Django基础(五)- form组件及django序列化
一、form组件功能
Django的Form组件主要有以下几大功能:
1)生成HTML标签
2)验证用户数据(显示错误信息)
3)HTML Form提交保留上次提交数据
4)初始化页面显示内容
二、小试牛刀
2.1、创建Form类
###########################views.py##################################### from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect from django import forms from django.forms import fields class F1Form(forms.Form): user = fields.CharField( max_length=18, min_length=6, required=True, error_messages={ 'required': '用户名不能为空', 'max_length': '太长了', 'min_length': '太短了' } ) pwd = fields.CharField( required=True, min_length=32, error_messages={ 'required': '密码不能为空', 'min_length': '太短了' } ) age = fields.IntegerField( required=True, error_messages={ 'required': '年龄不能为空', 'invalid': '不许为数字', } ) email = fields.EmailField( required=True, error_messages={ 'required': '邮箱不能为空', 'invalid': '邮箱格式错误' } )
2.2、View函数处理
def f1(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = F1Form() #创建html return render(request,'f1.html',{'obj':obj}) else: # u = request.POST.get('user') #不能为空,长度6-18 # p = request.POST.get('pwd') #不能为空,长度32 # e = request.POST.get('email') #不能为空,邮箱格式 # a = request.POST.get('age') #不能为空,数字类型 # #1.检查是否为空 # #2.检查格式是否正确 # #models.TB.objects.create(**{'username':xxx}) # print(u,p,e,a) obj = F1Form(request.POST) #前端数据验证 #是否全部验证成功 if obj.is_valid(): #用户提交的数据 print("验证成功",obj.cleaned_data) return redirect('http://www.xiaohuar.com') else: print("验证失败",obj.errors) return render(request,'f1.html',{'obj':obj})
2.3、url配置
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from app01 import views from app02 import views as v2 urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), # path('index.html/', views.index), # path('index1.html/', views.index1), path('index2.html/', views.index2), path('f1.html', v2.f1), ]
2.4、生成HTML
###########################html##################################### <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {#<form id="fm" action="/f1.html" method="POST">#} {# <p>用户<input type="text" name="user"/>{{ obj.errors.user.0 }}</p>#} {# <p>密码<input type="text" name="pwd"/>{{ obj.errors.pwd.0 }}</p>#} {# <p>年龄<input type="text" name="age"/>{{ obj.errors.age.0 }}</p>#} {# <p>邮箱<input type="text" name="email"/>{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p>#} {# <input type="submit" value="提交"/>#} {# <input type="button" value="Ajax提交" onclick="submitAjaxForm();"/>#} {#</form>#} {#<hr>#} {#创建html#} <form id="fm" action="/f1.html" method="POST"> <p>用户{{ obj.user }}{{ obj.errors.user.0 }}</p> <p>密码{{ obj.pwd }}{{ obj.errors.pwd.0 }}</p> <p>年龄{{ obj.age }}{{ obj.errors.age.0 }}</p> <p>邮箱{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交"/> {# <input type="button" value="Ajax提交" onclick="submitAjaxForm();"/>#} </form> <script src="/static/jquery-3.1.1.js"></script> <script> {#function submitAjaxForm(){#} {# $.ajax({#} {# url: '/f1.html',#} {# type: 'POST',#} {# data: $('#fm').serialize(),#} {# success:function(arg){#} {# console.log(arg);#} {# }#} {# })#} {#}#} </script> </body> </html>
2.5、效果展示
2.6、示例二
1)url配置
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path,re_path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('users/', views.users), path('add_user/', views.add_user), re_path('edit_user-(\d+)/', views.edit_user), ]
2)视图函数
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect from app01 import models def users(request): user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all() return render(request,'users.html',{'user_list':user_list}) from app01.forms import UserForm def add_user(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = UserForm() return render(request,'add_user.html',{'obj':obj}) else: obj = UserForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): # print(obj.cleaned_data) #{'user': 'yuan', 'email': '352972405@qq.com'} # models.UserInfo.objects.create( # username=obj.cleaned_data['user'], # email=obj.cleaned_data['email'] # ) models.UserInfo.objects.create(**obj.cleaned_data) #写入数据库 return redirect('/users/') else: return render(request,'add_user.html',{'obj':obj}) def edit_user(request,nid): if request.method == 'GET': # nid = request.GET.get('nid') data = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).first() obj = UserForm({'username':data.username,'email':data.email}) #设置默认值 return render(request,'edit_user.html',{'obj':obj,'nid':nid}) else: obj = UserForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).update(**obj.cleaned_data) return redirect('/users/') else: return render(request, 'edit_user.html', {'obj': obj, 'nid': nid})
3)数据库
from django.db import models class UserInfo(models.Model): username = models.CharField(max_length=32) email = models.EmailField(max_length=32) def __str__(self): return self.username
4)html编写
