
过去将来进行时 |
|
完成 |
现在完成时 |
过去完成时 |
将来完成时 |
过去将来完成时 |
|
完成进行 |
现在完成进行时 |
过去完成进行时 |
将来完成进行时 |
过去将来完成进行时 |
考点1： 一般现在时
• 谓语结构：
I/we/you/they/复数主语 + 动词原形
he/she/it/单数主语 + 动词的单三形式
• 用法：
① 表经常发生的动作
时间副词：always，often，usually, sometimes，every day , once a week，
twice a month，once in a while ，now and then ...
eg: Tom reads English books every day.
He always gets up at 7:00.
② 表示客观事实或普遍真理
eg: The sun rises in the east.
The light travels faster than the sound.
Mathematics is the language of science.
③ 表示安排或计划好的将要发生的动作，或表示按时间表将要发生的动作
常用动词：come, go, start, begin, leave, return...
eg: The train leaves at 8:00 next morning.
The bus at 6:00 tomorrow.
④ 主将从现（重要考点！）
含义：主句使用一般将来时，从句使用一般现在时
•用法：通常用在时间或条件状语从句中
常考连词：
时间：when/as soon as/the moment/the minute
条件：if/in case/as long as/unless/once
eg: I will let you know when I hear from him.
You will succeed if you try your best.
When I have money, I will buy a car.
If you don't leave me, we will die together.
⑤ 主祈从现
含义：主句是祈使句，从句使用一般现在时
用法：通常用在时间或条件状语从句中
eg: Please tell her the news when she comes.
祈使句: 动词原形开头,否定句Don't...,Please+动词原形,Let's ...
考点2： 一般过去时
•谓语结构：动词的过去式
•用法：用来描述过去发生的动作或存在的状态
时间状语：
last (night , Friday , week , month , year...),yesterday, the day before yesterday
just now , a moment ago，in +过去年份
eg: She bought a new car last week.
考点3： 一般将来时
•谓语结构：
will + do
am/is/are going to + do
am/is/are + to do
eg: He will write a letter tomorrow.
Look at the cloud！It is going to rain.
The girls are to go home next week.
• 用法:
① 将来发生的动作
时间状语：tomorrow，the day after tomorrow,next week/month/year/Monday/Sunday
tonight , this afternoon/evening/Sunday,in the future，in two days
eg: He will write a letter tomorrow.
② 位移动词可以用现在进行时表达一般将来时
位移动词：come , go , leave , arrive , fly , return...
eg: He is leaving New York tomorrow.
I am coming to John's house next week.
③ 祈使句 +and/or + 谓语用一般将来时的句子
Give me one more hour, and I will finish it.
Close the window, or you will catch a cold.
考点4： 现在进行时
• 谓语结构：am\is\are + doing
• 用法：表示现在正在进行的动作
• 时间状语：now, at present
eg: I am watching TV.
He is learning French at college at present.
考点5： 过去进行时
• 谓语结构：was\were + doing
• 用法：表示在过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作
When you called me last night , I was readinga novel.
考点6： 将来进行时
• 谓语结构：will be + doing
• 用法：表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作
I will be cleaning my room this time tomorrow.
考点7： 现在完成时
• 谓语结构：have/has + 过去分词（done)
• 用法：常常表示现在已经完成的动作
eg: She has lived in Guangdong since 2000.
We have been friends for ten years.
I have finished my homework by now.
• 现在完成时常考时间状语：
① for + 时间段
eg: She has studied English for ten year.
② since + 一般过去时的从句
eg: She has learned English since 1995.
She has learned English since she was a child.
③ so far ; by now；up to now “到目前为止”
eg: She has learned 8000 words by now.
She has learned 8000 words so far.
考点8： 过去完成时
• 谓语结构：had + 过去分词（done)
• 用法：表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作
eg：He bought a new mobile phone last Sunday,because his old one had been stolen.
总结：两件事都发生在过去，先发生的用过去完成时, 后发生的用一般过去时
• 过去完成时常考时间状语：
① by + 过去的时间
by the time + 一般过去时从句
eg：By the end of last year，he had finished two papers.
Peter had collected 300 stamps by the time he was 10 years old.
② before + 过去的时间
before + 一般过去时从句
eg：Before the end of last year，he had finished two papers.
Peter had collected 300 stamps before he was 10 years old.
考点9： 将来完成时
• 谓语结构：will/shall have + 过去分词（done)
• 用法：表示将来某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作
eg：I will have finished the job by next Friday.
• 将来完成时常考时间状语：
by + 将来的时间
by the time + 一般现在时从句
I will have finished my paper by the end of next month.
By the time you arrive in Beijing , we will have finished the task.
动词的语态
考点1： 被动语态的结构
He opened the door. (主动语态)
The door was opened by him. (被动语态)
被动语态结构：be done
一般现在时：am/is/are＋ done
一般过去时：was/were＋ done
一般将来时：will be＋ done
现在进行时：am/is/are being＋ done
过去进行时：was/were being＋ done
现在完成时：have/has been＋ done
过去完成时：had been ＋ done
将来完成时：will have been＋ done
考点2： 无被动的动词及词组
eg: The accident was happened last week. ( 错 )
The accident happened last week. ( 对 )
• 常见的无被动的动词及词组：
happen, take place, occur, break out, belong to,prove, turn out, appear, consist of, rise ...
