JAVA多线程-基础
1. JAVA多线程实现/创建方式
1.1 继承Thread类
Thread类本质上是实现了Runnable接口的一个实例，代表一个线程的实例。启动线程的唯一方法就是通过条用Thread类的start()方法。start()方法是一个native方法，它将启动一个新线程，并执行run()方法。
创建线程的步骤：
1 定义一个类继承Thread。
2 重写run方法。
3 创建子类对象，就是创建线程对象。
4 调用start方法，开启线程并让线程执行，同时还会告诉jvm去调用run方法
思考：
（1）创建线程的目的是什么？
是为了建立程序单独的执行路径，让多部分代码实现同时执行。也就是说线程创建并执行需要给定线程要执行的任务。对于之前所讲的主线程，它的任务定义在main函数中。自定义线程需要执行的任务都定义在run方法中。
（2）线程对象调用 run方法和调用start方法区别？
线程对象调用run方法不开启线程。仅是对象调用方法。线程对象调用start开启线程，并让jvm调用run方法在开启的线程中执行。
（3）为什么要继承Thread类，并调用其的start方法才能开启线程呢？
继承Thread类：因为Thread类用来描述线程，具备线程应该有功能。
（4）那为什么不直接创建Thread类的对象呢？
Thread t1 = new Thread().start();
这样做没有错，但是该start调用的是Thread类中的run方法，而这个run方法没有做什么事情，更重要的是这个run方法中并没有定义我们需要让线程执行的代码。
点击查看代码
package ThreadPackage;
import entity.User;
public class ThreadDemo extends Thread {
private User user;
public ThreadDemo() {
}
public ThreadDemo(User user) {
this.user = user;
}
public void setUser(User user) {
this.user = user;
}
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(this.getName() + "User's information : " + this.user + "," + this.getState());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
User user = new User(12, "zhangsan", "1234");
ThreadDemo threadDemo = new ThreadDemo();
threadDemo.setUser(user);
System.out.println(threadDemo.getState());
System.out.println(threadDemo.getName());
new Thread(threadDemo).start();
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(threadDemo.getState());
ThreadDemo thread2 = new ThreadDemo(user);
thread2.start();
}
}
获取当前线程和线程名称
- currentThread()获取当前线程对象
- currentThread().getName();获取当前线程对象的名称
1.2 实现Runnable接口
如果创建的目标类已经继承另一个类，此时就无法再继承Thread类，JAVA中不允许多继承。但是，可实现Runnable接口，然后创建Runnable的子类对象，传入到某个线程的构造方法中，开启线程。
创建线程的步骤。
1、定义类实现Runnable接口。
2、覆盖接口中的run方法。。
3、创建Thread类的对象
4、将Runnable接口的子类对象作为参数传递给Thread类的构造函数。
5、调用Thread类的start方法开启线程。
点击查看代码
package ThreadPackage;
import entity.User;
public class ThreadRunnableDemo implements Runnable {
private User user;
public ThreadRunnableDemo() {
}
public ThreadRunnableDemo(User user) {
this.user = user;
}
public void setUser(User user) {
this.user = user;
}
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "User's information : " + this.user);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
User user = new User(12, "zhangsan", "1234");
ThreadRunnableDemo thread1 = new ThreadRunnableDemo();
thread1.setUser(user);
new Thread(thread1).start();
ThreadRunnableDemo thread2 = new ThreadRunnableDemo(user);
new Thread(thread2).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(user);
}
}).start();
}
}
思考：为什么需要定一个类去实现Runnable接口呢？继承Thread类和实现Runnable接口有啥区别呢？
- 实现Runnable接口，避免了继承Thread类的单继承局限性。创建Thread类的对象，只有创建Thread类的对象才可以创建线程。线程任务已被封装到Runnable接口的run方法中，而这个run方法所属于Runnable接口的子类对象，所以将这个子类对象作为参数传递给Thread的构造函数，这样，线程对象创建时就可以明确要运行的线程的任务。
思考：实现Runnable的好处
-
实现Runnable接口，避免了继承Thread类的单继承局限性
-
实现Runnable接口的方式，更加的符合面向对象，线程分为两部分，一部分线程对象，一部分线程任务。继承Thread类，线程对象和线程任务耦合在一起。一旦创建Thread类的子类对象，既是线程对象，有又有线程任务。实现runnable接口，将线程任务单独分离出来封装成对象，类型就是Runnable接口类型。Runnable接口对线程对象和线程任务进行解耦。
1.3 线程匿名内部类使用
点击查看代码
使用线程的内匿名内部类方式，可以方便的实现每个线程执行不同的线程任务操作。
方式1：创建线程对象时，直接重写Thread类中的run方法
new Thread() {
public void run() {
for (int x = 0; x < 40; x++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
+ "...X...." + x);
}
}
}.start();
方式2：使用匿名内部类的方式实现Runnable接口，重新Runnable接口中的run方法
Runnable r = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
for (int x = 0; x < 40; x++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
+ "...Y...." + x);
}
}
};
new Thread(r).start();
1.3 实现Callable接口
有返回值的任务必须实现Callable接口，重写call方法。执行Callable任务后，可以获取一个Future对象，在改对象上调用get方法就可以获得Callable任务返回的Object。
2. 线程池
线程池，其实就是一个容纳多个线程的容器，其中的线程可以反复使用，省去了频繁创建线程对象的操作，无需反复创建线程而消耗过多资源。
为什么使用线程池？
在java中，如果每个请求到达就创建一个新线程，开销是相当大的。在实际使用中，创建和销毁线程花费的时间和消耗的系统资源都相当大，甚至可能要比在处理实际的用户请求的时间和资源要多的多。除了创建和销毁线程的开销之外，活动的线程也需要消耗系统资源。如果在一个jvm里创建太多的线程，可能会使系统由于过度消耗内存或“切换过度”而导致系统资源不足。为了防止资源不足，需要采取一些办法来限制任何给定时刻处理的请求数目，尽可能减少创建和销毁线程的次数，特别是一些资源耗费比较大的线程的创建和销毁，尽量利用已有对象来进行服务。
线程池主要用来解决线程生命周期开销问题和资源不足问题。通过对多个任务重复使用线程，线程创建的开销就被分摊到了多个任务上了，而且由于在请求到达时线程已经存在，所以消除了线程创建所带来的延迟。这样，就可以立即为请求服务，使用应用程序响应更快。另外，通过适当的调整线程中的线程数目可以防止出现资源不足的情况。
