arch Linux（一）
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制作启动盘
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将U盘插入待装主机，设置U盘启动，重启进入系统安装界面
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设置root密码
root@archiso~ # passwd -
启动允许远程连接
root@archiso~ # systemctl start sshd -
链接无线网络
root@archiso~ # wifi-menu -
查看待装主机的IP地址
root@archiso~ # ip a -
拿出MacBook我们使用远程安装
macOS:~ hhbsh$ ssh root@192.168.3.8 -
更新在线安装源
在下列文件开头
root@archiso ~ # vim /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist添加
Server = http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch Server = http://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch -
更新
root@archiso ~ # sudo pacman -Syy -
分区，使用如下命令查看磁盘分区情况
root@archiso ~ # fdisk -l -
找到待装磁盘符。我这里是
/dev/sdaDisk /dev/sda: 119.2 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680 sectors Disk model: Lenovo SSD SL700 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 6109DCF3-362D-468B-970C-81967DD0D852 Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 6143 4096 2M BIOS boot /dev/sda2 6144 415743 409600 200M Linux filesystem /dev/sda3 415744 17192959 16777216 8G Linux filesystem /dev/sda4 17192960 250069646 232876687 111G Linux filesystem -
抹除
/dev/sda磁盘的所有数据root@archiso ~ # fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 119.2 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680 sectors Disk model: Lenovo SSD SL700 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 6109DCF3-362D-468B-970C-81967DD0D852 Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 6143 4096 2M BIOS boot /dev/sda2 6144 415743 409600 200M Linux filesystem /dev/sda3 415744 17192959 16777216 8G Linux filesystem /dev/sda4 17192960 250069646 232876687 111G Linux filesystem Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-4, default 4): Partition 4 has been deleted. Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-3, default 3): Partition 3 has been deleted. Command (m for help): d Partition number (1,2, default 2): Partition 2 has been deleted. Command (m for help): d Selected partition 1 Partition 1 has been deleted. Command (m for help): d No partition is defined yet! Command (m for help): Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. -
使用下面命令刷新信息
root@archiso ~ # partprobe -
重启机器
root@archiso ~ # reboot注：当然还是选择U盘启动。选第一个即可。
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在待安装主机重复 3～6 步骤
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然后我们就到MacBook使用远程安装，执行步骤 7。出现下列问题
macOS:~ hhbsh$ ssh root@192.168.3.8 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED! @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY! Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)! It is also possible that a host key has just been changed. The fingerprint for the ECDSA key sent by the remote host is SHA256:kGzwhZIhRjRwXG7UNenF1zhXruVLaOz6MyGCtnAu5Wg. Please contact your system administrator. Add correct host key in /Users/hhbsh/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message. Offending ECDSA key in /Users/hhbsh/.ssh/known_hosts:8 ECDSA host key for 192.168.3.8 has changed and you have requested strict checking. Host key verification failed. -
原因是我们之前链接的ssh协商的
192.168.3.8该 IP 地址的主机密钥失效。我们在MacBook的/Users/hhbsh/.ssh/known_hosts文件内删除192.168.3.8相关信息，:wq保存退出，重新生成密钥即可。macOS:~ hhbsh$ vim /Users/hhbsh/.ssh/known_hosts macOS:~ hhbsh$ ssh root@192.168.3.8 The authenticity of host '192.168.3.8 (192.168.3.8)' can't be established. ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:IhRjRwXG7fsfgUNenF1zhXruVLaOz6MdfgdfGCtnAu5Wg. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added '192.168.3.8' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts. root@192.168.3.8's password: Last login: Mon Feb 4 05:08:29 2019 root@archiso ~ # -
我们再来查看
/dev/sda分区信息。发现与 11 步的信息完全不同了，我们已经擦除了该磁盘数据。root@archiso ~ # fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 119.2 GiB, 128035676160 bytes, 250069680 sectors Disk model: Lenovo SSD SL700 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 6109DCF3-362D-468B-970C-81967DD0D852 -
创建分区
- 首先我们创建一个 2MB 大小的分区