考点3： 主动表被动的四种形式
The pen writes easily.
The cakes sell quickly.
The table cleans easily.
① 主语（物）+ 特殊动词主动形式
（write, sell, drive, read, wash, clean）+ well, easily...
This silk feels soft.
The apples taste sweet.
The song sounds great.
② 主语（物）+ 感官系动词的主动形式
（feel, look, sound, smell, taste）+形容词
The flowers need watering.
The washing machine requires repairing.
Her hair wants cutting.
③ 主语（物）+ want/ need/ require + doing
The book is worth reading.
The plan is worth considering.
④ 主语（物）+ be worth doing值得做某事
第二节 虚拟语气
什么是虚拟语气？
• 用来表达不可能实现的愿望或与事实相反的假设
虚拟语气考点归纳
一. if 型条件虚拟
二. 含蓄虚拟
三. should 型虚拟(标词型)[形/动/名/连]
四. 句型虚拟
五. 一个high time 句型
一.if 型条件虚拟
1. if 型条件虚拟表格
2. 错综虚拟
3. 省略if的虚拟
考点1： if 型条件虚拟表格
|
|
if 从句 |
主句 |
|
现在 |
动词过去式（be用were） |
would/could/should/might+do |
|
过去 |
had done |
would/could/should/might+have done |
|
将来 |
① 动词过去式（be用were |
would/could/should/might+do |
If I earned a lot of money, I would buy a Ferrari.
If I had studied hard , I would have entered a good university.
If you should succeed in CET-6 , everything would be all right.
考点2： 错综虚拟
前后时间不一致，各用各的
If you had proposed to her last year, she would be your wife now.
考点3： 省略if型虚拟
If I were Fan Bingbing, I would marry Li Chen immediately.
Were I Fan Bingbing, I would marry Li Chen immediately.
• 省略if的条件：从句中必须有were,had或should当中的任何一个
• 省略的方法：① 去掉if ② 把were,had 或should 提到主语前（句首）
二.含蓄虚拟
Without God's help, Jack couldn't have got the ticket.
Ø without，but for Ø or，otherwise
考点： 含蓄虚拟
• 对现在/将来的虚拟：would/could/should/might + do
• 对过去的虚拟： would/could/should/might +have done
eg: Without CPC, we could not live a happy life now.
He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.
三.should型虚拟
1. adj 标志词
2. 动词标志词
3. 名词标志词
4. 连词标志词
考点1： adj标志词
• 形容词 + that 从句 从句谓语：should + do（should 常省略）
important，essential (基本的)，necessary，vital，advisable (明智的), imperative(迫切的),
preferable(更好的), desirable(值得做的), strange, sorry
|
答案形式： |
（should） + 动词原形 |
考点2： 动词标志词
• 动词 + that 从句 从句谓语：should + do（should 常省略）
insist
order , command
advise , suggest , propose
demand , ask , require , request
|
答案形式： |
（should） + 动词原形 |
考点3： 名词标志词
• 名词（以上动词的同根名词） + that 从句 从句谓语：should + do（should 可省略）
suggestion, advice 两建议
demand, requirement 两要求
order, command 两命令
proposal 一提议
|
答案形式： |
（should） + 动词原形 |
考点4： 连词标志词
lest(以防万一）= in case
for fear that(唯恐，为了防止）
|
答案形式： |
（should） + 动词原形 |
四.句型虚拟
① would rather
过去：had done
现在：过去式（be用 were）
将来：过去式（be用 were）
② wish
③ if only
④ as if/as though
过去：had done
现在：过去式（be用 were）
将来：would/could/should/might+do
五.high time句型
• It is (high/about) time (that) ... "该做...的时候了"
eg: It is high time you worked hard.
It is (high/about) time that 动词过去式
should do
定语从句
什么是定语从句？
• 赵丽颖是一个可爱的女孩。
Zhao Liying is a lovely girl.
• 赵丽颖是一个勤奋的女孩。
Zhao Liying is a diligent girl.
什么是定语从句？
• 有着一张圆圆的脸的女孩是赵丽颖。
The girl who has a round face is Zhao Liying.
• 赵丽颖是一个受许多人欢迎的女孩。
Zhao Liying is a girl who is popular with many people.
① 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词/代词，位于定语从句之前
② 关系词：引导定语从句的连词，位于先行词之后
③ 主句和从句的划分方法
• 从句的起点：关系词之前开始
• 从句的终点：
① 关系词开始有一个谓语动词，到句尾结束
② 关系词开始有两个谓语动词，到第二个谓语动词之前结束
主句和从句的划分方法
• The man who is shaking hands with Mary is Tom.
• The movie which we saw last night was interesting.
• I still remember the day when I first came.
两种定语从句的区别
• People who take physical exercise live longer.
限制性定语从句
• Her boyfriend , who is in Beijing now , is coming home next week.
非限制性定语从句
定语从句考点归纳
一. 关系词的选用
二. 介词 + 关系代词
一.关系词的选用
1. 关系词的分类及作用
2. 关系词的通常选用方法
3. 关系词的特殊选用方法
考点1： 关系词的分类及作用
• 关系词分类：
关系代词：who whom which that whose as
关系副词：when where why
The man who is shaking hands with Mary is Tom.
