python-常用函数模块学习

什么是模块

 

在计算机程序的开发过程中，随着程序代码越写越多，在一个文件里代码就会越来越长，越来越不容易维护。

为了编写可维护的代码，我们把很多函数分组，分别放在不同的文件里，这样，每个文件包含的代码就相对较少，很多编程语言都采用这种组织代码的方式。在python中一个.py文件就被称之为一个模块

 

好处

1.提高代码维护性，其次，编写代码不用从零开始（可重用）。

2.使用模块可以避免函数名和变量名冲突

 

 

模块分类

1，内置标准模块 （又称为标准库） 执行help（‘modules’） 查看所有python自带模块列表

2，第三方开源模块

3，自定义模块

 

模块种类和导入方法

1.import

2.from os import rmdir，rename

3.from django.core import handlers as rename（as就是起了一个别名）

4.from django.core import *（省去写前缀， 不推荐使用）

 

模块的导入路径

自定义模块

就是自己写一个py文件，调用肯定包含当前目录

 

 

 

开源模块学习的安装方式

https://pypi.python.org/pypi

开源模块网址

 

python3 setup.py build  编译过程

 

1.平台下载文件，解压后进入目录，执行以下命令完成安装

编译源码  python setup.py build

安装源码  python setup.py install

 

1.直接通过pip安装 pip3 install paramiko  #paramiko是模块名

 

 使用

 

 

 

包及夸模块导入

想要文件夹变成包，就要新建一个_init_.py一个文件

程序在哪执行，当前路径就是哪个

想导入其他模块，就要去找他的路径

 

 

相对导入

 

 想要相对导入，目录必须是一个包

虽然支持相对导入

 

 

 

time模块 

 datetime，一个是时间运算一个是时间替换

 

 

random模块 

随机抽奖类

随机验证码

 

 

 

os模块 

 

带path和不带path两种

 

 

sys模块 

 

 

shutil模块

高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块

shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容

def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
    """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
    while 1:
        buf = fsrc.read(length)
        if not buf:
            break
        fdst.write(buf)

shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件

def copyfile(src, dst):
    """Copy data from src to dst"""
    if _samefile(src, dst):
        raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))

    for fn in [src, dst]:
        try:
            st = os.stat(fn)
        except OSError:
            # File most likely does not exist
            pass
        else:
            # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
            if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
                raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)

    with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
        with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)

shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变

 

shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags

def copystat(src, dst):
    """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
    st = os.stat(src)
    mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
    if hasattr(os, 'utime'):
        os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
    if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
        os.chmod(dst, mode)
    if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):
        try:
            os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
        except OSError, why:
            for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':
                if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
                    break
            else:
                raise

shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限

def copy(src, dst):
    """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").

    The destination may be a directory.

    """
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
    copyfile(src, dst)
    copymode(src, dst)

shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息

def copy2(src, dst):
    """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").

    The destination may be a directory.

    """
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
    copyfile(src, dst)
    copystat(src, dst)

shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件

例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))

def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
    """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.

    Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
    that are used to exclude files"""
    def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
        ignored_names = []
        for pattern in patterns:
            ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
        return set(ignored_names)
    return _ignore_patterns

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
    """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().

    The destination directory must not already exist.
    If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.

    If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
    source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
    it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
    links are copied.

    The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
    is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
    being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
    `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():

        callable(src, names) -> ignored_names

    Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
    called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
    list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
    not be copied.

    XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.

    """
    names = os.listdir(src)
    if ignore is not None:
        ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
    else:
        ignored_names = set()

    os.makedirs(dst)
    errors = []
    for name in names:
        if name in ignored_names:
            continue
        srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
        dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
        try:
            if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
                linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
                os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
            elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
                copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
            else:
                # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
                copy2(srcname, dstname)
        # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
        # continue with other files
        except Error, err:
            errors.extend(err.args[0])
        except EnvironmentError, why:
            errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
    try:
        copystat(src, dst)
    except OSError, why:
        if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
            # Copying file access times may fail on Windows
            pass
        else:
            errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
    if errors:
        raise Error, errors

shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
    """Recursively delete a directory tree.

    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
    path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
    path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors
    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.

    """
    if ignore_errors:
        def onerror(*args):
            pass
    elif onerror is None:
        def onerror(*args):
            raise
    try:
        if os.path.islink(path):
            # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
            raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
    except OSError:
        onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
        # can't continue even if onerror hook returns
        return
    names = []
    try:
        names = os.listdir(path)
    except os.error, err:
        onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
    for name in names:
        fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
        try:
            mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
        except os.error:
            mode = 0
        if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
            rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
        else:
            try:
                os.remove(fullname)
            except os.error, err:
                onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
    try:
        os.rmdir(path)
    except os.error:
        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())

shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件

def move(src, dst):
    """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
    similar to the Unix "mv" command.

    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
    exist.

    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.

    If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
    Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
    A lot more could be done here...  A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
    the issues this implementation glosses over.

    """
    real_dst = dst
    if os.path.isdir(dst):
        if _samefile(src, dst):
            # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
            # perform the rename anyway.
            os.rename(src, dst)
            return

        real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
        if os.path.exists(real_dst):
            raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst
    try:
        os.rename(src, real_dst)
    except OSError:
        if os.path.isdir(src):
            if _destinsrc(src, dst):
                raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)
            copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
            rmtree(src)
        else:
            copy2(src, real_dst)
            os.unlink(src)

shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)

创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar

• base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
  如：www                        =>保存至当前路径
  如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
• format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
• root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
• owner： 用户，默认当前用户
• group： 组，默认当前组
• logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象

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#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录   import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')     #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录 import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')

shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：

见网址http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4963027.html

 

 

序列化模块

序列化就是把内存里的数据类型转变成字符串

序列化json模块 

 序列化pickle 模块 

和json差不多

 序列化shelve 模块 

 

 

 

 

hashlib加密模块详解2

 

 

 

xml 模块 

 

 

 

configparser模块 

用于对特定的配置进行操作，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。

# 注释1

; 注释2

 

[section1]

k1 = v1

k2:v2

 

[section2]

k1 = v1

 

 

 

 

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import ConfigParser   config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser() config.read('i.cfg')   # ########## 读 ########## #secs = config.sections() #print secs #options = config.options('group2') #print options   #item_list = config.items('group2') #print item_list   #val = config.get('group1','key') #val = config.getint('group1','key')   # ########## 改写 ########## #sec = config.remove_section('group1') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))   #sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi') #sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))     #config.set('group2','k1',11111) #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))   #config.remove_option('group2','age') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))