3. 投票 案例项目(合集)

1|03.投票-1创建项目和子应用

2|0创建项目

  • 命令
    $ python django-admin startproject mysite
  • 目录结构
    mysite/ # 项目容器、可任意命名 manage.py # 命令行工具 mysite/ # 纯 Python 包 # 你引用任何东西都要用到它 __init__.py # 空文件 告诉Python这个目录是Python包 settings.py # Django 项目配置文件 urls.py # URL 声明 # 就像网站目录 asgi.py # 部署时用的配置 # 运行在ASGI兼容的Web服务器上的 入口 wsgi.py # 部署时用的配置 # 运行在WSGI兼容的Web服务器上的
  • 初始化数据库 迁移
    $ python mangae.py makemigrations $ python manage.py migrate

3|0Django 简易服务器

  • 用于开发使用,Django 在网络框架方面很NB, 但在网络服务器方面不行~

    专业的事让专业的程序做嘛,最后部署到 Nginx Apache 等专业网络服务器上就行啦。

  • 自动重启服务器

    对每次访问请求、重新载入一遍 Python 代码

    新添加文件等一些操作 不会触发重启

  • 命令

    $ python manage.py runserver
    E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite> E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py runserver Watching for file changes with StatReloader Performing system checks... System check identified no issues (0 silenced). June 29, 2022 - 22:35:10 Django version 4.0.5, using settings 'mysite.settings' Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
  • 指定端口

    $ python manage.py runserver 8080

4|0创建应用


  • 命令
    $ python manage.py startapp polls
  • 目录结构
    polls/ __init__.py admin.py apps.py migrations/ __init__.py models.py tests.py views.py

5|0编写应用视图

  • 视图函数
    # polls/views.py from django.shortcuts import render # Create your views here. from django.http import HttpRespose def index(rquest): return HttpResponse("投票应用 -首页")

6|0配置路由

  • 配置路由

    # polls/urls.py 子应用路由 from django.urls import path from . import views urlpatterns = [ path('', views.index, name='index'), ]
    # mysite/urls.py 全局路由 include()即插即用 from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import include, path urlpatterns = [ path('polls/', include('polls.urls')), path('admin/', admin.site.urls), ]
  • 效果

    截图



6|1path() 参数含义


path('', views.index, name='index'),
path('polls/', include('polls.urls'))
  • route 路径

    一个匹配URL的规则,类似正则表达式。不匹配GET、POST传参 、域名

  • view 视图函数

    Django 调用这个函数,默认传给函数一个 HttpRequest 参数
  • kwargs 视图函数参数

    字典格式

  • name 给这条URL取一个温暖的名子~

    可以在 Django 的任意地方唯一的引用。允许你只改一个文件就能全局地修改某个 URL 模式。

7|03.投票-2本地化和数据库API

8|0本地化配置

  • 时区和语言

    # mysite/mysite/settings.py # Internationalization # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/topics/i18n/ LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' # 'en-us' TIME_ZONE = 'UTC' USE_I18N = True USE_TZ = True
  • 为啥要在数据库之前?

    配置时区,数据库可以以此做相应配置。比如时间的存放是以UTC还是本地时间...


9|0数据库配置

  • django 支持 sqlite mysql postgresql oracle
  • 默认是sqlite 它是本地的一个文件name 哪里直接写了文件的绝对路径
    # mysite/mysite/settings.py # Database # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/ref/settings/#databases DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', 'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3', } }
  • 迁移 主要为Django默认的模型建表
    python manage.py migrate

10|0创建模型


  • 编写

    # mysite/polls/models.py from django.db import models class Question(models.Model): question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') class Choice(models.Model): question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE) choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
  • 很多数据库的知识 都可以用到里面

    Question Choice 类都是基于models.Model, 是它的子类。

    类的属性--------表的字段

    类名-----------表名

    还有pub_date on_delete=models.CASCAD 级联删除, pub_date 的字段描述, vo tes的默认值, 都和数据库很像。

    而且max_length这个个字段,让Django可以在前端自动校验我们的数据

11|0激活模型


  • 把配置注册到项目

    # mysite/mysite/settings.py # Application definition INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'polls.apps.PollsConfig', 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', ]
  • 做迁移-