• 关系词的作用：
① 连接作用（连接主句和从句）
② 指代作用（指代前面的先行词）
在从句中充当一定的成分
考点2： 关系词的通常选用方法
|
关系词 |
先行词 |
从句成分 |
|
who |
人 |
主语、宾语 |
|
whom |
人 |
宾语 |
|
which |
物 |
主语、宾语 |
|
that |
人或物 |
主语、宾语、表语 |
|
when |
时间 |
时间状语 |
|
where |
地点 |
地点状语 |
|
why |
原因 |
原因状语 |
选用步骤总结：
① 看先行词
② 看从句缺什么成分
如果从句缺少主干成分，答案在关系代词中选
如果从句中不缺主干成分，答案在关系副词中选
• 怎么判断缺不缺主干成分？
The man who is shaking hands with Mary is Tom.
The factory which we will visit next week is far from here.
The company where I work is far from here.
Ø 常见的及物动词：
• remember forget visit spend do say finish
• 介词（+宾语）
Ø 常见的不及物动词
• work go come stay live listen look arrive rise arise depend suffer
• be done
考点3： 关系词的特殊选用方法
which的特殊用法
Rose has fallen in love with Tom , which I can't believe.
which可指代前面一整句话！此时 which 译为：“这一点，这件事 ”
He succeeded in the competition , which made his parents very happy.
whose的特殊用法:
先行词 + whose + n
eg:This is Jim whose homework is praised by the teacher.
The house whose windows face the sea is broken.
as 的特殊用法:
① as 放于句首的用法
• As is known to all，
• As is reported ,
• As is expected ,
• As is mentioned above，
• As is often the case ，
②as 放于句中的用法
such/ the same + 先行词 + as...
I have never seen such a clever man as he is.
I like the same books as you like.
that的特殊使用情况:
①先行词为以下不定代词或被这些不定代词修饰时:
all，everything, anything, something, nothing,little, none, any 等, 关系词一般用that.
eg: I was very interested in all that she told me.
②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级等词修饰时,关系词一般用that.
eg: This is the best novel that I have ever read.
③当先行词有人又有物时, 只能用that
eg: We're talking about the piano and the pianist that were in the concert we attended
last night.
that的使用禁忌:
介词后面不考虑，逗号后面他不去，换个which来代替。
二.介词 + 关系代词
1. 介词 + 关系代词
2. 关系副词=介词 + which
3. 介词 + 关系代词的常见两种结构
考点1： 介词 + 关系代词
• The man to whom you speak is a teacher.
=The man whom you speak to is a teacher.
• The city in which she lives is far away.
=The city which she lives in is far away.
先行词是人，介词后用whom
先行词是物，介词后用which
• 介词的选取问题：找固定搭配
考点2： 关系副词=介词 + which
• 这是我们一起学习的大学。
This is the college where we study together.
This is the college in which we study together.
• when = 介词 + which
Ø year in which
Ø day on which
Ø 期间 during which
• 总结： why = for + which
考点3： 介词+关系代词的常见两种结构
① the + 名词 + of + which\whom
结构中名词和后面的关系代词为所属关系
eg: This is the book the cover of which is designed by Lucy.
② 表示部分的词语 + of + which\whom
some, most, either, neither, both, none, all,every, each, 数词, 分数/百分比, 最高级等
eg: I have a lot of friends, most of whom are from Guangdong.
I have three books, all of which are written by Lu Yao.
状语从句
什么是状语从句？
eg: I will go shopping tomorrow.
I will visit my parents when I have time.
• 含义：在主从复合句中，充当状语的从句
• 分类：按照功能分为九类
• 位置：可位于主句前，也可位于主句后
状语从句的分类
• 让步状语从句
• 条件状语从句
• 原因状语从句
• 时间状语从句
• 地点状语从句
• 结果状语从句
• 目的状语从句
• 比较状语从句
• 方式状语从句
状语从句考情分析及学习策略
• 考情分析：
一般会出0-3道题，出题量维持在2道左右
• 学习策略：
准确掌握每一个连词的含义是掌握状语从句的关键
一.让步状语从句
让步状语从句连词分类：
1. “尽管，虽然”类
• although, though, even if, even though, while
• as（需要特殊倒装）
2. 疑问词+ever = no matter +疑问词
whatever= no matter what (无论什么)
however = no matter how (无论怎样)
whoever = no matter who (无论谁)
wherever= no matter where (无论哪里)
whenever= no matter when (无论何时)
1. “尽管，虽然”类用法
• although, though, even if, even though, while
eg: Although he is poor, he often helps others.
Though we are poor, we are still happy.
• as（需要特殊倒装）
公式：adj/adv/n/v + as +主 + 谓
Ø 考点：
① as 放第二位
② 后面是“主 + 谓 ”陈述语序
③ n 前不加任何冠词
eg: Smart as he is, he can't find the answer.