######################################users.html###################################### <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <a href="/add_user/">添加<a/> <ul> {% for row in user_list %} <li>{{ row.id }}-{{ row.username }}-{{ row.email }} <a href="/edit_user-{{ row.id }}/">编辑</a> </li> {% endfor %} </ul> </body> </html> ######################################add_user.html###################################### <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="/add_user/" method="POST" novalidate> {% csrf_token %} <p>用户{{ obj.username }}{{ obj.errors.username.0 }}</p> <p>邮箱{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交"/> </form> </body> </html> ######################################edit_user.html###################################### <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="/edit_user-{{ nid }}/" method="POST" novalidate> {% csrf_token %} <p>{{ obj.username }}{{ obj.errors.username.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.email }}{{ obj.errors.email.0 }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交"/> </form> </body> </html>
三、Form类
创建Form类时,主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】,字段用于对用户请求数据的验证,插件用于自动生成HTML;
3.1、Django内置字段
Field required=True, 是否允许为空 widget=None, HTML插件 label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容 initial=None, 初始值 help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示) error_messages=None, 错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'} show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件(可用于检验两次输入是否一直) validators=[], 自定义验证规则 localize=False, 是否支持本地化 disabled=False, 是否可以编辑 label_suffix=None Label内容后缀 CharField(Field) max_length=None, 最大长度 min_length=None, 最小长度 strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白 IntegerField(Field) max_value=None, 最大值 min_value=None, 最小值 FloatField(IntegerField) ... DecimalField(IntegerField) max_value=None, 最大值 min_value=None, 最小值 max_digits=None, 总长度 decimal_places=None, 小数位长度 BaseTemporalField(Field) input_formats=None 时间格式化 DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:2015-09-01 TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:11:12 DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12 DurationField(Field) 时间间隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f ... RegexField(CharField) regex, 自定制正则表达式 max_length=None, 最大长度 min_length=None, 最小长度 error_message=None, 忽略,错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'} EmailField(CharField) ... FileField(Field) allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件 ImageField(FileField) ... 注:需要PIL模块,pip3 install Pillow 以上两个字典使用时,需要注意两点: - form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data" - view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES) URLField(Field) ... BooleanField(Field) ... NullBooleanField(BooleanField) ... ChoiceField(Field) ... choices=(), 选项,如:choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),) required=True, 是否必填 widget=None, 插件,默认select插件 label=None, Label内容 initial=None, 初始值 help_text='', 帮助提示 ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField) ... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField queryset, # 查询数据库中的数据 empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容 to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段 limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选 ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField) ... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField) coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换 empty_value= '' 空值的默认值 MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField) ... TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField) coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换 empty_value= '' 空值的默认值 ComboField(Field) fields=() 使用多个验证,如下:即验证最大长度20,又验证邮箱格式 fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),]) MultiValueField(Field) PS: 抽象类,子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值,要配合MultiWidget使用 SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField) input_date_formats=None, 格式列表:['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y'] input_time_formats=None 格式列表:['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M'] FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项,目录下文件显示在页面中 path, 文件夹路径 match=None, 正则匹配 recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹 allow_files=True, 允许文件 allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹 required=True, widget=None, label=None, initial=None, help_text='' GenericIPAddressField protocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式 unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必须为both才能启用 SlugField(CharField) 数字,字母,下划线,减号(连字符) ... UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型,UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串 ...
