MySQL主从同步-原理&实践篇

来源:Onegoleya 简栈文化

  什么是mysql的主从复制?

  MySQL 主从复制是指数据可以从一个MySQL数据库服务器主节点复制到一个或多个从节点。MySQL 默认采用异步复制方式,这样从节点不用一直访问主服务器来更新自己的数据,数据的更新可以在远程连接上进行,从节点可以复制主数据库中的所有数据库或者特定的数据库,或者特定的表。

  Mysql复制原理

  原理:

  (1)Master服务器将数据的改变记录二进制Binlog日志,当Master上的数据发生改变时,则将其改变写入二进制日志中;

  (2)Slave服务器会在一定时间间隔内对Master二进制日志进行探测其是否发生改变,如果发生改变,则开始一个I/OThread请求Master二进制事件

  (3)同时主节点为每个I/O线程启动一个Dump线程,用于向其发送二进制事件,并保存至从节点本地的中继日志中,从节点将启动SQL线程从中继日志中读取二进制日志,在本地重放,使得其数据和主节点的保持一致,最后I/OThread和SQLThread将进入睡眠状态,等待下一次被唤醒。

  Undo log与Redo log原理分析

  Undo log原理

  Undo log是把所有没有COMMIT的事务回滚到事务开始前的状态,系统崩溃时,可能有些事务还没有COMMIT,在系统恢复时,这些没有COMMIT的事务就需要借助Undo log来进行回滚。

  使用Undo log时要求:

  1、记录修改日志时(Redo log),(T,x,v)中v为x修改前的值,这样才能借助这条日志来回滚;

  2、事务提交后,必须在事务的所有修改(包括记录的修改日志)都持久化后才能写COMMIT T日志;这样才能保证,宕机恢复时,已经COMMIT的事务的所有修改都已经持久化,不需要回滚。

  使用Undo log时事务执行顺序

  1、记录START T

  2、记录需要修改的记录的旧值(要求持久化)

  3、根据事务的需要更新数据库(要求持久化)

  4、记录COMMIT T  

  使用Undo log进行宕机回滚

  1、扫描日志,找出所有已经START,还没有COMMIT的事务。

  2、针对所有未COMMIT的日志,根据Redo log来进行回滚。

  如果数据库访问很多,日志量也会很大,宕机恢复时,回滚的工作量也就很大,为了加快回滚,可以通过Checkpoint机制来加速回滚。

  从后往前,扫描Undo log

  1、如果先遇到checkpoint_start, 则将checkpoint_start之后的所有未提交的事务进行回滚;

  2、如果先遇到checkpoint_end, 则将前一个checkpoint_start之后所有未提交的事务进行回滚;(在checkpoint的过程中,可能有很多新的事务START或者COMMIT)。
使用Undo log,在写COMMIT日志时,要求Redo log以及事务的所有修改都必须已经持久化,这种做法通常很影响性能。

  与Undo log类似,在使用时对持久化以及事务操作顺序的要求都比较高,可以将两者结合起来使用,在恢复时,对于已经COMMIT的事务使用Redo log进行重做,对于没有COMMIT的事务,使用Undo log进行回滚。Redo/Undo log结合起来使用时,要求同时记录操作修改前和修改后的值,如(T,x,v,w),v为x修改前的值,w为x修改后的值,具体操作顺序为:

  1. 记录START T

  2. 记录修改日志(T,x,v,w)(要求持久化,其中v用于undo,w用于redo)

  3. 更新数据库

  4. 记录 COMMIT T

  实战操作

  上一篇已经对于Binlog设置做了一些初步的实践:http://www.cyblogs.com/mysql-binlogshe-zhi/,还是在本地利用Docker的方式启动了2个容器。

➜ ~ docker ps -a
 CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
 662e8531eb70 centos:7 "/bin/bash" 2 hours ago Up 2 hours 0.0.0.0:33062->3306/tcp docker-mysql-slave
 c738746e9623 centos:7 "/bin/bash" 4 hours ago Up 4 hours 0.0.0.0:33061->3306/tcp docker-mysql-master

  一个是docker-mysql-master作为主节点,docker-mysql-slave作为从节点,最后实现一个主从同步的功能。

 

  Master节点

  设置slave_account账户

 [root@c738746e9623 bin]# ./mysql -u root -p
 Enter password:
 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
 Your MySQL connection id is 2
 Server version: 5.6.45-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
 mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'slave_account'@'%' identified by '123456';
 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
 mysql> flush privileges;
 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

  Master节点的my.cnf

[root@c738746e9623 bin]# cat /etc/my.cnf
 [client]
 default-character-set=utf8
 
 [mysql]
 default-character-set=utf8
 
 [mysqld]
 user=mysql
 default-storage-engine=INNODB
 character-set-server=utf8
 basedir = /usr/local/mysql
 datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data
 port = 3306
 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
 
 server-id = 1
 log-bin=mysql-bin
 
 binlog-ignore-db = mysql
 binlog-ignore-db = information_schema
 
 sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES

  查看master节点状态

 mysql> show master status;
 +------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
 | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
 +------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
 | mysql-bin.000002 | 120 | | mysql,information_schema | |
 +------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 