2. 疑问词+ever = no matter +疑问词
whatever= no matter what (无论什么)
however = no matter how (无论怎样)
whoever = no matter who (无论谁)
wherever= no matter where (无论哪里)
whenever= no matter when (无论何时)
however = no matter how (无论怎样)
Ø 考点：语序问题
no matter how + adj/adv + 主 +谓
however + adj/adv + 主 +谓
eg: We must finish the work , no matter how difficult it is.
whatever = no matter what (无论什么)
Ø 考点：语序问题
whatever + 名词
whatever + 主+谓
eg: Whatever you want to do , you should try your best.
whoever = no matter who (无论谁)
eg: Whoever you are , you should turn off the light .
whenever= no matter where (无论何时)
eg: Wherever he went , he carried a notebook with him.
Whenever he tried to explain any new idea, he just couldn't make himself understood.
二.条件状语从句
① if 含义：如果 用法：主将从现
eg: If it rains tomorrow, the flight will be cancelled.
② unless 含义：如果不 ，除非 = if not 用法：和 if 一样（主将从现）
eg: We won't arrive there on time, unless we reserve the earliest flight.
You will miss the bus unless you hurry up.
③ as long as = so long as 含义：只要 用法：主将从现
eg: As long as we work hard , we will succeed.
④ provided (that) = providing (that) =supposing含义：假如
eg: The car will be in good condition provided that it is taken care of carefully.
⑤ on condition that Ø含义：条件是
eg: I will lend you the book on condition that you return it to me in time.
⑥ in case Ø含义：万一，如果
eg: In case John comes, please tell him to wait.
三.原因状语从句
① because （直接原因）Ø 位置：多置于句末Ø考点：because 和because of 的区别
eg: The boy was very upset because he couldn't find his dog.
because(连词） + 句子
because of (介词词组） + 名词/代词
② for 含义：因为,由于 用法：后跟补充说明的理由或原因常位于主句之后
eg: I believe her, for she doesn't lie to me.
I can't find Lucy, for I have never seen her.
③ as含义：因为, 由于 位置：经常放于句首
eg: As it is very cold today, he decides not to go out.
④ since = now that 含义：既然 （表示对方已知的原因）
eg: Since everyone has come, we can set off.
Now that everyone has come, we can set off.
⑤ considering that Ø 含义：鉴于，顾及到
eg: Considering that many people were absent,we decided to put off the meeting.
⑥ in that Ø 含义：因为，由于
eg: The place is great in that it is far from the downtown area.
四.时间状语从句
常用时间状语从句连词：
• when, while, as(当...时候)
• before（在......以前），after(在......以后)
• since（自从......以来）
• not...until (直到......才)
• as soon as
the moment = the minute
no sooner ... than...= hardly ... when...
五.地点状语从句
常用地点状语从句连词：
where(在......地方)
wherever(在任何地方)
everywhere(在每个地方)
eg: You should leave things where you can find them.
六.结果状语从句
常用结果状语从句连词：
so...that... 如此......以至于 形容词
such... that...如此......以至于 名词
eg: He ran so quickly that we all couldn't catch up with him.
Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.
This is such an interesting book that we all enjoy reading it.
七.目的状语从句
常用目的状语从句连词：
so that... 为了，以便于
in order that... 为了，以便
lest, for fear that, in case 以免，以防
eg: I am studying hard so that I can go to a famous university.
八.比较状语从句
常用比较状语从句连词：
① as...as... 像......一样
eg: He studies as hard as his brother.
This film is as interesting as that one.
② than...比......
eg： The new library is twice larger than the old one.
The youth of today are better off than we used to be.
• 总结：倍数表达法
Ø 倍数表达法一：
A+谓语+ 倍数 + as +adj/adv 原级+as + B...
eg:The new library is three times as large as the old one.
Ø 倍数表达法二：
A+谓语+ 倍数 + 比较级+than + B...
eg: The new library is twice larger than the old one.
③ the + 比较级......, the + 比较级......
eg: The harder you work, the luckier you will be.
九.方式状语从句
常用方式状语从句连词：
as（按照） just as(正如) as if , as though（好像）
eg: We must do as our teacher tells us (to do).
He looks as if he is angry.
名词性从句
名词性从句考情分析及学习策略
• 考情分析：
一般会出0-2道题，出题量维持在1道左右
• 学习策略：
准确掌握名词性从句引导词的用法
什么是名词性从句？
• 含义：
在主从复合句中，充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语的
从句
• 分类：按照所作成分可分为四类
名词性从句的分类
• 主语从句
• 宾语从句
• 表语从句
• 同位语从句
1.主语从句
• His job is boring.
• What he does every day is boring.
• 位置：常在句首，主句谓语动词前
eg: That I love you is true.
That we finish our task early is necessary.
• It is necessary that we finish our task early.
it 作形式主语，真正的主语是 that 从句
2.宾语从句
• I don't like his job.
• I don't like what he does every day.
• 位置：常位于动词、介词之后
eg: I believe that you will pass the exam.
I think about what I should do.
• I think it important that I will never give up.
it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语是 that 从句
3.表语从句
• This is his job.
• This is what he does every day.
•位置： 常跟在系动词后
eg: Our plan is that we will get married next year.
It seems that it is going to snow.
4.同位语从句
• I know Ma Yun , a teacher.
• I know the news that he doesn't like money.
• 常放在抽象名词后, 对其进行解释说明, 通常由that引导
eg: That is the fact that he passed the CET-6.