注意:UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串
>>> import uuid # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time >>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e') # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e') # make a random UUID >>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da') # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d') # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored) >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}') # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form >>> str(x) '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f' # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID >>> x.bytes b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f' # make a UUID from a 16-byte string >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes) UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
3.2、Django内置插件
TextInput(Input) NumberInput(TextInput) EmailInput(TextInput) URLInput(TextInput) PasswordInput(TextInput) HiddenInput(TextInput) Textarea(Widget) DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput) DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput) TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput) CheckboxInput Select NullBooleanSelect SelectMultiple RadioSelect CheckboxSelectMultiple FileInput ClearableFileInput MultipleHiddenInput SplitDateTimeWidget SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget SelectDateWidget
常用插件:
# 单radio,值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) # ) # 单radio,值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect # ) # 单select,值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)) # ) # 单select,值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select # ) # 多选select,值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),), # initial=[1,], # widget=widgets.SelectMultiple # ) # 单checkbox # user = fields.CharField( # widget=widgets.CheckboxInput() # ) # 多选checkbox,值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # initial=[2, ], # choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), # widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple # )
实例:
1)视图views
from django.shortcuts import render from django import forms from django.forms import fields from django.forms import widgets class TestForm(forms.Form): user = fields.CharField( required=True, #是否必填 max_length=12, #最大长度 min_length=3, #最小长度 error_messages={}, #错误提示 # widget = widgets.Textarea() #生成文本域 ==>定制html插件 # widget = widgets.Select() #生成下拉框 widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class':'c1'}), #定制插件,定制属性 label="用户名", initial="请输入用户名", #设置默认值 help_text="xajdkajd", #没啥用 show_hidden_initial=False, #是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件(可用于检验两次输入是否一直) # validators=[] #可以自定制验证规则 # localize=False #是否支持本地化(本地时间,UTC时间) # disabled=True #能否编辑 label_suffix="==>" ) age = fields.IntegerField( label='年龄', max_value=12, min_value=5, error_messages={ 'max_value':'太大了', } ) email = fields.EmailField( label='邮箱' ) img = fields.FileField() #上传文件 city1 = fields.ChoiceField( choices=[(1,'北京',),(2,'上海',),(3,'深圳',)], #默认传过去的是字符串 initial=2, #默认选择上海 ) #'city1': '2', 'city2': 2, city2 = fields.TypedChoiceField( coerce=lambda x:int(x), #将字符串转换为整形 choices=[(1,'武汉',),(2,'成都',),(3,'广州',)], initial=2, #默认选择上海 ) hobby = fields.MultipleChoiceField( choices=[(1,'AAA'),(1,'BBB'),(1,'CCC'),], initial=[1,2] #设置默认值 ) xoo = fields.FilePathField( path='app01' #列出目录下所有文件,不常用 ) #select框单选的几种写法 xdb1 = fields.CharField( widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(1,'AAA'),(1,'BBB'),(1,'CCC'),]) ) xdb2 = fields.IntegerField( #可以将字符串转换为整数 widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(1,'AAA'),(1,'BBB'),(1,'CCC'),]) ) xdb3 = fields.ChoiceField( choices=[(1,'AAA'),(1,'BBB'),(1,'CCC')] ) #select框多选 mul = fields.MultipleChoiceField( choices=[(1,'AAA'),(1,'BBB'),(1,'CCC')], widget=widgets.SelectMultiple(attrs={'class':'c1'}) ) #单选checkbox cbx1 = fields.CharField( widget = widgets.CheckboxInput() ) #多选checkbox cbx2 = fields.MultipleChoiceField( initial=[2,], choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),), widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple ) #radio rad = fields.ChoiceField( choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),), initial=2, widget=widgets.RadioSelect ) def test(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = TestForm() # obj = TestForm({'city':1}) #设置默认值 txt = "<input type='text' />" from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe txt = mark_safe(txt) #相当前端使用"|safe" return render(request,'test.html',{'obj':obj,'txt':txt}) else: obj = TestForm(request.POST,request.FILES) #上传文件request.FILES obj.is_valid() print(obj.cleaned_data) return render(request, 'test.html', {'obj': obj})
