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      USERNAME [a-zA-Z0-9._-]+      #定义好的表达式的名字
      USER %{USERNAME}               # 引用或者调用%表示:%{表达式名字:匹配之后要放的字段名称}
      INT (?:[+-]?(?:[0-9]+))
      BASE10NUM (?<![0-9.+-])(?>[+-]?(?:(?:[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)?)|(?:\.[0-9]+)))
      NUMBER (?:%{BASE10NUM})
      BASE16NUM (?<![0-9A-Fa-f])(?:[+-]?(?:0x)?(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]+))
      BASE16FLOAT \b(?<![0-9A-Fa-f.])(?:[+-]?(?:0x)?(?:(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]+(?:\.[0-9A-Fa-f]*)?)|(?:\.[0-9A-Fa-f]+)))\b
      
      POSINT \b(?:[1-9][0-9]*)\b
      NONNEGINT \b(?:[0-9]+)\b
      WORD \b\w+\b
      NOTSPACE \S+
      SPACE \s*
      DATA .*?
      GREEDYDATA .*
      QUOTEDSTRING (?>(?<!\\)(?>"(?>\\.|[^\\"]+)+"|""|(?>'(?>\\.|[^\\']+)+')|''|(?>`(?>\\.|[^\\`]+)+`)|``))
      UUID [A-Fa-f0-9]{8}-(?:[A-Fa-f0-9]{4}-){3}[A-Fa-f0-9]{12}
      
      # Networking
      MAC (?:%{CISCOMAC}|%{WINDOWSMAC}|%{COMMONMAC})
      CISCOMAC (?:(?:[A-Fa-f0-9]{4}\.){2}[A-Fa-f0-9]{4})
      WINDOWSMAC (?:(?:[A-Fa-f0-9]{2}-){5}[A-Fa-f0-9]{2})
      COMMONMAC (?:(?:[A-Fa-f0-9]{2}:){5}[A-Fa-f0-9]{2})
      IPV6 ((([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6}(:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}|((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){5}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,2})|:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3})|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){4}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,3})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})?:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){3}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,4})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,2}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){2}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,5})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,3}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){1}(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,6})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,4}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:))|(:(((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){1,7})|((:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}){0,5}:((25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|1\d\d|[1-9]?\d)){3}))|:)))(%.+)?
      IPV4 (?<![0-9])(?:(?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2})[.](?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2})[.](?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2})[.](?:25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[0-1]?[0-9]{1,2}))(?![0-9])
      IP (?:%{IPV6}|%{IPV4})
      HOSTNAME \b(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62})(?:\.(?:[0-9A-Za-z][0-9A-Za-z-]{0,62}))*(\.?|\b)
      HOST %{HOSTNAME}
      IPORHOST (?:%{HOSTNAME}|%{IP})
      HOSTPORT %{IPORHOST}:%{POSINT}
      
      # paths
      PATH (?:%{UNIXPATH}|%{WINPATH})
      UNIXPATH (?>/(?>[\w_%!$@:.,-]+|\\.)*)+
      TTY (?:/dev/(pts|tty([pq])?)(\w+)?/?(?:[0-9]+))
      WINPATH (?>[A-Za-z]+:|\\)(?:\\[^\\?*]*)+
      URIPROTO [A-Za-z]+(\+[A-Za-z+]+)?
      URIHOST %{IPORHOST}(?::%{POSINT:port})?
      # uripath comes loosely from RFC1738, but mostly from what Firefox
      # doesn't turn into %XX
      URIPATH (?:/[A-Za-z0-9$.+!*'(){},~:;=@#%_\-]*)+
      #URIPARAM \?(?:[A-Za-z0-9]+(?:=(?:[^&]*))?(?:&(?:[A-Za-z0-9]+(?:=(?:[^&]*))?)?)*)?
      URIPARAM \?[A-Za-z0-9$.+!*'|(){},~@#%&/=:;_?\-\[\]]*
      URIPATHPARAM %{URIPATH}(?:%{URIPARAM})?
      URI %{URIPROTO}://(?:%{USER}(?::[^@]*)?@)?(?:%{URIHOST})?(?:%{URIPATHPARAM})?
      