• 常见抽象名词：
fact, news, idea, doubt, conclusion(结论),evidence(证据)......
考点一： 名词性从句语序问题
Ø 名词性从句使用陈述语序：引导词 + 主语 + 谓语
eg: 你是谁？Who are you?
请忘记你是谁。Please forget who you are.
Ø 名词性从句的语序题解题步骤：
① 如果选项中的引导词没有放在从句最前面，排除！
② 如果引导词后面不是“主 + 谓”的形式，排除！
③ 剩下选项即为正确答案。
考点二： 名词性从句引导词的选用
• 引导词的分类：
Ø连接词：that
Ø连接词：whether/if
Ø连接代词：what, which, who, whom, -ever
Ø连接副词：when, where, why, how, -ever
1. 连接词：that
① 连接作用
② 没有任何含义
③ 不作任何成分
④ 只有在引导宾语从句时才可以省略
eg: I believe that he is right.
2. 连接词：whether/if
① 连接作用
② 有含义：“是否”(不确定的含义)
③ 在从句中不作任何成分
④ 任何情况下都不可省略
eg: Whether he will agree is unknown.
考点：whether 和 if 的区别
表“是否”含义，只能用whether的情况：
① whether...or not
② 置于句首的主从
③ 同位语从句和表从
④ 介词 + whether
⑤ whether to do
⑤ whether...or not
当后面跟 or not 时用 whether (固定搭配），or not 可紧跟 whether 后，也可分开。
eg: I didn't know whether or not he had arrived in Beijing.
3. 连接代词：what
① 连接作用
② 指代所说的话、所做的事儿或所看见的东西（不可指代人，除人之外都可以指代）
③ 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语
eg: What he said made me happy.
4. 连接代词：which
① 连接作用
② 有含义：“ 哪一个 ”
③ 指代物，在从句中作主语、宾语
④ which + 名词
eg: There are three books here. I don't know which book I should choose.
5. 连接代词：who
① 连接作用
② 指代人
③ 在从句中作主语/宾语
eg: I want to know who gives you the book.
6. 连接代词：whom
① 连接作用
② 指代人
③ 在从句中作宾语
eg: I want to know whom the car belongs to.
7. 连接代词：-ever
• whoever • whomever • whatever • whichever
连接代词：whoever
① 连接作用
② 指代人
③ 在从句中作主语/宾语
eg: Whoever comes back first is the winner.
8. 连接副词：when含义：什么时候，何时
eg: I ask him when he will be back to pick me up.
9. 连接副词：where 含义：什么地方，何地
eg: Where she lives hasn't been found out.
10. 连接副词：why含义：为什么
eg: She explained why she failed in the maths exam.
11. 连接副词：how含义：如何，怎样
eg: I asked him how we could get the tickets for the New Year Party.
12. 连接副词：-ever
• whenever • wherever • however
考点三： 形式主语和形式宾语
代词 it 来充当形式主语和形式宾语：
Ø It is necessary that we finish our task early.
Ø I think it important that we save water.
Ø 形式主语的常考句型：
• It is likely that ... 可能...
• It is no wonder that... 难怪... ，不足为奇...
• It is reported that... 据报道...
• It is said that... 据说...
• It is known that... 众所周知...
Ø形式主语的常用句型：
•It happens+that从句 碰巧...
eg: It happens that I met her in the street this morning.
•It occurs to sb +that从句 某人突然想起...
eg: It suddenly occurred to him that he had left his keys in the office.
Ø 形式宾语的常考句型：
think + it + adj +think/consider/find/make/regard/feel/believe
that 从句
to do...
考点四： 同位语从句
• That is the fact that he passed the CET-6.
同位语从句：抽象名词+从句，解释说明作用；
that作引导词，不充当句子成分
注意区别定语从句：
• That is the book that he bought last week.
定语从句：先行词+从句，修饰限定作用；
that 作关系代词,替代先行词在从句充当基本成分
Ø常考抽象名词：
• belief 信仰, idea/view/opinion 观点, doubt 怀疑,conclusion结论
• suggestion/advice 建议, fact事实, proof/evidence 证明,truth真相
Ø常考抽象名词：
• news/information 消息, promise 承诺, plan计划 ,possibility可能性
• 通常看到以上单词，首选 that 来引导同位语从句
特殊情况 doubt：肯定句：whether否定句：that
句型：There is no doubt that ... 毫无疑问...
补充： 有关reason的句型
• The reason why ...
• The reason is that ...
• The reason (why) ... is that ...
• That is why ...
非谓语动词
非谓语动词考情分析及学习策略
• 考情分析：
一般会出2-5道题，出题量维持在3道左右
• 学习策略：
本节是词汇语法结构中的重点内容，需要准确掌握
不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词的用法，并能
区分其用法差异
非谓语动词到底是什么？
非谓语动词到底是什么？
• The boy scratches his feet.
• The boy talks with his friends.
非谓语动词到底是什么？
思考：两个句子怎样才能在一起？
• The boy scratches his feet and the boy talks with his friends.
• The boy who scratches his feet talks with his friends.
非谓语动词到底是什么？
我们就想在一块，但是不想要连词怎么办？
• The boy scratches his feet.
The boy talks with his friends.