2)html文件
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {{ txt }} <form method="POST" action="/test/" novalidate enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% csrf_token %} <p>{{ obj.user.label }}{{ obj.user }}</p> <p>{{ obj.age.label }}{{ obj.age }}{{ obj.errors.age.0 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.email.label }}{{ obj.email }}</p> <p>{{ obj.img.label }}{{ obj.img }}</p> <p>{{ obj.city1.label }}{{ obj.city1 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.city2.label }}{{ obj.city2 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.hobby.label }}{{ obj.hobby }}</p> <p>{{ obj.xoo.label }}{{ obj.xoo }}</p> <p>{{ obj.xdb1.label }}{{ obj.xdb1 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.xdb2.label }}{{ obj.xdb2 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.xdb3.label }}{{ obj.xdb3 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.mul.label }}{{ obj.mul }}</p> <p>{{ obj.cbx1.label }}{{ obj.cbx1 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.cbx2.label }}{{ obj.cbx2 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.rad.label }}{{ obj.rad }}</p> <input type="submit" value="提交"/> </form> {#直接全部自动生成标签,不推荐 #} {#{{ obj.as_p }}#} {#{{ obj.as_ul }}#} {#{{ obj.as_table }}#} </body> </html>
3)效果
四、动态绑定数据
在使用选择标签时,需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取,但是由于是静态字段 ***获取的值无法实时更新***,那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
4.1、方式一
定义构造方法,推荐
from app01 import models class LoveForm(forms.Form): price = fields.IntegerField() user_id = fields.IntegerField( # widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(0,'AAA'),(1,'BBB'),(2,'CCC')]) #从数据库中取值 # widget=widgets.Select(choices=models.UserInfo.objects.values_list('id','username')) widget=widgets.Select() ) #此时数据不能实时同步,需要自己手动同步 #动态绑定数据方式一 def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): #拷贝所有的静态字段,复制给self.fields super(LoveForm,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs) #重新获取数据库值,不能写在super上面 self.fields['user_id'].widget.choices=models.UserInfo.objects.values_list('id','username')
4.2、方式二
使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段来实现
from app01 import models from django.forms.models import ModelChoiceField class LoveForm(forms.Form): price = fields.IntegerField() user_id = fields.IntegerField( # widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(0,'AAA'),(1,'BBB'),(2,'CCC')]) #从数据库中取值 # widget=widgets.Select(choices=models.UserInfo.objects.values_list('id','username')) widget=widgets.Select() ) #动态绑定数据方式二(不推荐),为了显示姓名,需要在定义的类C中定义__str__方法 user_id2 = ModelChoiceField( queryset=models.UserInfo.objects.all(), to_field_name='id' ) #######################model.py################################ from django.db import models class UserInfo(models.Model): username = models.CharField(max_length=32) email = models.EmailField(max_length=32) #需要定义__str__ def __str__(self): return self.username
五、ajax与form结合
1)视图
class AjaxForm(forms.Form): price = fields.IntegerField() user_id = fields.IntegerField( widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(0,'AAA'),(1,'BBB'),(2,'CCC')]) ) def ajax(request): if request.method == 'GET': obj = AjaxForm() return render(request,'ajax.html',{'obj':obj}) else: ret = {'status': "AA",'message':None} import json obj = AjaxForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): print(obj.cleaned_data) #此时不会跳转到百度 # return redirect('http://www.baidu.com') ret['status'] = '钱' return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret)) else: # print(type(obj.errors)) #<class 'django.forms.utils.ErrorDict'> # print(obj.errors) from django.forms.utils import ErrorDict # print(obj.errors.as_ul()) #默认 # print(obj.errors.as_json()) # print(obj.errors.as_data()) ret['message'] = obj.errors return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret))