    仅仅把模型的配置信息转化成 Sql 语言

    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py makemigrations polls Migrations for 'polls': polls\migrations\0001_initial.py - Create model Question - Create model Choice

    查看 Sql 语言 (对应我们配的 Sqlite 数据库的语法)

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001 BEGIN; -- -- Create model Question -- CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_data" datetime NOT NULL ); -- -- Create model Choice -- CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "quest ion_id" bigint NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED); CREATE INDEX "polls_choice_question_id_c5b4b260" ON "polls_choice" ("question_id"); COMMIT;

  • 执行迁移
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py migrate Operations to perform: Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, polls, sessions Running migrations: Applying polls.0001_initial... OK (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>

12|0API 的初体验


  • 进入shell
    python manage.py shell

  • - (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec 7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. (InteractiveConsole) >>> >>> from polls.models import Question, Choice >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> >>> q = Question( question_text = "what's up ?", pub_date=timezone.now() ) >>> >>> q.save() >>>
  • 查看字段
    >>> q.id 1 >>> q.question_text "what's up ?" >>> >>> q.pub_date datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 6, 5, 46, 10, 997140, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc) >>>
  • >>> q.question_text = 'are you kidding me ?' >>> q.save() >>> >>> q.question_text 'are you kidding me ?' >>> >>> >>> >>> Question.objects.all() <QuerySet [<Question: Question object (1)>]> >>> >>>

下面写点更人性化的方法


  • __str__方法

    默认打印自己的text字段,便于查看

    后台展示对象数据也会用这个字段

    class Question(models.Model): ... def __str__(self): return self.question_text class Choice(models.Model): ... def __str__(self): return self.choice_text

  • 自定义方法
    class Question(models.Model): ... def was_published_recently(self): return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)

  • __str__方法效果

    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec 7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. (InteractiveConsole) >>> >>> from polls.models import Question, Choice >>> >>> Question.objects.all() <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]> >>> >>> Question.objects.filter(id=1) <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]> >>>
  • 按属性查

    >>> >>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='are') <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]> >>> >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> >>> current_year = timezone.now().year >>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year) <Question: are you kidding me ?> >>> >>> Question.objects.get(id=2) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<console>", line 1, in <module> File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs) File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 496, in get raise self.model.DoesNotExist( polls.models.Question.DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist. >>> >>>
  • 更多操作

    用pk找更保险一些,有的model 不以id 为主键

    >>> Question.objects.get(pk=1) <Question: are you kidding me ?> >>> # 自定义查找条件 >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1) >>> q.was_published_recently() True >>> # 安主键获取对象 >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1) >>> q.choice_set.all() <QuerySet []> >>> # 增 问题对象关系到选项对象 >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0) <Choice: Not much> >>> >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0) <Choice: The sky> >>> >>> q.choice_st.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<console>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'Question' object has no attribute 'choice_st' >>> >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0) <Choice: Just hacking agin> >>> >>> >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choic_text='Oh my god.', votes=0) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<console>", line 1, in <module> File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\fields\related_descriptors.py", line 747, in create return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs) File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs) File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 512, in create obj = self.model(**kwargs) File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 559, in __init__ raise TypeError( TypeError: Choice() got an unexpected keyword argument 'choic_text' >>> # 选项 关系 到问题 >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Oh my god.', votes=0) >>> >>> c.question <Question: are you kidding me ?> >>> >>> q.choice_set.all() <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking agin>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]> >>> >>> >>> q.choice_set.count() 4 >>> >>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year) <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking agin>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]> >>> >>>
  • >>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking') >>> c.delete() (1, {'polls.Choice': 1}) >>> >>> q.choice_set.all() <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]> >>> >>>