Ø 将其中一个谓语动词变为非谓语动词形式
Scratching his feet，the boy talks with his friends.
非谓语三大形式：
• to do 不定式 (表目的，将来)
• doing
• done 过去分词 (表被动，完成)
一句一谓，两谓一连。抛弃连词，则用非谓！
非谓语动词考点归纳
一、前提知识
二、分词作状语
三、独立主格
四、分词、不定式作定语
五、不定式
六、动名词
考点一： 前提知识
1. 学会区分谓语和非谓语
2. 学会区分主动和被动
3. 清楚非谓语的否定
考点一： 前提知识-区分谓语和非谓语
谓语动词：
Ø 独立谓语
Ø 复合谓语：情态动词+动词原形
助动词+实意动词
非谓语动词：
1. 首词是 to（不定式），必是非谓语动词 !
2. 首词是V-ing形式，必是非谓语动词 !
3. 单独的 done：
非谓语常考七个结构：
Ø 单独的 done
Ø to do & to be done
Ø doing & being done
Ø having done & having been done
考点一： 前提知识-区分主动和被动
• 第一种被动：be done
• 第二种被动：单独的done
考点一： 前提知识-清楚非谓语的否定
• 所有非谓语的否定都是在最前面加 not
Ø to do not to do
Ø doing not doing
Ø done not done
考点二： 分词-分词作状语
方法：
① 找主语
② 判关系：主语和选项动词之间的关系
③ 看先后：看选项动词和谓语动词之间的先后顺序
考点三： 独立主格结构
考点详情：
1. 什么是独立主格结构?
2. with 引导的独立主格结构
3. There/ Such/ One/ It /主语 + being
1. 什么是独立主格结构?
君生我未生，我生君已老。
When you were born, I was not born.
When I was born, you were already old.
Ø 独立主格结构 = 名词/代词+ doing/done
The work finished , we went home.
The last bus having gone , we must walk home.
Ø 判断标准：
① 前后主语不一致,只有一个谓语动词
② 中间逗号隔开，且句子中没有连词
【考题形式】
句子，主语 + _______xxx.
主语 + _______xxx，句子.
【解题要点】判断选项与空前名词的主被动关系
主动选：doing 或 having done
被动选：done 或 having been done
2. with 引导的独立主格结构
Ø 公式：with/ without + 独立主格结构
Ø 作用：表伴随
3. 特殊的 There/ Such/ One/ It/主语 + being
It being a holiday, many students went home.
The train being late, we missed our plane.
There being nothing to talk about, he went out of the room.
考点四： 分词、 不定式作定语
Ø 常考：后置定语
• the school built last year 已被建好的学校
done 过去被动
• the school being built now 正在被兴建的学校
doing 主动进行 ; being done 被动进行
• the school to be built next year将要被兴建的学校
to do 主动将来 ; to be done 被动将来
考点五： 不定式
考点详情：
1. 不定式的各种表现形式
2. 不定式的常考搭配
3. 不定式作状语
4. 固定句型：V + to do
5. 固定句型：V + sb + to do
6. 固定句型：省略 to 的不定式
1. 不定式的各种表现形式
① 一般式： to do 表目的、将来
② 进行式： to be doing 表进行
③ 被动式： to be done 表被动
④ 完成式： to have done 表完成
⑤ 完成被动式 : to have been done表完成、被动
2. 不定式的常考搭配
（1）be done to do sth.
① be supposed to do sth.
② be reported to do sth.
③ be said to do sth.
④ be estimated to do sth.
（2）adj+ enough to do sth.
eg：She is old enough to decide for herself.
Susan is strong enough to lift the heavy box.
（3）use 的短语
① used to do sth. 过去常常某事
② be/get used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事
③ be used to do sth. 被用来做某事
（4）but do 和 but to do
Ø 规则： 前有 do 后无 to， 前无 do 后有 to
Ø 常考句型：
have nothing to do but do sth. 无事可做只能做
have no choice but to do sth. 别无选择只能做
3. 不定式作状语
（1）目的状语
• 位置：句首、句尾
• 同义词：in order to 为了
To learn English well , she spends 5 hours memorizing words every day.
（2）结果状语
主动：only to do ...
被动：only to be done ...
表示出乎意料的结果
4. 固定句型：V + to do
Ø 记忆口诀：
三个希望两答应( hope, wish, want, agree, promise )
两个要求莫拒绝( demand, ask, refuse )
设法学会做决定( manage, learn, decide )
不要假装在选择( pretend, choose )
① can't afford to do
② fail to do
③ intend to do = mean to do = plan to do
④ offer to do
⑤ forget to do， forget doing
既可跟doing又可跟to do的常考动词：
forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing sth.忘记已做过某事（已做）
eg：I forgot to do my homework.
I forget finishing my homework.
remember to do sth. 记得去做某事（未做）
remember doing sth. 记得已做过某事（已做）
mean to do sth. 打算去做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着某事
try to do sth. 努力做某事
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
stop to do sth. 停下去做某事
stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事
go on to do sth. 做完一件事后继续去做另一件
go on doing sth. 继续一直在做的事
① advise sb to do sth.
② allow sb to do sth. 区分：allow doing sth.
③ ask sb to do sth.
