kubernetes(二)--k8s的资源清单及pod生命周期
一、K8S资源
k8s中所有内容对抽象为资源,资源实例化之后叫做对象
1.1、名称空间级别资源
工作负载型资源(workload):Pod,ReplicaSet,Deployment,StatefulSet,DaemonSet,Job,CronJob(ReplicationController 在v1.11中废弃)
服务发现及负载均衡型资源(ServiceDiscovery & LoadBalance):Service,Ingress,..
配置与存储型资源:Volume(存储卷),CSI(容器存储接口,可以扩展各种各样的第三方存储卷)
特殊类型的存储卷:Configmap(当配置中心来使用的资源类型),Secret(保存敏感的数据),DownwardAPI(把外部环境中的信息输出给容器)
1.2、集群级别资源
集群级资源:Namespace,Node,Role,ClusterRole,RoleBinding,ClusterRoleBinding
1.3、元数据级别资源
元数据级资源:HPA,PodTemplate,LimitRange
二、资源清单
在k8s中,一般使用yaml格式的文件来创建符合我们预期期望的pod,这样的yaml文件称之为资源清单。
2.1、yaml语法
略
2.2、资源清单常用字段解释
2.3、资源清单格式
apiVersion: group/apiversion #如果没有给定group名称,默认为core,可以使用kubectl api-versions获取当前k8s版本所有的apiVersion版本信息 kind: #资源类型 metadata: #资源元数据 name namespace labels annotations #注解:方便用户阅读查找 spec: #期望的状态(disired state) status: #当前的状态,本字段有k8s自身维护,用户不能去定义
2.4、资源清单常用命令
1)获取apiversion版本信息
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl api-versions admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 apiregistration.k8s.io/v1 apiregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 apps/v1 apps/v1beta1 apps/v1beta2 authentication.k8s.io/v1 authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 authorization.k8s.io/v1 authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 autoscaling/v1 autoscaling/v2beta1 autoscaling/v2beta2 batch/v1 batch/v1beta1 certificates.k8s.io/v1beta1 coordination.k8s.io/v1 coordination.k8s.io/v1beta1 events.k8s.io/v1beta1 extensions/v1beta1 networking.k8s.io/v1 networking.k8s.io/v1beta1 node.k8s.io/v1beta1 policy/v1beta1 rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 scheduling.k8s.io/v1 scheduling.k8s.io/v1beta1 storage.k8s.io/v1 storage.k8s.io/v1beta1 v1
2)获取资源字段解释说明
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl explain pod [root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl explain Ingress [root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec
3)字段配置格式
2.5、通过定义资源清单创建pod
#创建资源清单 [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# vim pod-test.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: myapp-pod labels: app: myapp version: v1 spec: containers: - name: app image: hub.dianchou.com/library/myapp:v1 #启动pod [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl create -f pod-test.yaml pod/myapp-pod created [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE myapp-pod 1/1 Running 0 11s nginx-deployment-6596568468-kbz7g 1/1 Running 0 4h27m nginx-deployment-6596568468-lbtsb 1/1 Running 0 4h27m nginx-deployment-6596568468-lgk9r 1/1 Running 0 4h28m [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl get pod -o wide NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES myapp-pod 1/1 Running 0 15s 10.244.1.3 k8s-node01 <none> <none> nginx-deployment-6596568468-kbz7g 1/1 Running 0 4h27m 10.244.2.4 k8s-node02 <none> <none> nginx-deployment-6596568468-lbtsb 1/1 Running 0 4h27m 10.244.2.3 k8s-node02 <none> <none> nginx-deployment-6596568468-lgk9r 1/1 Running 0 4h28m 10.244.1.2 k8s-node01 <none> <none> [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# curl 10.244.1.3 Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
三、容器生命周期
3.1、init 容器
Pod能够具有多个容器,应用运行在容器中,但他也有可能有一个或多个先于容器启动的init容器
init容器与普通的容器非常像,除了以下两点:
- init容器总是运行到成功完成为止
- 每一个init容器都必须在下一个init容器启动之前成功完成
如果Pod的init容器失败,kubernetes会不断重启该Pod,init容器成功为止,然而如果Pod对应的restartPolicy为Never,她就不会重新启动
init容器作用:
因为Init容器具有与应用程序容器分离的单独镜像,所以它们的启动相关代码具有如下优势:
1)它们可以包含并运行实用工具,但是出于安全考虑,是不建议在应用程序容器镜像中包含这些实用工具的
2)它们可以包含使用工具和定制化代码来安装,但是不能出现在应用程序镜像中。例如,创建镜像没必要FROM另一个镜像,只需要在安装过程中使用类似sed、awk、python或dig这样的工具。
3)应用程序镜像可以分离出创建和部署的角色,而没有必要联合它们构建一个单独的镜像。
4)Init容器使用LinuxNamespace,所以相对应用程序容器来说具有不同的文件系统视图。因此,它们能够具有访问Secret的权限,而应用程序容器则不能。
5)它们必须在应用程序容器启动之前运行完成,而应用程序容器是并行运行的,所以Init容器能够提供了一种简单的阻塞或延迟应用容器的启动的方法,直到满足了一组先决条件。
init容器示例:
#创建pod,pod中包含一个主容器,2个init容器 [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# cat init-pod.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: myapp-pod labels: app: myapp spec: containers: - name: myapp-container image: busybox command: ['sh','-c','echo The app is running! && sleep 3600'] initContainers: - name: init-myservice image: busybox command: ['sh','-c','until nslookup myservice; do echo waiting for myservice; sleep 2;done;'] - name: init-mydb image: busybox command: ['sh','-c','until nslookup mydb; do echo waiting for mydb; sleep 2; done;'] [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl create -f init-pod.yaml pod/myapp-pod created [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE myapp-pod 0/1 Init:0/2 0 6s [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE myapp-pod 0/1 Init:0/2 0 8s [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE myapp-pod 0/1 Init:0/2 0 10s [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE myapp-pod 0/1 Init:0/2 0 12s #注意该状态 #原因分析 [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl describe pod myapp-pod Name: myapp-pod Namespace: default Priority: 0 Node: k8s-node02/10.0.0.21 Start Time: Sun, 02 Feb 2020 22:22:24 +0800 Labels: app=myapp Annotations: <none> Status: Pending IP: 10.244.2.5 Init Containers: init-myservice: Container ID: docker://22073bb5ec0f4afe44f9d995fa5560abf42d8a67839e4fdaf798a262a72b65aa Image: busybox Image ID: docker-pullable://busybox@sha256:6915be4043561d64e0ab0f8f098dc2ac48e077fe23f488ac24b665166898115a Port: <none> Host Port: <none> Command: sh -c until nslookup myservice; do echo waiting for myservice; sleep 2;done; State: Running Started: Sun, 02 Feb 2020 22:24:14 +0800 Ready: False Restart Count: 0 Environment: <none> Mounts: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from default-token-q9x9d (ro) init-mydb: Container ID: Image: busybox Image ID: Port: <none> Host Port: <none> Command: sh -c until nslookup mydb; do echo waiting for mydb; sleep 2; done; State: Waiting Reason: PodInitializing Ready: False Restart Count: 0 Environment: <none> Mounts: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from default-token-q9x9d (ro) Containers: myapp-container: Container ID: Image: busybox Image ID: Port: <none> Host Port: <none> Command: sh -c echo The app is running! && sleep 3600 State: Waiting Reason: PodInitializing Ready: False Restart Count: 0 Environment: <none> Mounts: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from default-token-q9x9d (ro) Conditions: Type Status Initialized False Ready False ContainersReady False PodScheduled True Volumes: default-token-q9x9d: Type: Secret (a volume populated by a Secret) SecretName: default-token-q9x9d Optional: false QoS Class: BestEffort Node-Selectors: <none> Tolerations: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute for 300s node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute for 300s Events: Type Reason Age From Message ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- Normal Scheduled 9m1s default-scheduler Successfully assigned default/myapp-pod to k8s-node02 Warning Failed 7m50s kubelet, k8s-node02 Failed to pull image "busybox": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = context canceled Warning Failed 7m50s kubelet, k8s-node02 Error: ErrImagePull Normal BackOff 7m50s kubelet, k8s-node02 Back-off pulling image "busybox" Warning Failed 7m50s kubelet, k8s-node02 Error: ImagePullBackOff Normal Pulling 7m37s (x2 over 8m59s) kubelet, k8s-node02 Pulling image "busybox" Normal Pulled 7m11s kubelet, k8s-node02 Successfully pulled image "busybox" Normal Created 7m11s kubelet, k8s-node02 Created container init-myservice Normal Started 7m11s kubelet, k8s-node02 Started container init-myservice #启第一个init容器 [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl log myapp-pod -c init-myservice #当pod中有多个容器时,-c指定容器 ... waiting for myservice Server: 10.96.0.10 Address: 10.96.0.10:53 ** server can't find myservice.default.svc.cluster.local: NXDOMAIN *** Can't find myservice.svc.cluster.local: No answer *** Can't find myservice.cluster.local: No answer *** Can't find myservice.default.svc.cluster.local: No answer *** Can't find myservice.svc.cluster.local: No answer *** Can't find myservice.cluster.local: No answer .... #创建service [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# cat myservice.yaml kind: Service apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: myservice spec: ports: - protocol: TCP port: 80 targetPort: 9376 [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl create -f myservice.yaml service/myservice created [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE myapp-pod 0/1 Init:1/2 0 20m #已经成功初始化第一个init容器,但pod还未就绪 #创建service [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# cat mydb.yaml kind: Service apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: mydb spec: ports: - protocol: TCP port: 80 targetPort: 9377 [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl create -f mydb.yaml service/mydb created [root@k8s-master01 yaml]# kubectl get pod -w NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE myapp-pod 0/1 Init:1/2 0 25m myapp-pod 0/1 PodInitializing 0 26m myapp-pod 1/1 Running 0 26m #初始化完成,pod就绪
特殊说明:
1)在Pod启动过程中,Init容器会按顺序在网络和数据卷初始化之后启动。每个容器必须在下一个容器启动之前成功退出(网络和数据卷初始化是在pause)
2)如果由于运行时或失败退出,将导致容器启动失败,它会根据Pod的restartPolicy指定的策略进行重试。然而,如果Pod的restartPolicy设置为Always,Init容器失败时会使用RestartPolicy策略
3)在所有的Init容器没有成功之前,Pod将不会变成Ready状态。Init容器的端口将不会在Service中进行聚集。正在初始化中的Pod处于Pending状态,但应该会将Initializing状态设置为true
4)如果Pod重启,所有Init容器必须重新执行
5)对Init容器spec的修改被限制在容器image字段,修改其他字段都不会生效。更改Init容器的image字段,等价于重启该Pod
6)Init容器具有应用容器的所有字段。除了readinessProbe(就绪检测),因为Init容器无法定义不同于完成(completion)的就绪(readiness)之外的其他状态。这会在验证过程中强制执行
7)在Pod中的每个app和Init容器的名称必须唯一;与任何其它容器共享同一个名称,会在验证时抛出错误
3.2、容器探针
探针是由kubelet对容器执行的定期诊断。要执行诊断,kubelet调用由容器实现的Handler。有三种类型的处理程序:
- ExecAction:在容器内执行指定命令。如果命令退出时返回码为0则认为诊断成功。
- TCPSocketAction:对指定端口上的容器的IP地址进行TCP检查。如果端口打开,则诊断被认为是成功的。
- HTTPGetAction:对指定的端口和路径上的容器的IP地址执行HTTPGet请求。如果响应的状态码大于等于200且小于400,则诊断被认为是成功的
每次探测都将获得以下三种结果之一:
- 成功:容器通过了诊断。
- 失败:容器未通过诊断。
- 未知:诊断失败,因此不会采取任何行动
探测方式:
1)livenessProbe:指示容器是否正在运行。如果存活探测失败,则kubelet会杀死容器,并且容器将受到其重启策略的影响。如果容器不提供存活探针,则默认状态为Success(会随着容器的生命周期一直存在)
2)readinessProbe:指示容器是否准备好服务请求。如果就绪探测失败,端点控制器将从与Pod匹配的所有Service的端点中删除该Pod的IP地址。初始延迟之前的就绪状态默认为Failure。如果容器不提供就绪探针,则默认状态为Success
检测探针--就绪检测:
#创建pod [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# cat readinessProbe-httpget.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: readiness-httpget-pod namespace: default spec: containers: - name: readiness-httpget-container image: hub.dianchou.com/library/myapp:v1 imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent readinessProbe: httpGet: port: 80 path: /index1.html initialDelaySeconds: 1 periodSeconds: 3 [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl create -f readinessProbe-httpget.yaml pod/readiness-httpget-pod created [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE readiness-httpget-pod 0/1 Running 0 6s #虽然状态为running,但还未就绪 #查看原因:由于没有index1.html文件,所有就绪检测不成功 [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl describe pod readiness-httpget-pod ... Warning Unhealthy 4m13s (x100 over 9m10s) kubelet, k8s-node01 Readiness probe failed: HTTP probe failed with statuscode: 404 #进入容器,创建文件测试 [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl exec readiness-httpget-pod -it -- /bin/sh / # cd /usr/share/nginx/html/ /usr/share/nginx/html # ls 50x.html index.html /usr/share/nginx/html # echo "123" >> index1.html /usr/share/nginx/html # exit #再次查看状态 [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE readiness-httpget-pod 1/1 Running 0 11m #已经就绪了
检测探针--存活检测:
1)exec方式
#创建pod [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# vim livenessProbe-exec.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: liveness-exec-pod namespace: default spec: containers: - name: liveness-exec-container image: hub.dianchou.com/library/myapp:v1 imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent command: ["/bin/sh","-c","touch /tmp/live; sleep 20; rm -fr /tmp/live; sleep 3600"] livenessProbe: exec: command: ["test","-e","/tmp/live"] initialDelaySeconds: 1 periodSeconds: 3 [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl get pod -w #会不断重启pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE liveness-exec-pod 1/1 Running 0 10s liveness-exec-pod 1/1 Running 1 59s liveness-exec-pod 1/1 Running 2 117s