线程池工具类：Executors
点击查看代码
public class Executors {
/**
* Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
* operating off a shared unbounded queue. At any point, at most
* {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
* If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
* they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
* If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
* prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
* execute subsequent tasks. The threads in the pool will exist
* until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
*
* @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
* @return the newly created thread pool
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
*/
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}
/**
* Creates a thread pool that maintains enough threads to support
* the given parallelism level, and may use multiple queues to
* reduce contention. The parallelism level corresponds to the
* maximum number of threads actively engaged in, or available to
* engage in, task processing. The actual number of threads may
* grow and shrink dynamically. A work-stealing pool makes no
* guarantees about the order in which submitted tasks are
* executed.
*
* @param parallelism the targeted parallelism level
* @return the newly created thread pool
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code parallelism <= 0}
* @since 1.8
*/
public static ExecutorService newWorkStealingPool(int parallelism) {
return new ForkJoinPool
(parallelism,
ForkJoinPool.defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory,
null, true);
}
/**
* Creates a work-stealing thread pool using all
* {@link Runtime#availableProcessors available processors}
* as its target parallelism level.
* @return the newly created thread pool
* @see #newWorkStealingPool(int)
* @since 1.8
*/
public static ExecutorService newWorkStealingPool() {
return new ForkJoinPool
(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(),
ForkJoinPool.defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory,
null, true);
}
/**
* Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
* operating off a shared unbounded queue, using the provided
* ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed. At any point,
* at most {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing
* tasks. If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are
* active, they will wait in the queue until a thread is
* available. If any thread terminates due to a failure during
* execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if
* needed to execute subsequent tasks. The threads in the pool will
* exist until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown
* shutdown}.
*
* @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new threads
* @return the newly created thread pool
* @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
*/
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
threadFactory);
}
/**
* Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
* off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
* thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
* shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
* subsequent tasks.) Tasks are guaranteed to execute
* sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
* given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
* {@code newFixedThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
* guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
*
* @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
*/
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}
/**
* Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
* off an unbounded queue, and uses the provided ThreadFactory to
* create a new thread when needed. Unlike the otherwise
* equivalent {@code newFixedThreadPool(1, threadFactory)} the
* returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use
* additional threads.
