MySQL主从同步-原理&实践篇
来源:Onegoleya 简栈文化
什么是mysql的主从复制?
MySQL 主从复制是指数据可以从一个MySQL数据库服务器主节点复制到一个或多个从节点。MySQL 默认采用异步复制方式,这样从节点不用一直访问主服务器来更新自己的数据,数据的更新可以在远程连接上进行,从节点可以复制主数据库中的所有数据库或者特定的数据库,或者特定的表。
Mysql复制原理
原理:
(1)Master服务器将数据的改变记录二进制Binlog日志,当Master上的数据发生改变时,则将其改变写入二进制日志中;
(2)Slave服务器会在一定时间间隔内对Master二进制日志进行探测其是否发生改变,如果发生改变,则开始一个I/OThread请求Master二进制事件
(3)同时主节点为每个I/O线程启动一个Dump线程,用于向其发送二进制事件,并保存至从节点本地的中继日志中,从节点将启动SQL线程从中继日志中读取二进制日志,在本地重放,使得其数据和主节点的保持一致,最后I/OThread和SQLThread将进入睡眠状态,等待下一次被唤醒。
Undo log与Redo log原理分析
Undo log原理
Undo log是把所有没有COMMIT的事务回滚到事务开始前的状态,系统崩溃时,可能有些事务还没有COMMIT,在系统恢复时,这些没有COMMIT的事务就需要借助Undo log来进行回滚。
使用Undo log时要求:
1、记录修改日志时(Redo log),(T,x,v)中v为x修改前的值,这样才能借助这条日志来回滚;
2、事务提交后,必须在事务的所有修改(包括记录的修改日志)都持久化后才能写COMMIT T日志;这样才能保证,宕机恢复时,已经COMMIT的事务的所有修改都已经持久化,不需要回滚。
使用Undo log时事务执行顺序
1、记录START T
2、记录需要修改的记录的旧值(要求持久化)
3、根据事务的需要更新数据库(要求持久化)
4、记录COMMIT T
使用Undo log进行宕机回滚
1、扫描日志,找出所有已经START,还没有COMMIT的事务。
2、针对所有未COMMIT的日志,根据Redo log来进行回滚。
如果数据库访问很多,日志量也会很大,宕机恢复时,回滚的工作量也就很大,为了加快回滚,可以通过Checkpoint机制来加速回滚。
从后往前,扫描Undo log
1、如果先遇到checkpoint_start, 则将checkpoint_start之后的所有未提交的事务进行回滚;
2、如果先遇到checkpoint_end, 则将前一个checkpoint_start之后所有未提交的事务进行回滚;(在checkpoint的过程中,可能有很多新的事务START或者COMMIT)。
使用Undo log,在写COMMIT日志时,要求Redo log以及事务的所有修改都必须已经持久化,这种做法通常很影响性能。
与Undo log类似,在使用时对持久化以及事务操作顺序的要求都比较高,可以将两者结合起来使用,在恢复时,对于已经COMMIT的事务使用Redo log进行重做,对于没有COMMIT的事务,使用Undo log进行回滚。Redo/Undo log结合起来使用时,要求同时记录操作修改前和修改后的值,如(T,x,v,w),v为x修改前的值,w为x修改后的值,具体操作顺序为:
1. 记录START T
2. 记录修改日志(T,x,v,w)(要求持久化,其中v用于undo,w用于redo)
3. 更新数据库
4. 记录 COMMIT T
实战操作
上一篇已经对于Binlog设置做了一些初步的实践:http://www.cyblogs.com/mysql-binlogshe-zhi/,还是在本地利用Docker的方式启动了2个容器。
➜ ~ docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 662e8531eb70 centos:7 "/bin/bash" 2 hours ago Up 2 hours 0.0.0.0:33062->3306/tcp docker-mysql-slave c738746e9623 centos:7 "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours 0.0.0.0:33061->3306/tcp docker-mysql-master
一个是docker-mysql-master作为主节点,docker-mysql-slave作为从节点,最后实现一个主从同步的功能。
Master节点
设置slave_account账户
[root@c738746e9623 bin]# ./mysql -u root -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.6.45-log MySQL Community Server (GPL) mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'slave_account'@'%' identified by '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Master节点的my.cnf
[root@c738746e9623 bin]# cat /etc/my.cnf [client] default-character-set=utf8 [mysql] default-character-set=utf8 [mysqld] user=mysql default-storage-engine=INNODB character-set-server=utf8 basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data port = 3306 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock server-id = 1 log-bin=mysql-bin binlog-ignore-db = mysql binlog-ignore-db = information_schema sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES
查看master节点状态
mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ | mysql-bin.000002 | 120 | | mysql,information_schema | | +------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Slave节点
Slave节点my.cnf
[root@662e8531eb70 mysql]#cat /etc/my.cnf [client] default-character-set=utf8 [mysql] default-character-set=utf8 [mysqld] user=mysql default-storage-engine=INNODB character-set-server=utf8 basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data port = 3306 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock server-id = 2 sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES
配置与主节点同步的配置
mysql> change master to master_host='172.17.0.2',master_user='slave_account',master_password='123456',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',master_log_pos=120; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.06 sec)
启动同步
mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
查看一个主从同步的状态
mysql> show slave status\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 172.17.0.2 Master_User: slave_account Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 120 Relay_Log_File: 662e8531eb70-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 283 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 120 Relay_Log_Space: 463 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1 Master_UUID: 7323857e-254b-11ea-9b62-0242ac110002 Master_Info_File: /usr/local/mysql/data/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Master节点写数据
mysql> CREATE TABLE `person_01` ( -> `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, -> `first_name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL, -> `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, -> `gender` char(1) DEFAULT NULL -> ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 -> ; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> show tables; +----------------+ | Tables_in_test | +----------------+ | person | | person_01 | +----------------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (1, 'Bob', 25, 'M'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (2, 'Jane', 20, 'F'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (3, 'Jack', 30, 'M'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (4, 'Bill', 32, 'M'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (5, 'Nick', 22, 'M'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (6, 'Kathy', 18, 'F'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (7, 'Steve', 36, 'M'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (8, 'Anne', 25, 'F'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from person_01; +------+------------+------+--------+ | id | first_name | age | gender | +------+------------+------+--------+ | 1 | Bob | 25 | M | | 2 | Jane | 20 | F | | 3 | Jack | 30 | M | | 4 | Bill | 32 | M | | 5 | Nick | 22 | M | | 6 | Kathy | 18 | F | | 7 | Steve | 36 | M | | 8 | Anne | 25 | F | +------+------------+------+--------+ 8 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> exit Bye [root@c738746e9623 bin]# 主节点
Slave节点查数据
mysql> show tables; +----------------+ | Tables_in_test | +----------------+ | person_01 | +----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from person_01; +------+------------+------+--------+ | id | first_name | age | gender | +------+------------+------+--------+ | 1 | Bob | 25 | M | | 2 | Jane | 20 | F | | 3 | Jack | 30 | M | | 4 | Bill | 32 | M | | 5 | Nick | 22 | M | | 6 | Kathy | 18 | F | | 7 | Steve | 36 | M | | 8 | Anne | 25 | F | +------+------------+------+--------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> exit Bye [root@662e8531eb70 mysql]# 从节点
这样子就做好了最简单的主从同步。主从同步只是最基础的高可用架构。
参考地址
https://blog.csdn.net/xuanxuan_good/article/details/54427154
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/96212530