13|0管理页面


  • 创建用户
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py createsuperuser 用户名: admin 电子邮件地址: admin@qq.com Password: Password (again): 密码长度太短。密码必须包含至少 8 个字符。 这个密码太常见了。 Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y Superuser created successfully.
  • 启动 开发服务器
    python manage.py runserver
  • login
    http://localhost:8000/admin/
  • 让我们的polls 投票应用也展示在后台
    # mysite/polls/admin.py from .models import Question, Choice admin.site.register(Question) admin.site.register(Choice)

14|03.投票-3模板和路由

15|0编写更多视图


# polls/views.py ... def detail(request, question_id): return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}") def results(request, question_id): return HttpResponse(f"问题id:{question_id}的投票结果") def vote(request, question_id): return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")

16|0添加url

  • 全局我们已经加过
    urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('polls/', include('polls.urls')), ]

  • 应用程序添加如下
    # polls/urls.py from django.urls import path from . import views urlpatterns = [ path('', views.index, name='index'), path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'), path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'), path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'), ]

17|0看看效果

  • path 里的参数很敏感 结尾含/ 的访问时也必须含 / 否则404


image

image

image

image

  • 以 /polls/1/ 为例分析匹配过程

    • 从mysite/settings.py 载入 ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
    • 从urls.py 的“polls/”匹配到 polls/ 载入 polls.urls
    • 从polls/urls.py 的“int:question_id/”匹配到 1/ ,获取int型的 1 转发给视图函数 views.details


18|0升级index 视图 展示近期5个投票问题

  • 编写视图

    def index(request): latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] output = ','.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list]) return HttpResponse(output)
  • 好吧,总共就一个
    image

  • 加点

image


这里直接把页面内容,写到了视图函数里,写死的。很不方便,下面用模板文件来处理这个问题


19|0模板文件

  • 创建polls存放 模板文件的 文件夹 为什么里面多套了一层polls?没看出他有区分的作用,第一个polls不已经区分过了?
    polls/templates/polls/
  • 主要内容
    # polls/templates/polls/index.html {% if latest_question_list %} <ul> {% for question in latest_question_list %} <li> <a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}</a> </li> {% endfor %} </ul> {% else %} <p>暂时没有开放的投票。</p> {% endif %}

  • 修改视图函数

    这里函数载入index.html模本,还传给他一个上下文字典context,字典把模板里的变量映射成了Python 对象

    # polls/views.py ... from django.template import loader def index(request): latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html') context = { 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list, } return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request)) ...
  • 效果

image


  • 快捷函数 render()

    上面的视图函数用法很普遍,有种更简便的函数替代这一过程

    # polls/views.py ... from django.template import loader import django.shortcuts import render def index(request): latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] #template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html') context = { 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list, } #return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request)) return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context) ...

20|0优雅的抛出 404

  • 修改 detail 视图函数

    # polls/views.py ... def detail(request, question_id): try: question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id) except: raise Http404("问题不存在 !") # return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}") return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
  • 编写模板

    # polls/templates/polls/detail.html {{ question }}
  • 效果
    image

  • 快捷函数 get_object_or_404()

    # polls/views.py from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404 ... def detail(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})

  • 效果
    image

21|0使用模板系统

  • 对detail.html获取的question变量进行分解 展示
    • 模板系统用.来访问变量属性

    • question.question_text先对question用字典查找nobj.get(str)------>属性查找obj.str---------->列表查找obj[int]当然在第二步就成功的获取了question_text属性,不在继续进行。

    • 其中 question.choice_set.all解释为Python代码question.choice_set.all()


    # polls/templates/polls/detail.html <h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> <ul> {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul>
  • 效果
    image


22|0去除 index.html里的硬编码


  • 其中的'detail' 使我们在urls.py 定义的名称
    # polls/urls.py path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
    # polls/templates/polls/index.html <!--<li>--> <!-- <a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}</a>--> <!--</li>--> <li> <a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a> </li>
  • 有啥用?
    • 简单明了 书写方便

    • 我们修改.html 的真实位置后, 只需在urls.py 同步修改一条记录, 就会在所有模板文件的无数个连接中生效

      大大的节省时间


23|0为URL添加命名空间


  • 为什么?