*
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new
* threads
*
* @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
* @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
*/
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
threadFactory));
}
/**
* Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
* will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
* available. These pools will typically improve the performance
* of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
* Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
* threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
* thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
* not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
* the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
* not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
* properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
* may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
*
* @return the newly created thread pool
*/
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}
/**
* Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
* will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
* available, and uses the provided
* ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new threads
* @return the newly created thread pool
* @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
*/
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>(),
threadFactory);
}
/**
* Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands
* to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
* (Note however that if this single
* thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
* shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
* subsequent tasks.) Tasks are guaranteed to execute
* sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
* given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
* {@code newScheduledThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
* guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
* @return the newly created scheduled executor
*/
public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor() {
return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
(new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1));
}
/**
* Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands
* to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically. (Note
* however that if this single thread terminates due to a failure
* during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its
* place if needed to execute subsequent tasks.) Tasks are
* guaranteed to execute sequentially, and no more than one task
* will be active at any given time. Unlike the otherwise
* equivalent {@code newScheduledThreadPool(1, threadFactory)}
* the returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to
* use additional threads.
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new
* threads
* @return a newly created scheduled executor
* @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
*/
public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
(new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, threadFactory));
}
/**
* Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
* given delay, or to execute periodically.
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
* even if they are idle
* @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
*/
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
}
/**
* Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
* given delay, or to execute periodically.
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
* even if they are idle
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
* creates a new thread
* @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
* @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
*/
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(
int corePoolSize, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize, threadFactory);
}
/**
* Returns an object that delegates all defined {@link
* ExecutorService} methods to the given executor, but not any
* other methods that might otherwise be accessible using
* casts. This provides a way to safely "freeze" configuration and
* disallow tuning of a given concrete implementation.
* @param executor the underlying implementation
* @return an {@code ExecutorService} instance
* @throws NullPointerException if executor null
*/
public static ExecutorService unconfigurableExecutorService(ExecutorService executor) {
if (executor == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new DelegatedExecutorService(executor);
}
/**
* Returns an object that delegates all defined {@link
* ScheduledExecutorService} methods to the given executor, but
* not any other methods that might otherwise be accessible using
* casts. This provides a way to safely "freeze" configuration and
* disallow tuning of a given concrete implementation.
* @param executor the underlying implementation
* @return a {@code ScheduledExecutorService} instance
* @throws NullPointerException if executor null
*/
public static ScheduledExecutorService unconfigurableScheduledExecutorService(ScheduledExecutorService executor) {
if (executor == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService(executor);
}
/**
* Returns a default thread factory used to create new threads.
* This factory creates all new threads used by an Executor in the
* same {@link ThreadGroup}. If there is a {@link
* java.lang.SecurityManager}, it uses the group of {@link
* System#getSecurityManager}, else the group of the thread
* invoking this {@code defaultThreadFactory} method. Each new
* thread is created as a non-daemon thread with priority set to
* the smaller of {@code Thread.NORM_PRIORITY} and the maximum
* priority permitted in the thread group. New threads have names
* accessible via {@link Thread#getName} of
* <em>pool-N-thread-M</em>, where <em>N</em> is the sequence
* number of this factory, and <em>M</em> is the sequence number
* of the thread created by this factory.
* @return a thread factory
*/
public static ThreadFactory defaultThreadFactory() {
return new DefaultThreadFactory();
}
/**
* Returns a thread factory used to create new threads that
* have the same permissions as the current thread.
* This factory creates threads with the same settings as {@link
* Executors#defaultThreadFactory}, additionally setting the
* AccessControlContext and contextClassLoader of new threads to
* be the same as the thread invoking this
* {@code privilegedThreadFactory} method. A new
* {@code privilegedThreadFactory} can be created within an
* {@link AccessController#doPrivileged AccessController.doPrivileged}
* action setting the current thread's access control context to
* create threads with the selected permission settings holding
* within that action.
*
* <p>Note that while tasks running within such threads will have
* the same access control and class loader settings as the
* current thread, they need not have the same {@link
* java.lang.ThreadLocal} or {@link
* java.lang.InheritableThreadLocal} values. If necessary,
* particular values of thread locals can be set or reset before
* any task runs in {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} subclasses using
* {@link ThreadPoolExecutor#beforeExecute(Thread, Runnable)}.
