常用SQL语句大全总结
SQL是(Structured Query Language)结构化查询语言的简称,下面Mr.韦淋随笔博客从基础知识、判断对象和应用技巧等方面,介绍了SQL的应用方法。
基础
创建数据库
创建之前判断该数据库是否存在
if exists (select * from sysdatabases where name='databaseName') drop database databaseName go Create DATABASE database-name
删除数据库
drop database dbname
备份sql server
— 创建 备份数据的 device
USE master EXEC sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'testBack', 'c:\mssql7backup\MyNwind_1.dat'
— 开始 备份
BACKUP DATABASE pubs TO testBack
创建新表
create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)
根据已有的表创建新表:
A:go use 原数据库名 go select * into 目的数据库名.dbo.目的表名 from 原表名(使用旧表创建新表) B:create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old definition only
创建序列
create sequence SIMON_SEQUENCE minvalue 1 — 最小值 maxvalue 999999999999999999999999999 最大值 start with 1 开始值 increment by 1 每次加几 cache 20;
删除新表
drop table tabname
增加一个列
Alter table tabname add column col type
注:列增加后将不能删除。DB2中列加上后数据类型也不能改变,唯一能改变的是增加varchar类型的长度。
添加主键
Alter table tabname add primary key(col)
说明:删除主键: Alter table tabname drop primary key(col)
创建索引
create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)
删除索引:drop index idxname on tabname
注:索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。
创建视图
create view viewname as select statement
删除视图:
drop view viewname
几个简单的基本的sql语句
选择:select * from table1 where 范围 插入:insert into table1(field1,field2) values(value1,value2) 删除:delete from table1 where 范围 更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围 查找:select * from table1 where field1 like ’%value1%’ (所有包含‘value1’这个模式的字符串)—like的语法很精妙,查资料! 排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 [desc] 总数:select count(*) as totalcount from table1 求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table1 平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1 最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1 最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table1[separator]
几个高级查询运算词
A: UNION 运算符
UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。
B: EXCEPT 运算符
EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。
C: INTERSECT 运算符
INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。
注:使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。
使用外连接
A、left outer join:
左外连接(左连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
B:right outer join:
右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。
C:full outer join:
全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。
判断对象是否存在
判断数据库是否存在
if exists (select * from sys.databases where name = ‘数据库名’) drop database [数据库名]
判断表是否存在
if not exists (select * from sysobjects where [name] = ‘表名’ and xtype=’U’) begin –这里创建表 end
判断存储过程是否存在
if exists (select * from sysobjects where id = object_id(N'[存储过程名]’) and OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N’IsProcedure’) = 1) drop procedure [存储过程名]
判断临时表是否存在
if object_id(‘tempdb..#临时表名’) is not null drop table #临时表名
判断视图是否存在
–SQL Server 2000 IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysviews WHERE object_id = ‘[dbo].[视图名]’ –SQL Server 2005 IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.views WHERE object_id = ‘[dbo].[视图名]’
判断函数是否存在
if exists (select * from dbo.sysobjects where id = object_id(N'[dbo].[函数名]’) and xtype in (N’FN’, N’IF’, N’TF’)) drop function [dbo].[函数名]
获取用户创建的对象信息
SELECT [name],[id],crdate FROM sysobjects where xtype=’U’ /* xtype 的表示参数类型,通常包括如下这些 C = CHECK 约束 D = 默认值或 DEFAULT 约束 F = FOREIGN KEY 约束 L = 日志 FN = 标量函数 IF = 内嵌表函数 P = 存储过程 PK = PRIMARY KEY 约束(类型是 K) RF = 复制筛选存储过程 S = 系统表 TF = 表函数 TR = 触发器 U = 用户表 UQ = UNIQUE 约束(类型是 K) V = 视图 X = 扩展存储过程 */ 判断列是否存在 if exists(select * from syscolumns where id=object_id(‘表名’) and name=’列名’) alter table 表名 drop column 列名
判断列是否自增列
if columnproperty(object_id(‘table’),’col’,’IsIdentity’)=1 print ‘自增列’ else print ‘不是自增列’ SELECT * FROM sys.columns WHERE object_id=OBJECT_ID(‘表名’) AND is_identity=1
判断表中是否存在索引
if exists(select * from sysindexes where id=object_id(‘表名’) and name=’索引名’) print ‘存在’ else print ‘不存在 查看数据库中对象 SELECT * FROM sys.sysobjects WHERE name=’对象名’
提升
复制表
(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)
法一:select * into b from a where 1<>1
法二:select top 0 * into b from a
拷贝表
(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:b) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;
跨数据库之间表的拷贝
(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)
insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in ‘具体数据库’ where 条件
例子:..from b in ‘”&Server.MapPath(“.”&”\data.mdb” &”‘ where..