④ encourage sb to do sth.
⑤ force sb to do sth.
⑥ get sb to do sth.
⑦ persude sb to do sth.
⑧ tell sb to do sth.
⑨ want sb to do sth.
⑩ wish sb to do sth.
⑪ warn sb not to do sth.
6. 固定句型：省略to的不定式
① 使役动词：have/make/ let “使...，让...”
• have : have sb do sth.
have sth done.
• make : make sb do sth.
make oneself done. 使某人自己被...
make sth done.
• let sb do sth.
特殊使役动词用法：
① leave sb doing sth. 使某人一直做某事
② get : get sb to do sth.
get sth done.
② 第二类感官动词：
hear/see/watch 等 + 宾语 + 宾补
• 宾补：do 表主动
eg: I hear him enter the room.
• 宾补：doing 表主动+进行
eg: I hear her singing in next room.
• 宾补：done 表被动
eg: I hear the door opened.
考点六： 动名词
考点详情：
1. 动名词作主语
2. 三个重点固定搭配
3. 固定句型：V + doing
1. 动名词作主语
动名词的常考形式：
① doing
② not doing
③ 逻辑主语 + doing
④ 逻辑主语 + not + doing
⑤ being done
eg：Seeing is believing.
Beliving in yourself is the secret of success.
Drinking much acohol is harmful to your health.
2. 三个重点固定搭配
搭配一：花费句型spend time (in) doing sth.
eg: I spend every minute studying English.
搭配二：做某事有困难句型have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth.
搭配三：没好处/没意义句型
It/ There is + no use/ no help/ useless/ no good/ no point + doing sth.
3. 固定句型：V + doing
Ø记忆口诀：
考虑建议盼原谅
consider, suggest, look forward to, forgive
承认推迟没得想
admit, delay/postpone, fancy
避免错过持续练
avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice
否认完成停欣赏
deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate
禁止冒险才想象
forbid, risk, imagine
不禁介意准逃亡
can't help, mind, permit, escape
Ø 特殊情况：此 to 非彼 to
be devoted to doing 致力于
contribute to doing 为 ... 作贡献
be opposed to doing 反对
look forward to doing 展望/期待
Ø 特殊情况：此 to 非彼 to
be used to doing 习惯于
When it comes to doing... 当谈到...的时候
confess to doing 坦白
object to doing 反对
上述考点归纳：介词后要用 v-ing 形式
常考词组举例：
pay attention to
insist on
feel like
apologize for
attach importance to
主谓一致
主谓一致考情分析及学习策略
• 考情分析：
一般会出0-2道题，出题量维持在1道左右
且通常会结合动词时态和语态进行考察
• 学习策略：
准确掌握并记忆主谓一致的语法规则
主谓一致考点归纳
一. 谓语动词用单数意义的常考情况
二. 谓语动词用复数意义的常考情况
三. 谓语动词可单可复情况
考点一： 谓语V用单数意义的常考情况
1. 主语抽象表单一
① 动名词短语
eg: Saying is easier than doing.
② 不定式短语
eg: To teach others is to teach yourself.
③ 疑问词 + to do
eg: What to do next is up to you.
④ 主语从句
eg: Whatever he says is of no importance.
2. 时间、重量、长度、距离、金额等
eg: Thirty dollars is enough.
Five kilometers is a long way.
Ten years has passed since he left.
3. 自身含义是单数的不定代词
either ，neither，each，every以上词修饰主语，谓语动词统一用单数意义的
eg: Every means has been tried but without much result.
Neither of the plans suits me.
4. 学科、国家及组织等专有名词
常用学科名词常以“-ics”结尾
mathematics（数学） physics（物理）politics（政治学） economics（经济学）
statistics（统计学） electronics（电子学）
the United Nations 联合国 the New York Times 纽约时报
5. many a , more than one 连单用单
接单数名词，且动词用单三形式
eg: More than one person has been infected with the disease.
Many a student was asked to write an article.
考点二： 谓语V用复数意义的常考情况
1. 由and ,both...and...连接的并列主语
eg: Both boys and girls like watching TV.
注意：当and 连接的两个名词只有一个定冠词the修饰时，看成单数。
The singer and dancer is on the stage.
The singer and the dancer are on the stage.
2.人们加警察，家禽并牛群，公众年轻人
服装鞋袜裤手套，常作复数没问题
people police poultry（家禽） cattle （牛群）
public（公众） youth（年轻人）
clothes（衣服） shoes（鞋子） socks（袜子）
trousers （裤子）gloves（手套）
eg: The Chinese people are brave.
3. the + adj 表示一类人
the rich 富人the poor 穷人the young 年轻人the old 老人
eg: The rich are not always happy.
考点三： 谓语动词可单可复情况
1.就近原则
口诀：两or 一 nor 一 but , 就近原则记心间
... or ... 或者
either... or ... 或者
neither ... nor ... 两者都不
not only ... but also... 不仅...而且...
There be...
2.就远原则
口诀：和也除了包括than，就远原则记心间
和：with/together with/along with
也：as well as
除了:except/except for/besides/in addition to
包括：including
than：rather than 而不是
3.许多、一些、百分数，是单是复看名词的单复数
|
plenty of 许多 half of 一半 |
part of 一部分 |
|
rest of 剩余 |
most of 大多数 some of 一些 |
|
two thirds of |
ten percent of |
eg: Four-fifths of the buildings are destoryed.