    上面去除硬链接方便了我们。我们只有1个应用polls有自己的detail.html模板,但有多个应用同时有名字为detail.html的模板时呢?

    Django看到{% url %} 咋知道是哪个应用呢?

  • 怎么加 ?

    # polls/urls.py app_name = 'polls' ...
  • 修改.html模板文件

    # polls/templates/polls/index.html <!--<li>--> <!-- <a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}</a>--> <!--</li>--> <!--<li>--> <!-- <a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a>--> <!--</li>--> <li> <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a> </li>

24|03.投票-4投票结果保存 和 Django通用模板

25|0投票结果保存


25|1前端

# polls/templates/polls/detail.html {#<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>#} {#<ul>#} {# {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}#} {# <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>#} {# {% endfor %}#} {#</ul>#} <form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} <fieldset> ... </fieldset> <input type="submit" value="投票"> </form>
# polls/templates/polls/detail.html <form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} <fieldset> <legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend> {% if error_message %} <strong><p>{{ error_message }}</p></strong> {% endif %} {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}"> <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label> {% endfor %} </fieldset> <input type="submit" value="投票"> </form>

25|2路由

# polls/urls.py path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),

25|3视图

25|4vote

# polls/views.py¶ # ... from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect from django.urls import reverse # ... # def vote(request, question_id): # return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票") def vote(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) try: selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice']) except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist): return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', { 'question': question, 'error_message': "选择为空, 无法提交 !" }) else: selected_choice.votes += 1 selected_choice.save() # 重定向到其他页面 防止误触重复投票 return HttpResponse(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id, )))

25|5result


# polls/views.py¶ from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render def results(request, question_id): question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})


25|6前端

新建文件

# polls/templates/polls/results.html¶ <h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1> <ul> {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %} <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote {{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">继续投票</a>


26|0降低冗余 URLConf

26|1修改url

# mysite/polls/urls.py from django.urls import path from . import views app_name = 'polls' # urlpatterns = [ # # path('', views.index, name='index'), # # path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'), # # path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'), # # path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'), # # # ] urlpatterns = [ path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'), path('<int:pk>/', views.DeatilView.as_view(), name='detail'), path('<int:pl>/results/', views.ResultsViews.as_view(), name='results'), path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote') ]

26|2修改视图

ListView 和 DetailView 。这两个视图分别抽象“显示一个对象列表”和“显示一个特定类型对象的详细信息页面”这两种概念。

每个通用视图需要知道它将作用于哪个模型。 这由 model 属性提供。

template_name 属性是用来告诉 Django 使用一个指定的模板名字,而不是自动生成的默认名字。

自动生成的 context 变量是 question_list。为了覆盖这个行为,我们提供 context_object_name 属性,表示我们想使用 latest_question_list。作为一种替换方案,

# polls/views.py from django.urls import reverse # ... # def index(request): # latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] # # template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html') # context = { # 'latest_question_list': latest_question_list, # } # # return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request)) # 用Django 通用视图 重写index, detail, results视图 class IndexView(generic.ListView): template_name = 'polls/index.html' context_object_name = 'latest_question_list' def get_queryset(self): """返回最近的 5 个投票问题""" return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] class DetailView(generic.DetailView): model = Question template_name = 'polls/detail.html' class ResultsView(generic.DetailView): model = Question template_name = 'polls/detail.html' # def detail(request, question_id): # # try: # # question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id) # # # # except: # # raise Http404("问题不存在 !") # # # return HttpResponse(f"当前问题id:{question_id}") # # question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) # return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question}) # # # # def results(request, question_id): # # return HttpResponse(f"问题id:{question_id}的投票结果") # # def results(request, question_id): # question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id) # return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question}) # def vote(request, question_id): # return HttpResponse(f"给问题id:{question_id}投票")

27|03.投票-5自动化测试 模型


28|0自动化测试


28|1一个bug

当设定发布时间为很远的未来的时间时,函数.was_published_recently()竟然返回True


$ python manage.py shell >>> import datetime >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> from polls.models import Question >>> # create a Question instance with pub_date 30 days in the future >>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)) >>> # was it published recently? >>> future_question.was_published_recently() True