子查询
(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b 或者: select a,b,c from a where a IN (1,2,3)
显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间
select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b
外连接查询
(表名1:a 表名2:b)
select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c
在线视图查询
(表名1:a
select * from (Select a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a > 1;
between的用法
between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括
select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2 select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2
in 的使用方法
select * from table1 where a [not] in (‘值1’,’值2’,’值4’,’值6’)
删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息
两张关联表delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table1.field1=table2.field1
四表联查问题
select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where …..
日程安排提前五分钟提醒
SQL: select * from 日程安排 where datediff(‘minute’,f开始时间,getdate())>5
一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页
select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 desc) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段
前10条记录
select top 10 * form table1 where 范围
选择排名
选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)
select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)
派生结果表
包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表
(select a from tableA except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)
随机取出10条数据
select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()
随机选择记录
select newid()
删除重复记录
Delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from tablename group by col1,col2,…)
列出数据库里所有的表名
select name from sysobjects where type=’U’
列出表里的所有的
select name from syscolumns where id=object_id(‘TableName’)
列示排列
列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。
select type,sum(case vender when ‘A’ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘C’ then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when ‘B’ then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type
显示结果:
type vender pcs
电脑 A 1
电脑 A 1
光盘 B 2
光盘 A 2
手机 B 3
手机 C 3
初始化表table1
TRUNCATE TABLE table1
选择从10到15的记录
select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc
数据类型转换
declare @numid int declare @id varchar(50) set @numid=2005 set @id=convert(varchar,@numid)
通过上述语句完成数据类型Int转换成varchar,其他转换类似,可参看convert函数
技巧
1=1,1=2的使用
在SQL语句组合时用的较多
“where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选,
如:
if @strWhere !=’ begin set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where ‘ + @strWhere end else begin set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘]’ end
我们可以直接写成
set @strSQL = ‘select count(*) as Total from [‘ + @tblName + ‘] where 1=1 and ‘+ @strWhere
收缩数据库
–重建索引
DBCC REINDEX
DBCC INDEXDEFRAG
–收缩数据和日志
DBCC SHRINKDB
DBCC SHRINKFILE
压缩数据库
dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname) 转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限 exec sp_change_users_login ‘update_one’,’newname’,’oldname’ go
检查备份集
RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk=’E:\dvbbs.bak’
修复数据库
Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET SINGLE_USER GO DBCC CHECKDB(‘dvbbs’,repair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCK GO Alter DATABASE [dvbbs] SET MULTI_USER GO
日志清除
SET NOCOUNT ON DECLARE @LogicalFileName sysname, @MaxMinutes INT, @NewSize INT USE tablename — 要操作的数据库名 Select @LogicalFileName = ‘tablename_log’, — 日志文件名 @MaxMinutes = 10, — Limit on time allowed to wrap log. @NewSize = 1 — 你想设定的日志文件的大小(M) — Setup / initialize DECLARE @OriginalSize int Select @OriginalSize = size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName Select ‘Original Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),@OriginalSize) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(@OriginalSize*8/1024)) + ‘MB’ FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName Create TABLE DummyTrans (DummyColumn char (8000) not null) DECLARE @Counter INT, @StartTime DATETIME, @TruncLog VARCHAR(255) Select @StartTime = GETDATE(), @TruncLog = ‘BACKUP LOG ‘ + db_name() + ‘ WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY’ DBCC SHRINKFILE (@LogicalFileName, @NewSize) EXEC (@TruncLog) — Wrap the log if necessary. WHILE @MaxMinutes > DATEDIFF (mi, @StartTime, GETDATE()) — time has not expired AND @OriginalSize = (Select size FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName) AND (@OriginalSize * 8 /1024) > @NewSize BEGIN — Outer loop. Select @Counter = 0 WHILE ((@Counter < @OriginalSize / 16) AND (@Counter < 50000)) BEGIN — update Insert DummyTrans VALUES (‘Fill Log’) Delete DummyTrans Select @Counter = @Counter + 1 END EXEC (@TruncLog) END Select ‘Final Size of ‘ + db_name() + ‘ LOG is ‘ + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + ‘ 8K pages or ‘ + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024)) + ‘MB’ FROM sysfiles Where name = @LogicalFileName Drop TABLE DummyTrans SET NOCOUNT OFF
更改某个表
exec sp_changeobjectowner ‘tablename’,’dbo’
存储更改全部表
Create PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatch @OldOwner as NVARCHAR(128), @NewOwner as NVARCHAR(128) AS DECLARE @Name as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE @Owner as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE @OwnerName as NVARCHAR(128) DECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR select 'Name' = name, 'Owner' = user_name(uid) from sysobjects where user_name(uid)=@OldOwner order by name OPEN curObject FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner WHILE(@@FETCH_STATUS=0) BEGIN if @Owner=@OldOwner begin set @OwnerName = @OldOwner + '.' + rtrim(@Name) exec sp_changeobjectowner @OwnerName, @NewOwner end– select @name,@NewOwner,@OldOwner FETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO @Name, @Owner END close curObject deallocate curObject GO SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据 declare @i int set @i=1 while @i<30 begin insert into test (userid) values(@i) set @i=@i+1 end