4. 集体名词，整体用单数，成员用复数
Ø group 小组 小组成员
Ø class 班级 班里的同学
Ø family 家庭 家人
Ø team 队 队员
Ø army 军队 军队的士兵
5. 若与冠词相联系，请君一定细辨析
① 在定语从句中
one of ...who /that... 复数
the (only) one of ...who /that... 单数
② the number of ... 的数量 单数
a number of 许多 复数
特殊句型
特殊句型考情分析及学习策略
• 考情分析：
一般会出0-3道题，出题量维持在1道左右
学习策略：
重点掌握倒装句及强调句型
特殊句型考点归纳
一. 倒装句
二. 强调句
三.反义疑问句
倒装句考点内容
一、识别倒装的结构
二、半倒装的具体使用情况
考点一： 识别倒装的结构
• I finish my homework.
• He likes the book.
• She opened the window.
Ø 谓语动词一个单词
独立谓语
• I have been working here for seven years.
• The boy was hit by a car.
• He can marry a pretty wife.
Ø 谓语动词两个单词（或者2个以上）
复合谓语
Ø 助动词的分类：
|
do类: |
do does did |
|
have类: |
have has had |
|
be类: |
am is are was were |
情态助动词：will(would) shall(should) can(could) may(might) must(must)
英语中的倒装是什么形式？
• 正常的英语句子：
I finish my homework.
• 特殊情况：谓语放在主语之前
如果把整个谓语放在主语前
如果把助动词、情态动词放在主语前
• Now comes your turn.
• Here comes the bus.
• In the city lives an old man.
全倒装
• Little did I know about it.
• No word did he say before he left.
• By no means should we give up our dreams.
半倒装
Ø 怎样变半倒装？
I have a book.
She had a book.
She had finished her work before last week.
She has a book.
She has finished her work.
Ø 变半倒装的步骤：
① 找出原句的谓语动词
② 复合谓语：把情态动词/助动词提到主语前即可
实现半倒装 ;
独立谓语：这时需要借助动词，把借的助动词放
在主语前，并且把原句的动词单三和过去式变成原形
考点二： 半倒装具体使用情况
1. 否定句首，半倒装
• never/seldom/ few/ little/ not/nowhere,rarely (很少)/ barely(几乎不）
• by no means /in no case / in no way/ under,no circumstance/ at no time/on no account
2. Only(只有) +状语，放于句首后用半倒装
• by + doing 方式
• when/after/before... 时间
• in/at/on ... 地点
• if 条件
eg： Only in this way can we have a better future.
3. so /such放于句首，后用半倒装
So +形/副+ 半倒 + that从句
Such + 名+ 半倒 + that从句
含义：如此...以至于
eg：So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others.
4. 反复倒装
-I like English.
-So do I.
-I don't drink coffee.
-Neither do I.
Ø 题目构成：句 1 + 句 2
Ø 解题方法：
句1是肯定句: So + 助/情态v + 主语 “也是 ”
句1是否定句: Neither/Nor + 助/情态v + 主语 “也不是 ”
5. 四大加分句型
Ø “一...就...”句型：
Hardly/Scarcely+had+主语+done+when+从句
No sooner + had +主语+ done + than+从句
eg: Hardly had I got to the bus stop when the bus started.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.
ØNot only ... but also ...句型 “不但...而且...”
Not only 半倒装 ... , but also 不用半倒装
eg: Not only can Tom sing so well, but also all his family members are good singers.
ØNot until... 直到...才...
eg: Not until next week will the sports meeting be held.
Not until I came home did my mother go to bed last night.
强调句考点内容
强调句基本句型：
It is/was+被强调部分+that/who +其它
考点： 强调句基本句型
• Alipay affects people's life in China.
强调主语：
It is Alipay that affects people's life in China.
强调宾语：
It is people's life that Alipay affects in China.
强调地点状语：
It is in China that Alipay affects people's life.
总结：
① 被强调部分：主语、宾语
状语（时间状语、地点状语）
② 被强调部分直接从原句抽取不作任何变化
③ 强调句中的时间状语、地点状语：介词不可省略
如何判断一个句子是不是强调句？
判断方法：去掉 It is/was...that, 句子仍完整。
eg：It was 3 o'clock that I came back home.
反义疑问句考点内容
主要考查反义疑问句部分
eg：He likes playing football, doesn't he?
考点： 反义疑问句
Ø 反义疑问句通常形式：
若陈述句部分是肯定形式，则反义疑问句部分用否定
若陈述句部分是否定形式，则反义疑问句部分用肯定
eg：They work hard, don't they?
You didn't go home, did you?
Ø 常考特殊情况：当陈述部分为主从复合句时
反义疑问句部分：以一般应和主句保持一致
He doesn't say she will come, does he?
She believes what you say, doesn't she?
Ø 常考特殊情况：当陈述部分为主从复合句时
但当陈述句部分是：I think\believe\suppose等，
反义疑问句部分：和从句的主语和谓语动词保持一致
I don't think Tom will come here, will he ?
I believe that our experiment will succeed,won't it ?
