mysql单表查询


单表查询


单表查询的语法及关键字执行的优先级

单表查询语法

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SELECT DISTINCT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                              WHERE 条件
                              GROUP BY field
                              HAVING 筛选
                              ORDER BY field
                              LIMIT 限制条数
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关键字执行的优先级

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from
where
group by
select
distinct
having
order by
limit
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1.找到表:from

2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录

3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组

4.执行select(去重)

5.将分组的结果进行having过滤

6.将结果按条件排序:order by

7.限制结果的显示条数

简单查询

company.employee
    员工id      id                  int             
    姓名        emp_name            varchar
    性别        sex                 enum
    年龄        age                 int
    入职日期     hire_date           date
    岗位        post                varchar
    职位描述     post_comment        varchar
    薪水        salary              double
    办公室       office              int
    部门编号     depart_id           int

创建表

create table employee(
id
int not null unique auto_increment,
emp_name
varchar(20) not null,
sex enum(
'male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age
int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date
not null,
post
varchar(50),
post_comment
varchar(100),
salary
double(15,2),
office
int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id
int
);

查看表结构

mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| emp_name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
| post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

插入记录

三个部门:教学,销售,运营

insert into employee(emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
(
'egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
(
'alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
(
'wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
(
'yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
(
'liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
(
'jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
(
'jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
(
'成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
(
'丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
(
'丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
(
'星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
(
'格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
(
'程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
(
'程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
(
'程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
(
'程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk

准备表和记录

建表和数据准备
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简单查询

SELECT id,emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id 
FROM employee;

SELECT * FROM employee;

SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee;

避免重复DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    

通过四则运算查询

SELECT emp_name, salary*12 FROM employee;
SELECT emp_name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
SELECT emp_name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;

定义显示格式

CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',emp_name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;

CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',emp_name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;

结合CASE语句:
SELECT
(
CASE
WHEN emp_name = 'jingliyang' THEN
emp_name
WHEN emp_name = 'alex' THEN
CONCAT(emp_name,
'_BIGSB')
ELSE
concat(emp_name,
'SB')
END
)
as new_name
FROM
employee;

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小练习:

1 查出所有员工的名字,薪资,格式为
    <名字:egon>    <薪资:3000>
2 查出所有的岗位(去掉重复)
3 查出所有员工名字,以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为annual_year
select concat('<名字:',emp_name,'>    ','<薪资:',salary,'>') from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select emp_name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;
答案

where约束

where字句中可以使用:

1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在80到100之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
4. like 'e%'
    通配符可以是%或_,
    %表示任意多字符
    _表示一个字符 
5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

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#1:单条件查询
    SELECT emp_name FROM employee
        WHERE post='sale';

#2:多条件查询
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE post
='teacher' AND salary>10000;

#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary BETWEEN
10000 AND 20000;

SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
    WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN </span>10000 AND 20000<span style="color: #000000;">;

#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee 
    WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
    
SELECT emp_name,post_comment FROM employee 
    WHERE post_comment</span>=<span style="color: #800000;">''</span>; 注意<span style="color: #800000;">''</span><span style="color: #000000;">是空字符串,不是null
ps:
    执行
    update employee set post_comment</span>=<span style="color: #800000;">''</span> where id=2<span style="color: #000000;">;
    再用上条查看,就会有结果了

#5:关键字IN集合查询
SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary
=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;

SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
    WHERE salary IN (</span>3000,3500,4000,9000<span style="color: #000000;">) ;

SELECT emp_name,salary FROM employee 
    WHERE salary NOT IN (</span>3000,3500,4000,9000<span style="color: #000000;">) ;

#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
通配符’%
SELECT
* FROM employee
WHERE emp_name LIKE
'eg%';

通配符’_’
SELECT </span>*<span style="color: #000000;"> FROM employee 
        WHERE emp_name LIKE </span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span><span style="color: #800000;">al__</span><span style="color: #800000;">'</span>;</pre>
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小练习:

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1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-10000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
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select emp_name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select emp_name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select emp_name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select emp_name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and emp_name like 'jin%';
答案

group by 

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单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
    SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数

GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;

GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人

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强调:

如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

聚合函数

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#强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组

示例:
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
    SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
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小练习:

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1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
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#题1:分组
mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post                                    | group_concat(emp_name)                                      |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation                               | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁                        |
| sale                                    | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格                                |
| teacher                                 | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙   |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon                                                    |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

#题目2:
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation | 5 |
| sale | 5 |
| teacher | 7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+

#题目3:
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
+--------+-----------+
| sex | count(id) |
+--------+-----------+
| male | 10 |
| female | 8 |
+--------+-----------+

#题目4:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| sale | 2600.294000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.330000 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+

#题目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | max(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 20000.00 |
| sale | 4000.33 |
| teacher | 1000000.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+

#题目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | min(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 10000.13 |
| sale | 1000.37 |
| teacher | 2100.00 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+

#题目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
+--------+---------------+
| sex | avg(salary) |
+--------+---------------+
| male | 110920.077000 |
| female | 7250.183750 |
+--------+---------------+

答案

HAVING过滤

HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!

#!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
#2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
mysql> select @@sql_mode;
+--------------------+
| @@sql_mode         |
+--------------------+
| ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY |
+--------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from emp where salary > 100000;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | emp_name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | NULL | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
row
in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000;#错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'
mysql
> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| post | group_concat(emp_name) |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 程咬铁,程咬铜,程咬银,程咬金,张野 |
| teacher | 成龙,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------+
rows
in set (0.00 sec)

验证

小练习:

1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
#题1:
mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | group_concat(emp_name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon               |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

#题目2:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+

#题目3:
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+

答案

ORDER BY 查询排序

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按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
SELECT * from employee
ORDER BY age,
salary DESC;

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小练习:

1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
#题目1
mysql> select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;

#题目2
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+

#题目3
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+---------------+

答案

LIMIT 限制查询的记录数

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示例:
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
    
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
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小练习:

1. 分页显示,每页5条
mysql> select * from  employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | emp_name      | sex  | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | egon      | male |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
|  2 | alex      | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  3 | wupeiqi   | male |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  4 | yuanhao   | male |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  5 | liwenzhou | male |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | emp_name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows
in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | emp_name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 402 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |
| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 403 | 3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows
in set (0.00 sec)

答案

使用正则表达式查询

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SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP '^ale';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'm{2}';

小结:对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE emp_name = 'egon';
WHERE emp_name LIKE
'yua%';
WHERE emp_name REGEXP
'on$';

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小练习:

查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结果的员工信息
select * from employee where emp_name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
答案

 

posted @ 2020-06-04 17:06  知秋一叶9527  阅读(112)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报