28|2编写测试用例

针对上面的bug写个脚本,用来测试这个bug


# polls/tests.py import datetime from django.test import TestCase from django.utils import timezone from .models import Question class QuestionModelTests(TestCase): def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self): """ was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date is in the future. """ time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30) future_question = Question(pub_date=time) self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

我们创建了一个 django.test.TestCase 的子类,并添加了一个方法,此方法创建一个 pub_date 时未来某天的 Question 实例。然后检查它的 was_published_recently() 方法的返回值——它 应该 是 False。


28|3运行


# python manage.py test polls

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite> (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls Found 1 test(s). Creating test database for alias 'default'... System check identified no issues (0 silenced). E ====================================================================== ERROR: test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion (polls.tests.QuestionModelTests) 当日期为 未来 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite\polls\tests.py", line 16, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(day=30) TypeError: 'day' is an invalid keyword argument for __new__() ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.001s FAILED (errors=1) Destroying test database for alias 'default'... (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>

image




29|0修复Bug

限制下界为当前

# mysite/polls/models.py #... class Question(models.Model): question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200) pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published') def __str__(self): return self.question_text # def was_published_recently(self): # # return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1) def was_published_recently(self): now = timezone.now() # 发布时间比现在小 比一天之前大 (即最近一天发布) return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now #...

测试其他时间段情况

class QuestionModelTests(TestCase): def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self): """ 当日期为 未来 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False """ time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30) future_question = Question(pub_date=time) self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False) def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self): """ 当日期为 最近 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False """ time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59) future_question = Question(pub_date=time) self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), True) def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self): """ 当日期为 过去(至少一天前) 时间时 was_published_recently() 应该返回 False """ time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1) future_question = Question(pub_date=time) self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

运行

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978] (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。 (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py polls test Unknown command: 'polls' Type 'manage.py help' for usage. (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls Found 3 test(s). Creating test database for alias 'default'... System check identified no issues (0 silenced). ... ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.002s OK Destroying test database for alias 'default'... (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>

30|03.投票-6自动化测试 视图

31|0Client 一个工具

这个很像我之前学过的,requests

但他更细节更贴合Django的视图,它可以直接捕获视图函数传过来的参数

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978] (c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。 (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec 7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. (InteractiveConsole) >>> >>> >>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment >>> >>> setup_test_environment() >>> >>> >>> from django.test import Client >>> >>> client = Client() >>> >>> r = client.get('/') Not Found: / >>> >>> r.status_code 404 >>> >>> from django.urls import reverse >>> >>> r = client.get(reverse("polls:index")) >>> >>> r .status_code 200 >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> r.content b'\n <ul>\n \n <li>\n <a href="/polls/5/">Django is nice?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <a href="/polls/4/">I love Lisa.</a>\n </li>\n \ n <li>\n <a href="/polls/3/">do you lik ch best?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li>\n <a href="/polls/2/">are you okay?</a>\n </li>\n \n <li >\n <a href="/polls/1/">are you kidding me ?</a>\n </li>\n \n </ul>\n\n' >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> r.context['latest_question_list'] <QuerySet [<Question: Django is nice?>, <Question: I love Lisa.>, <Question: do you lik ch best?>, <Question: are you okay?>, <Question: are you kidding me ?>]> >>> >>>


32|0一个 Bug

按照逻辑,当投票发布时间是未来时,视图应当忽略这些投票


33|0修复 Bug


# polls/views.py class IndexView(generic.ListView): template_name = 'polls/index.html' context_object_name = 'latest_question_list' def get_queryset(self): """返回最近的 5 个投票问题""" #return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now()).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]

34|0测试用例



写个投票脚本,用于产生数据

# polls/test.py def create_question(question_text, days): """ 一个公用的快捷函数用于创建投票问题 """ time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days) return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)