      # Months: January, Feb, 3, 03, 12, December
      MONTH \b(?:Jan(?:uary)?|Feb(?:ruary)?|Mar(?:ch)?|Apr(?:il)?|May|Jun(?:e)?|Jul(?:y)?|Aug(?:ust)?|Sep(?:tember)?|Oct(?:ober)?|Nov(?:ember)?|Dec(?:ember)?)\b
      MONTHNUM (?:0?[1-9]|1[0-2])
      MONTHNUM2 (?:0[1-9]|1[0-2])
      MONTHDAY (?:(?:0[1-9])|(?:[12][0-9])|(?:3[01])|[1-9])
      
      # Days: Monday, Tue, Thu, etc...
      DAY (?:Mon(?:day)?|Tue(?:sday)?|Wed(?:nesday)?|Thu(?:rsday)?|Fri(?:day)?|Sat(?:urday)?|Sun(?:day)?)
      
      # Years?
      YEAR (?>\d\d){1,2}
      HOUR (?:2[0123]|[01]?[0-9])
      MINUTE (?:[0-5][0-9])
      # '60' is a leap second in most time standards and thus is valid.
      SECOND (?:(?:[0-5]?[0-9]|60)(?:[:.,][0-9]+)?)
      TIME (?!<[0-9])%{HOUR}:%{MINUTE}(?::%{SECOND})(?![0-9])
      # datestamp is YYYY/MM/DD-HH:MM:SS.UUUU (or something like it)
      DATE_US %{MONTHNUM}[/-]%{MONTHDAY}[/-]%{YEAR}
      DATE_EU %{MONTHDAY}[./-]%{MONTHNUM}[./-]%{YEAR}
      ISO8601_TIMEZONE (?:Z|[+-]%{HOUR}(?::?%{MINUTE}))
      ISO8601_SECOND (?:%{SECOND}|60)
      TIMESTAMP_ISO8601 %{YEAR}-%{MONTHNUM}-%{MONTHDAY}[T ]%{HOUR}:?%{MINUTE}(?::?%{SECOND})?%{ISO8601_TIMEZONE}?
      DATE %{DATE_US}|%{DATE_EU}
      DATESTAMP %{DATE}[- ]%{TIME}
      TZ (?:[PMCE][SD]T|UTC)
      DATESTAMP_RFC822 %{DAY} %{MONTH} %{MONTHDAY} %{YEAR} %{TIME} %{TZ}
      DATESTAMP_RFC2822 %{DAY}, %{MONTHDAY} %{MONTH} %{YEAR} %{TIME} %{ISO8601_TIMEZONE}
      DATESTAMP_OTHER %{DAY} %{MONTH} %{MONTHDAY} %{TIME} %{TZ} %{YEAR}
      DATESTAMP_EVENTLOG %{YEAR}%{MONTHNUM2}%{MONTHDAY}%{HOUR}%{MINUTE}%{SECOND}
      
      # Syslog Dates: Month Day HH:MM:SS
      SYSLOGTIMESTAMP %{MONTH} +%{MONTHDAY} %{TIME}
      PROG (?:[\w._/%-]+)
      SYSLOGPROG %{PROG:program}(?:\[%{POSINT:pid}\])?
      SYSLOGHOST %{IPORHOST}
      SYSLOGFACILITY <%{NONNEGINT:facility}.%{NONNEGINT:priority}>
      HTTPDATE %{MONTHDAY}/%{MONTH}/%{YEAR}:%{TIME} %{INT}
      
      # Shortcuts
      QS %{QUOTEDSTRING}
      
      # Log formats
      SYSLOGBASE %{SYSLOGTIMESTAMP:timestamp} (?:%{SYSLOGFACILITY} )?%{SYSLOGHOST:logsource} %{SYSLOGPROG}:
      COMMONAPACHELOG %{IPORHOST:clientip} %{USER:ident} %{USER:auth} \[%{HTTPDATE:timestamp}\] "(?:%{WORD:verb} %{NOTSPACE:request}(?: HTTP/%{NUMBER:httpversion})?|%{DATA:rawrequest})" %{NUMBER:response} (?:%{NUMBER:bytes}|-)
      COMBINEDAPACHELOG %{COMMONAPACHELOG} %{QS:referrer} %{QS:agent}
      
      # Log Levels
      LOGLEVEL ([Aa]lert|ALERT|[Tt]race|TRACE|[Dd]ebug|DEBUG|[Nn]otice|NOTICE|[Ii]nfo|INFO|[Ww]arn?(?:ing)?|WARN?(?:ING)?|[Ee]rr?(?:or)?|ERR?(?:OR)?|[Cc]rit?(?:ical)?|CRIT?(?:ICAL)?|[Ff]atal|FATAL|[Ss]evere|SEVERE|EMERG(?:ENCY)?|[Ee]merg(?:ency)?)