2)html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form id="fm" method="POST" action="/ajax/"> {% csrf_token %} {# {{ obj.as_p }}#} <p>价格{{ obj.price }}</p> <p>姑凉{{ obj.user_id }}</p> <input type="button" value="Ajax提交" id="btn"/> </form> <script src="/static/jquery-3.1.1.js"></script> <script> $(function () { $('#btn').click(function () { $.ajax({ url: '/ajax/', type: 'POST', data: $('#fm').serialize(), dataType: 'JSON', success: function (arg) { //arg需要包含状态,错误信息 if (arg.status == "钱") { console.log(arg.status); {#window.location.href = "http://www.baidu.com";#} window.open("http://www.google.com") } console.log(arg) } }) }) }) </script> </body> </html>
六、自定义验证规则
6.1、简单扩展
利用Form组件自带的正则扩展
#方式一 from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class MyForm(Form): user = fields.CharField( error_messages={'invalid': '...'}, validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', '请输入数字'), RegexValidator(r'^159[0-9]+$', '数字必须以159开头')], ) #方式二 from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class MyForm(Form): user = fields.RegexField(r'^[0-9]+$',error_messages={'invalid': '...'})
6.2、自定义函数
import re from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError # 自定义验证规则 def mobile_validate(value): mobile_re = re.compile(r'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$') if not mobile_re.match(value): raise ValidationError('手机号码格式错误') class PublishForm(Form): title = fields.CharField(max_length=20, min_length=5, error_messages={'required': '标题不能为空', 'min_length': '标题最少为5个字符', 'max_length': '标题最多为20个字符'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': '标题5-20个字符'})) # 使用自定义验证规则 phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ], error_messages={'required': '手机不能为空'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'手机号码'})) email = fields.EmailField(required=False, error_messages={'required': u'邮箱不能为空','invalid': u'邮箱格式错误'}, widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'邮箱'}))
6.3、基于源码流程
验证过程有如下几个函数完成:
full_clean(self)
- self._clean_fields()
- self._clean_form()
- self._post_clean()
6.3.1、单字段验证
示例一:
from django import forms from django.forms import fields from django.forms import widgets from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class FInfo(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField(max_length=5, validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.', 'invalid')], ) email = fields.EmailField() def clean_username(self): """ Form中字段中定义的格式匹配完之后,执行此方法进行验证 :return: """ value = self.cleaned_data['username'] if "666" in value: raise ValidationError('666已经被玩烂了...', 'invalid') return value
示例二:
from django.core.exceptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS, ValidationError class AjaxForm(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField() user_id = fields.IntegerField( widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(0,'AA'),(1,'BB'),(2,'CC'),]) ) # 自定义方法 clean_字段名 # 必须返回值self.cleaned_data['username'] # 如果出错:raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') def clean_username(self): v = self.cleaned_data['username'] if models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=v).count(): # 整体错了 # 自己详细错误信息 raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') return v def clean_user_id(self): return self.cleaned_data['user_id']
6.3.2、整体错误验证
示例一:
from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator ############## 自定义字段 ############## class PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # Define one message for all fields. error_messages = { 'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.', } # Or define a different message for each field. f = ( fields.CharField( error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code.'}, validators=[ RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid country calling code.'), ], ), fields.CharField( error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a phone number.'}, validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid phone number.')], ), fields.CharField( validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.')], required=False, ), ) super(PhoneField, self).__init__(error_messages=error_messages, fields=f, require_all_fields=False, *args, **kwargs) def compress(self, data_list): """ 当用户验证都通过后,该值返回给用户 :param data_list: :return: """ return data_list ############## 自定义插件 ############## class SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget): def __init__(self): ws = ( widgets.TextInput(), widgets.TextInput(), widgets.TextInput(), ) super(SplitPhoneWidget, self).__init__(ws) def decompress(self, value): """ 处理初始值,当初始值initial不是列表时,调用该方法 :param value: :return: """ if value: return value.split(',') return [None, None, None]