* Also, if it is necessary to initialize worker threads to have
* the same InheritableThreadLocal settings as some other
* designated thread, you can create a custom ThreadFactory in
* which that thread waits for and services requests to create
* others that will inherit its values.
*
* @return a thread factory
* @throws AccessControlException if the current access control
* context does not have permission to both get and set context
* class loader
*/
public static ThreadFactory privilegedThreadFactory() {
return new PrivilegedThreadFactory();
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Callable} object that, when
* called, runs the given task and returns the given result. This
* can be useful when applying methods requiring a
* {@code Callable} to an otherwise resultless action.
* @param task the task to run
* @param result the result to return
* @param <T> the type of the result
* @return a callable object
* @throws NullPointerException if task null
*/
public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {
if (task == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Callable} object that, when
* called, runs the given task and returns {@code null}.
* @param task the task to run
* @return a callable object
* @throws NullPointerException if task null
*/
public static Callable<Object> callable(Runnable task) {
if (task == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new RunnableAdapter<Object>(task, null);
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Callable} object that, when
* called, runs the given privileged action and returns its result.
* @param action the privileged action to run
* @return a callable object
* @throws NullPointerException if action null
*/
public static Callable<Object> callable(final PrivilegedAction<?> action) {
if (action == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new Callable<Object>() {
public Object call() { return action.run(); }};
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Callable} object that, when
* called, runs the given privileged exception action and returns
* its result.
* @param action the privileged exception action to run
* @return a callable object
* @throws NullPointerException if action null
*/
public static Callable<Object> callable(final PrivilegedExceptionAction<?> action) {
if (action == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new Callable<Object>() {
public Object call() throws Exception { return action.run(); }};
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Callable} object that will, when called,
* execute the given {@code callable} under the current access
* control context. This method should normally be invoked within
* an {@link AccessController#doPrivileged AccessController.doPrivileged}
* action to create callables that will, if possible, execute
* under the selected permission settings holding within that
* action; or if not possible, throw an associated {@link
* AccessControlException}.
* @param callable the underlying task
* @param <T> the type of the callable's result
* @return a callable object
* @throws NullPointerException if callable null
*/
public static <T> Callable<T> privilegedCallable(Callable<T> callable) {
if (callable == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new PrivilegedCallable<T>(callable);
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Callable} object that will, when called,
* execute the given {@code callable} under the current access
* control context, with the current context class loader as the
* context class loader. This method should normally be invoked
* within an
* {@link AccessController#doPrivileged AccessController.doPrivileged}
* action to create callables that will, if possible, execute
* under the selected permission settings holding within that
* action; or if not possible, throw an associated {@link
* AccessControlException}.
*
* @param callable the underlying task
* @param <T> the type of the callable's result
* @return a callable object
* @throws NullPointerException if callable null
* @throws AccessControlException if the current access control
* context does not have permission to both set and get context
* class loader
*/
public static <T> Callable<T> privilegedCallableUsingCurrentClassLoader(Callable<T> callable) {
if (callable == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new PrivilegedCallableUsingCurrentClassLoader<T>(callable);
}
// Non-public classes supporting the public methods
/**
* A callable that runs given task and returns given result
*/
static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {
final Runnable task;
final T result;
RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {
this.task = task;
this.result = result;
}
public T call() {
task.run();
return result;
}
}
/**
* A callable that runs under established access control settings
*/
static final class PrivilegedCallable<T> implements Callable<T> {
private final Callable<T> task;
private final AccessControlContext acc;
PrivilegedCallable(Callable<T> task) {
this.task = task;
this.acc = AccessController.getContext();
}
public T call() throws Exception {
try {
return AccessController.doPrivileged(
new PrivilegedExceptionAction<T>() {
public T run() throws Exception {
return task.call();
}
}, acc);
} catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
throw e.getException();
}
}
}
/**
* A callable that runs under established access control settings and
* current ClassLoader
*/
static final class PrivilegedCallableUsingCurrentClassLoader<T> implements Callable<T> {
private final Callable<T> task;
private final AccessControlContext acc;
private final ClassLoader ccl;
PrivilegedCallableUsingCurrentClassLoader(Callable<T> task) {
SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null) {
// Calls to getContextClassLoader from this class
// never trigger a security check, but we check
// whether our callers have this permission anyways.
sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
// Whether setContextClassLoader turns out to be necessary
// or not, we fail fast if permission is not available.
sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setContextClassLoader"));
}
this.task = task;
this.acc = AccessController.getContext();
this.ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
}
public T call() throws Exception {
try {
return AccessController.doPrivileged(
new PrivilegedExceptionAction<T>() {
public T run() throws Exception {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ClassLoader cl = t.getContextClassLoader();
if (ccl == cl) {
return task.call();
} else {
t.setContextClassLoader(ccl);
try {
return task.call();
} finally {
t.setContextClassLoader(cl);
}
}
}
}, acc);
} catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
throw e.getException();
}
}
}
/**
* The default thread factory
*/
static class DefaultThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
private static final AtomicInteger poolNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
private final ThreadGroup group;
private final AtomicInteger threadNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
private final String namePrefix;
DefaultThreadFactory() {
SecurityManager s = System.getSecurityManager();
group = (s != null) ? s.getThreadGroup() :
Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();
namePrefix = "pool-" +
poolNumber.getAndIncrement() +
"-thread-";
}
public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
Thread t = new Thread(group, r,
namePrefix + threadNumber.getAndIncrement(),
0);
if (t.isDaemon())
t.setDaemon(false);
if (t.getPriority() != Thread.NORM_PRIORITY)
t.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);
return t;
}
}
/**
* Thread factory capturing access control context and class loader
*/
static class PrivilegedThreadFactory extends DefaultThreadFactory {
private final AccessControlContext acc;
private final ClassLoader ccl;
PrivilegedThreadFactory() {
super();
SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null) {
// Calls to getContextClassLoader from this class
// never trigger a security check, but we check
// whether our callers have this permission anyways.
sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
// Fail fast
sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setContextClassLoader"));
}
this.acc = AccessController.getContext();
this.ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
}
public Thread newThread(final Runnable r) {
return super.newThread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
public Void run() {
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(ccl);
r.run();
return null;
}
}, acc);
}
});
}
}
/**
* A wrapper class that exposes only the ExecutorService methods
* of an ExecutorService implementation.
*/
static class DelegatedExecutorService extends AbstractExecutorService {
private final ExecutorService e;
DelegatedExecutorService(ExecutorService executor) { e = executor; }
public void execute(Runnable command) { e.execute(command); }
public void shutdown() { e.shutdown(); }
public List<Runnable> shutdownNow() { return e.shutdownNow(); }
public boolean isShutdown() { return e.isShutdown(); }
public boolean isTerminated() { return e.isTerminated(); }
public boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
return e.awaitTermination(timeout, unit);
}
public Future<?> submit(Runnable task) {
return e.submit(task);
}
public <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task) {
return e.submit(task);
}
public <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) {
return e.submit(task, result);
}
public <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
throws InterruptedException {
return e.invokeAll(tasks);
}
public <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,
long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
return e.invokeAll(tasks, timeout, unit);
}
public <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
return e.invokeAny(tasks);
}
public <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,
long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
return e.invokeAny(tasks, timeout, unit);
}
}
static class FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
extends DelegatedExecutorService {
FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService(ExecutorService executor) {
super(executor);
}
protected void finalize() {
super.shutdown();
}
}
/**
* A wrapper class that exposes only the ScheduledExecutorService
* methods of a ScheduledExecutorService implementation.