测试类

class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase): def test_no_questions(self): """ 不存在 questions 时候 显示 """ res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200) #self.assertContains(res, "没有【正在进行】的投票。") # 是否显示“没有【正在进行】的投票。”字样 self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], []) def test_past_question(self): """ 发布时间是 past 的 question 显示到首页 """ question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30) res = self.client.get(reverse("polls:index")) self.assertQuerysetEqual( res.context['latest_question_list'], [question], ) def test_future_question(self): """ 发布时间是 future 不显示 """ create_question(question_text="未来问题!", days=30) res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) #self.assertContains(res, "没有【可用】的投票") self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], []) def test_future_question_and_past_question(self): """ 存在 past 和 future 的 questions 仅仅显示 past """ question = create_question(question_text="【过去】问题!", days=-30) create_question(question_text="【未来】问题!", days=30) response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) self.assertQuerysetEqual( response.context['latest_question_list'], [question], ) def test_two_past_question(self): """ 首页可能展示 多个 questions """ q1 = create_question(question_text="过去 问题 1", days=-30) q2 = create_question(question_text="过去 问题 2", days=-5) res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index')) self.assertQuerysetEqual( res.context['latest_question_list'], [q2, q1], )


35|0运行


(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite> (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls Found 8 test(s). Creating test database for alias 'default'... System check identified no issues (0 silenced). ........ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 8 tests in 0.030s OK Destroying test database for alias 'default'... (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>

36|03.投票-7自动化测试 业务逻辑

37|0一个bug

发布日期时未来的那些投票不会在目录页 index 里出现,但是如果用户知道或者猜到正确的 URL ,还是可以访问到它们。所以我们得在 DetailView 里增加一些约束:


38|0修复

加强限制,搜寻结果只返回时间小于当前的投票

# polls/views.py class DetailView(generic.DetailView): ... def get_queryset(self): """ Excludes any questions that aren't published yet. """ return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())

39|0测试用例

检验

# polls/tests.py class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase): def test_future_question(self): """ The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future returns a 404 not found. """ future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5) url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,)) response = self.client.get(url) self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404) def test_past_question(self): """ The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past displays the question's text. """ past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5) url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,)) response = self.client.get(url) self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)

40|03.投票-8应用的界面和风格

41|0a 标签

新建 mysite/polls/static 目录 ,写入下面的文件

static/ #框架会从此处收集所有子应用静态文件 所以需要建一个新的polls目录区分不同应用 polls/ #所以写一个重复的polls很必要 否则Django直接使用找到的第一个style.css style.css

定义 a 标签

# /style.css li a{ color: green; }


42|0背景图

新建 images 目录

static/ #框架会从此处收集所有子应用静态文件 所以需要建一个新的polls目录区分不同应用 polls/ style.css images/ bg.jpg

定义 背景

# /style.css li a{ color: green; } body { background: white url("images/bg.jpg") no-repeat; }


42|1效果

image

43|03.投票-9自定义后台表单

44|0字段顺序

替换注释部分

# /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py # admin.site.register(Question) class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date'] # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序 admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)

效果

image


45|0字段集


当字段比较多时,可以把多个字段分为几个字段集

注意变量 fields 变为 fieldsets

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): #fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date'] # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序 fieldsets = [ (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}), ('日期信息', {'fields': ['pub_date']}), ]

效果

image


46|0关联选项

这样可以在创建 question 时 同时创建 choice

# /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py

image


效果

image



47|0让卡槽更紧凑

替换 StackedInline 为 TabularInline

#class ChoiceInline(admin.StackedInline): class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline): model = Choice extra = 3 # 默认有三个卡槽 后面还可以点击增加

效果

image


48|0展示question的更多字段


Django默认返回模型的 str 方法里写的内容

image



添加字段 list_display 让其同时展示更多

方法was_published_recently 和他的返回内容 也可以当做字段展示

# mysite/polls/templates/admin.py # class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): # # fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date'] # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序 # fieldsets = [ # (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}), # ('日期信息', {'fields': ['pub_date']}), # ] # inlines = [ChoiceInline] # 引用模型 list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently')