实列二:定义clean()方法
class AjaxForm(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField() user_id = fields.IntegerField( widget=widgets.Select(choices=[(0,'alex'),(1,'刘皓宸'),(2,'杨建'),]) ) # 自定义方法 clean_字段名 # 必须返回值self.cleaned_data['username'] # 如果出错:raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') def clean_username(self): v = self.cleaned_data['username'] if models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=v).count(): # 整体错了 # 自己详细错误信息 raise ValidationError('用户名已存在') return v def clean_user_id(self): return self.cleaned_data['user_id'] def clean(self): value_dict = self.cleaned_data v1 = value_dict.get('username') v2 = value_dict.get('user_id') if v1 == 'root' and v2==1: raise ValidationError('整体错误信息') #浏览器显示__all__ return self.cleaned_data
6.3.3、_post_clean方法
框架预留可自定义,不常用
七、初始化数据
在Web应用程序中开发编写功能时,时常用到获取数据库中的数据并将值初始化在HTML中的标签上。
7.1、Form
from django.forms import Form from django.forms import widgets from django.forms import fields from django.core.validators import RegexValidator class MyForm(Form): user = fields.CharField() city = fields.ChoiceField( choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),), widget=widgets.Select #select框 )
7.2、views
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from .forms import MyForm def index(request): if request.method == "GET": values = {'user': 'root', 'city': 2} obj = MyForm(values) #通过键值对形式初始化数据 return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj}) elif request.method == "POST": return redirect('http://www.google.com') else: return redirect('http://www.google.com')
7.3、HTML
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% csrf_token %} <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> <p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p> <input type="submit"/> </form>
参考文档:https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6144178.html#
8、django序列化
8.1、views
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse from app01 import models import json def serial(request): # user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all() return render(request,'serial.html') """ 方式一:不推荐 def get_data(request): user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all() return render(request,'get_data.html',{'user_list':user_list}) """ #方式二 def get_data(request): from django.core import serializers #django自身提供的序列化,对queryset进行序列化 ret = {'status': True,'data':None} try: #如果queryset里面时一个一个对象,可以使用如下方式 #user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all() ##user_list ==>queryset [obj,obj,obj] #ret['data'] = serializers.serialize("json",user_list) #前端需要反序列化 # // var # v = JSON.parse(arg.data); // 反序列化 # // console.log(v); #方式二 # user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values('id','username') #将queryset转换为python的基本类型list # ret['data'] = list(user_list) #前端console.log(v) #方式三:values_list ==>元组 user_list = models.UserInfo.objects.all().values_list('id','username') ret['data'] = list(user_list) except Exception as e: ret['status'] = False result = json.dumps(ret) ##TypeError: Object of type QuerySet is not JSON serializable # result = serializers.serialize("json",ret) #AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute '_meta' print(result) #{"status": true, "data": [[1, "dootech"], [2, "bbbbbbbbbb"], [3, "dadad"]]} return HttpResponse(result)
8.2、html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>用户列表</h1> <table id="tb"> </table> <script src="/static/jquery-3.1.1.js"></script> <script> $(function(){ initData(); }) function initData(){ $.ajax({ url: '/get_data/', type: 'GET', dataType: 'JSON', success:function(arg){ {#console.log(arg);#} {#$('#tb').append(arg)#} if(arg.status){ console.log(arg.data); //var v = JSON.parse(arg.data); //反序列化 //console.log(v); } } }) } </script> </body> </html>参考文档:https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5246483.html#
作者:Lawrence
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