  Slave节点

  Slave节点my.cnf

 [root@662e8531eb70 mysql]#cat /etc/my.cnf
 [client]
 default-character-set=utf8
 
 [mysql]
 default-character-set=utf8
 
 [mysqld]
 user=mysql
 default-storage-engine=INNODB
 character-set-server=utf8
 basedir = /usr/local/mysql
 datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data
 port = 3306
 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
 
 server-id = 2
 
 sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES

  配置与主节点同步的配置

mysql> change master to master_host='172.17.0.2',master_user='slave_account',master_password='123456',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',master_log_pos=120;
 Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.06 sec)

  启动同步

mysql> start slave;
 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

  查看一个主从同步的状态

 mysql> show slave status\G;
 *************************** 1. row ***************************
  Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
  Master_Host: 172.17.0.2
  Master_User: slave_account
  Master_Port: 3306
  Connect_Retry: 60
  Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
  Read_Master_Log_Pos: 120
  Relay_Log_File: 662e8531eb70-relay-bin.000002
  Relay_Log_Pos: 283
  Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
  Slave_IO_Running: Yes
  Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
  Replicate_Do_DB:
  Replicate_Ignore_DB:
  Replicate_Do_Table:
  Replicate_Ignore_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
  Last_Errno: 0
  Last_Error:
  Skip_Counter: 0
  Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 120
  Relay_Log_Space: 463
  Until_Condition: None
  Until_Log_File:
  Until_Log_Pos: 0
  Master_SSL_Allowed: No
  Master_SSL_CA_File:
  Master_SSL_CA_Path:
  Master_SSL_Cert:
  Master_SSL_Cipher:
  Master_SSL_Key:
  Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
  Last_IO_Errno: 0
  Last_IO_Error:
  Last_SQL_Errno: 0
  Last_SQL_Error:
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
  Master_Server_Id: 1
  Master_UUID: 7323857e-254b-11ea-9b62-0242ac110002
  Master_Info_File: /usr/local/mysql/data/master.info
  SQL_Delay: 0
  SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
  Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it
  Master_Retry_Count: 86400
  Master_Bind:
  Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
  Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
  Master_SSL_Crl:
  Master_SSL_Crlpath:
  Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
  Executed_Gtid_Set:
  Auto_Position: 0
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

  Master节点写数据

mysql> CREATE TABLE `person_01` (
  -> `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  -> `first_name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  -> `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  -> `gender` char(1) DEFAULT NULL
  -> ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
  -> ;
 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
 mysql> show tables;
 +----------------+
 | Tables_in_test |
 +----------------+
 | person |
 | person_01 |
 +----------------+
 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
 
 mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (1, 'Bob', 25, 'M');
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
 mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (2, 'Jane', 20, 'F');
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
 mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (3, 'Jack', 30, 'M');
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (4, 'Bill', 32, 'M');
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (5, 'Nick', 22, 'M');
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (6, 'Kathy', 18, 'F');
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
 mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (7, 'Steve', 36, 'M');
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 mysql> INSERT INTO test.person_01 (id, first_name, age, gender) VALUES (8, 'Anne', 25, 'F');
 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
 
 mysql> select * from person_01;
 +------+------------+------+--------+
 | id | first_name | age | gender |
 +------+------------+------+--------+
 | 1 | Bob | 25 | M |
 | 2 | Jane | 20 | F |
 | 3 | Jack | 30 | M |
 | 4 | Bill | 32 | M |
 | 5 | Nick | 22 | M |
 | 6 | Kathy | 18 | F |
 | 7 | Steve | 36 | M |
 | 8 | Anne | 25 | F |
 +------+------------+------+--------+
 8 rows in set (0.01 sec)
 mysql> exit
 Bye
 [root@c738746e9623 bin]# 主节点

  Slave节点查数据

mysql> show tables;
 +----------------+
 | Tables_in_test |
 +----------------+
 | person_01 |
 +----------------+
 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 
 mysql> select * from person_01;
 +------+------------+------+--------+
 | id | first_name | age | gender |
 +------+------------+------+--------+
 | 1 | Bob | 25 | M |
 | 2 | Jane | 20 | F |
 | 3 | Jack | 30 | M |
 | 4 | Bill | 32 | M |
 | 5 | Nick | 22 | M |
 | 6 | Kathy | 18 | F |
 | 7 | Steve | 36 | M |
 | 8 | Anne | 25 | F |
 +------+------------+------+--------+
 8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 mysql> exit
 Bye
 [root@662e8531eb70 mysql]# 从节点

  这样子就做好了最简单的主从同步。主从同步只是最基础的高可用架构。

 

参考地址

https://blog.csdn.net/xuanxuan_good/article/details/54427154
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/96212530

posted @ 2020-01-15 15:35  闲人鹤  阅读(641)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报