效果 点击还可以按照该字段名排序

image

49|03.投票-9自定义后台表单-2

50|0用装饰器优化 方法 的显示

方法 was_published_recently 默认用空格替换下划线展示字段

image


用装饰器优化一下

# /mysite/polls/templates/models.py from django.contrib import admin # 装饰器 class Question(models.Model): #.... @admin.display( boolean=True, ordering='pub_date', description='最近发布的吗 ?', ) def was_published_recently(self): now = timezone.now() # 发布时间距离现在不超过24小时 比现在小 比一天之前大 (即最近一天发布) return (now - datetime.timedelta(days=1)) <= self.pub_date <= now

效果

image


51|0添加过滤器

添加一个 list_filter 字段即可

# mysite/polls/templates/admin.py # class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin): # # fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date'] # 列表里的顺序 表示后台的展示顺序 # fieldsets = [ # (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}), # ('日期信息', {'fields': ['pub_date']}), # ] # inlines = [ChoiceInline] # 引用模型 # list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently') list_filter = ['pub_date'] # 过滤器

效果

image



52|0检索框


同上

#... search_fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date'] # 检索框 可添加多个字段

效果

image

53|03.投票-10自定义后台风格界面

54|0改掉 'Django 管理'


自定义工程模板(就是在manage.py的同级目录哪里) 再建一个templates

/mysite /templates # 新建

修改 mysite/settings.py DIR是一个待检索路径 在django启动时加载

把所有模板文件存放在同一个templates中也可以 但分开会方便以后扩展复用代码

#... # TEMPLATES = [ # { # 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', #'DIRS': [], 'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'], # 'APP_DIRS': True, # 'OPTIONS': { # 'context_processors': [ # 'django.template.context_processors.debug', # 'django.template.context_processors.request', # 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth', # 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages', # ], # }, # }, # ]

新建一个admin文件夹 复制 base_site.html 复制到里面

base_site.html 是django默认的模板 它存放在 django/contrib/admin/templatesadmin/base_site.html 里面

可以用 ...\> py -c "import django; print(django.__path__)"命令查找源文件django位置

/mysite /templates # 新建 /admin # 新建 base_site.html # 本地是到E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\Lib\site-packages\ # django\contrib\admin\templates\admin 复制

修改 base_site.html 内容

<!--{% extends "admin/base.html" %}--> <!--{% block title %}{% if subtitle %}{{ subtitle }} | {% endif %}{{ title }} | {{ site_title|default:_('Django site admin') }}{% endblock %}--> <!--{% block branding %}--> <!--<h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">{{ site_header|default:_('Django administration') }}</a></h1>--> <h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">投票 管理</a></h1> <!--{% endblock %}--> <!--{% block nav-global %}{% endblock %}-->

效果

image

注意,所有的 Django 默认后台模板均可被复写。若要复写模板,像你修改 base_site.html 一样修改其它文件——先将其从默认目录中拷贝到你的自定义目录,再做修改


当然 也可以用 django.contrib.admin.AdminSite.site_header 来进行简单的定制。



55|0自定义 子应用 的模板

机智的同学可能会问: DIRS 默认是空的,Django 是怎么找到默认的后台模板的?因为 APP_DIRS 被置为 True,Django 会自动在每个应用包内递归查找 templates/ 子目录(不要忘了 django.contrib.admin 也是一个应用)。

我们的投票应用不是非常复杂,所以无需自定义后台模板。不过,如果它变的更加复杂,需要修改 Django 的标准后台模板功能时,修改 应用 的模板会比 工程 的更加明智。这样,在其它工程包含这个投票应用时,可以确保它总是能找到需要的自定义模板文件。

更多关于 Django 如何查找模板的文档,参见 加载模板文档。


56|0自定义 后台 首页的模板

同之前base_site.html

复制 E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\Lib\site-packages\django\contrib\admin\templates\admin\index.html

mysite/templates/admin/index.html 直接修改


57|0结束 撒花! :)

image


image


__EOF__

本文作者HUGBOY
本文链接https://www.cnblogs.com/hugboy/p/17132224.html
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