*/
static class DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
extends DelegatedExecutorService
implements ScheduledExecutorService {
private final ScheduledExecutorService e;
DelegatedScheduledExecutorService(ScheduledExecutorService executor) {
super(executor);
e = executor;
}
public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
return e.schedule(command, delay, unit);
}
public <V> ScheduledFuture<V> schedule(Callable<V> callable, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
return e.schedule(callable, delay, unit);
}
public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleAtFixedRate(Runnable command, long initialDelay, long period, TimeUnit unit) {
return e.scheduleAtFixedRate(command, initialDelay, period, unit);
}
public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleWithFixedDelay(Runnable command, long initialDelay, long delay, TimeUnit unit) {
return e.scheduleWithFixedDelay(command, initialDelay, delay, unit);
}
}
/** Cannot instantiate. */
private Executors() {}
}
2.1 使用线程池方式执行Runnable接口
通常，线程池都是通过线程池工厂创建，再调用线程池中的方法获取线程，再通过线程去执行任务方法。
- Executors：线程池创建工厂类
- public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)：返回线程池对象
- ExecutorService：线程池类
- Future<?> submit(Runnable task)：获取线程池中的某一个线程对象，并执行
- Future接口：用来记录线程任务执行完毕后产生的结果。线程池创建与使用
- 使用线程池中线程对象的步骤：
- 创建线程池对象
- 创建Runnable接口子类对象
- 提交Runnable接口子类对象
- 关闭线程池
（1）定义一个对象实现Runnable接口，并重写Runnable方法
点击查看代码
public class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("我要一个教练");
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("教练来了： " +Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("教我游泳,交完后，教练回到了游泳池");
}
}
（2）使用线程池方式执行Runnable接口
点击查看代码
public class ThreadPoolDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建线程池对象
ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);//包含2个线程对象
//创建Runnable实例对象
MyRunnable r = new MyRunnable();
//从线程池中获取线程对象,然后调用MyRunnable中的run()
service.submit(r);
//再获取个线程对象，调用MyRunnable中的run()
service.submit(r);
service.submit(r);
//注意：submit方法调用结束后，程序并不终止，是因为线程池控制了线程的关闭。将使用完的线程又归还到了线程池中
//关闭线程池
//service.shutdown();
}
}
2.2 使用线程池方式执行Callable接口
- Callable接口：与Runnable接口功能相似，用来指定线程的任务。其中的call()方法，用来返回线程任务执行完毕后的结果，call方法可抛出异常。
- ExecutorService：线程池类
- <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task)：获取线程池中的某一个线程对象，并执行线程中的call()方法
- Future接口：用来记录线程任务执行完毕后产生的结果。线程池创建与使用
-
Future接口：用来记录线程任务执行完毕后产生的结果。线程池创建与使用
-
call()方法，用来返回线程任务执行完毕后的结果，call方法可抛出异常。
- 使用线程池中线程对象的步骤：
- 创建线程池对象
- 创建Callable接口子类对象
- 提交Callable接口子类对象
- 关闭线程池
（1）定义一个对象实现Callable接口实,并重写call()方法，call方法可抛出异常、返回线程任务执行完毕后的结果
点击查看代码
public class MyCallable implements Callable {
@Override
public Object call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("我要一个教练:call");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("教练来了： " +Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("教我游泳,交完后,教练回到了游泳池");
return null;
}
}
（2）使用线程池方式执行Callable
点击查看代码
public class ThreadPoolDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建线程池对象
ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);//包含2个线程对象
//创建Callable对象
MyCallable c = new MyCallable();
//从线程池中获取线程对象,然后调用MyRunnable中的run()
service.submit(c);
//再获取2个教练
service.submit(c);
service.submit(c);
//注意：submit方法调用结束后，程序并不终止，是因为线程池控制了线程的关闭。将使用完的线程又归还到了线程池中
//关闭线程池
//service.shutdown();
}
}
*使用线程池计对两个数求和
（1）定义一个对象实现Callable接口，并重写callable方法
点击查看代码
public class MyCallable implements Callable<Integer> {
//成员变量
int x = 5;
int y = 3;
//构造方法
public MyCallable(){
}
public MyCallable(int x, int y){
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
return x+y;
}
}
（2）创建线程池，并执行call()方法
点击查看代码
public class ThreadPoolDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
//创建线程池对象
ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
//创建一个Callable接口子类对象
//MyCallable c = new MyCallable();
MyCallable c = new MyCallable(100, 200);
MyCallable c2 = new MyCallable(10, 20);
//获取线程池中的线程，调用Callable接口子类对象中的call()方法（相当于Runable接口中的run()方法）, 完成求和操作
//<Integer> Future<Integer> submit(Callable<Integer> task)
// Future 结果对象
Future<Integer> result = threadPool.submit(c);
//此 Future 的 get 方法所返回的结果类型
Integer sum = result.get();
System.out.println("sum=" + sum);
//再演示
result = threadPool.submit(c2);
sum = result.get();
System.out.println("sum=" + sum);
//关闭线程池(可以不关闭)
}
}