2)httpget方式
[root@k8s-master01 k8s]# vim livenessProbe-httpget.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: liveness-httpget-pod namespace: default spec: containers: - name: liveness-httpget-container image: hub.dianchou.com/library/myapp:v1 imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent ports: - name: http containerPort: 80 livenessProbe: httpGet: port: http path: /index.html initialDelaySeconds: 1 periodSeconds: 3 timeoutSeconds: 10 [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl create -f livenessProbe-httpget.yaml pod/liveness-httpget-pod created [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE liveness-httpget-pod 1/1 Running 0 5s [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl get pod -o wide NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES liveness-httpget-pod 1/1 Running 0 12s 10.244.2.6 k8s-node02 <none> <none> [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# curl 10.244.2.6 Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a> #删除index.html [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl exec liveness-httpget-pod -it -- rm -fr /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl get pod -w NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE liveness-httpget-pod 1/1 Running 0 71s liveness-httpget-pod 1/1 Running 1 2m25s #容器在重启
3)tcp方式
[root@k8s-master01 k8s]# cat livenessProbe-tcp.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: liveness-tcp-pod namespace: default spec: containers: - name: liveness-tcp-container image: hub.dianchou.com/library/myapp:v1 imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent livenessProbe: initialDelaySeconds: 5 timeoutSeconds: 1 periodSeconds: 3 tcpSocket: port: 8080 #端口不存在 [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl create -f livenessProbe-tcp.yaml pod/liveness-exec-pod created [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl get pod -w NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE liveness-tcp-pod 1/1 Running 0 6s liveness-tcp-pod 1/1 Running 1 15s liveness-tcp-pod 1/1 Running 2 27s liveness-tcp-pod 1/1 Running 3 39s liveness-tcp-pod 0/1 CrashLoopBackOff 3 50s
3.3、Pod hook
Podhook(钩子)是由Kubernetes管理的kubelet发起的,当容器中的进程启动前或者容器中的进程终止之前运行,这是包含在容器的生命周期之中。可以同时为Pod中的所有容器都配置hook
Hook的类型包括两种:
- exec:执行一段命令
- HTTP:发送HTTP请求
[root@k8s-master01 k8s]# cat start-stop.yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: lifecycle-demo namespace: default spec: containers: - name: lifecycle-demo-container image: hub.dianchou.com/library/myapp:v1 imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent lifecycle: postStart: exec: command: ["/bin/sh","-c","echo hello from the postStart handler >> /usr/share/message"] preStop: exec: command: ["/bin/sh","-c","echo hello from the preStop handler >> /usr/share/message"] [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl create -f start-stop.yaml pod/lifecycle-demo created [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE lifecycle-demo 1/1 Running 0 4s [root@k8s-master01 k8s]# kubectl exec lifecycle-demo -it -- cat /usr/share/message hello from the postStart handler
3.4、pod 重启策略
PodSpec中有一个restartPolicy字段,可能的值为Always、OnFailure和Never。默认为Always。restartPolicy适用于Pod中的所有容器。restartPolicy仅指通过同一节点上的kubelet重新启动容器。失败的容器由kubelet以五分钟为上限的指数退避延迟(10秒,20秒,40秒...)重新启动,并在成功执行十分钟后重置。如Pod文档中所述,一旦绑定到一个节点,Pod将永远不会重新绑定到另一个节点。
3.5、pod phase(pod相位)
1)挂起(Pending):Pod已被Kubernetes系统接受,但有一个或者多个容器镜像尚未创建。等待时间包括调度Pod的时间和通过网络下载镜像的时间,这可能需要花点时间
2)运行中(Running):该Pod已经绑定到了一个节点上,Pod中所有的容器都已被创建。至少有一个容器正在运行,或者正处于启动或重启状态,可能并不能提供访问
3)成功(Succeeded):Pod中的所有容器都被成功终止,并且不会再重启
4)失败(Failed):Pod中的所有容器都已终止了,并且至少有一个容器是因为失败终止。也就是说,容器以非0状态退出或者被系统终止
5)未知(Unknown):因为某些原因无法取得Pod的状态,通常是因为与Pod所在主机通信失败
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