sda1，留着后边我们设定它的标志为bios_grub； - 再创建一个 200MB 的分区
sda2； - 再创建一个 8G 的分区
sda3； - 余下的空间创建分区
sda4。
root@archiso ~ # fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): n Partition number (1-128, default 1): First sector (34-250069646, default 2048): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-250069646, default 250069646): +2M Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 2 MiB. Command (m for help): n Partition number (2-128, default 2): First sector (6144-250069646, default 6144): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (6144-250069646, default 250069646): +200M Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 200 MiB. Partition #2 contains a ext2 signature. Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y The signature will be removed by a write command. Command (m for help): n Partition number (3-128, default 3): First sector (415744-250069646, default 415744): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (415744-250069646, default 250069646): +8G Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 8 GiB. Partition #3 contains a swap signature. Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y The signature will be removed by a write command. Command (m for help): n Partition number (4-128, default 4): First sector (17192960-250069646, default 17192960): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (17192960-250069646, default 250069646): Created a new partition 4 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 111 GiB. Partition #4 contains a ext4 signature. Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y The signature will be removed by a write command. Command (m for help): Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. - 首先我们创建一个 2MB 大小的分区
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格式化分区
root@archiso ~ # partprobe /dev/sda root@archiso ~ # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 root@archiso ~ # mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda2 root@archiso ~ # mkswap /dev/sda3 root@archiso ~ # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4 -
挂载文件系统
分区 挂载点 sda4 / sda2 /boot sda3 swap root@archiso ~ # mount /dev/sda4 /mnt root@archiso ~ # mkdir /mnt/boot root@archiso ~ # mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot root@archiso ~ # swapon /dev/sda3 root@archiso ~ # swapon -a root@archiso ~ # swapon -s Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/sda3 partition 8388604 0 -2 root@archiso ~ # -
因为我们在步骤 14 有重启过系统，需要再次执行步骤 8，配置源。
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刷新源
root@archiso ~ # pacman -Syy -
安装基本的 package
root@archiso ~ # pacstrap /mnt base base-devel注：此步稍费时，去喝杯咖啡～
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chroot环境下的配置：root@archiso ~ # arch-chroot /mnt [root@archiso /]# pacman -S vim注：安装 vim 编辑器，利于编辑（可选择任意你喜欢的编辑器即可）。
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时区、时间配置
[root@archiso /]# ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime [root@archiso /]# hwclock --systohc -
主机名配置
[root@archiso /]# vim /etc/hostname -
本地化设置
[root@archiso /]# vim /etc/locale.gen把 locale.gen 文件内的
#en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 #zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8前边的注释符号
#删除，使该语句生效。en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8 -
执行下列语句使步骤 3 生效
[root@archiso /]# locale-gen -
配置
fstab。执行此步骤需要暂时退出arch-chroot。[root@archiso /]# exit exit arch-chroot /mnt 7.39s user 0.86s system 0% cpu 18:25.04 total root@archiso ~ # genfstab -U /mnt > /mnt/etc/fstab root@archiso ~ # cat /mnt/etc/fstab # /dev/sda4 UUID=cc6af4fb-f72b-47a2-9a41-6e5253bf0167 / ext4 rw,relatime 0 1 # /dev/sda2 UUID=bce9b3fa-b6ad-45ad-918f-5b3a46b3a04d /boot ext2 rw,relatime,block_validity,barrier,user_xattr,acl 0 2 # /dev/sda3 UUID=c9b5a804-988b-4a7c-8519-a1e3fe63554c none swap defaults,pri=-2 0 0 root@archiso ~ # -
配置
grub。需要再次进入arch-chrootroot@archiso ~ # arch-chroot /mnt [root@archiso /]# pacman -S grub -
网络配置
我们可以安装
networkmanager包来管理我们的网络：[root@archiso /]# pacman -S networkmanager启用
NetworkManager：[root@archiso /]# sudo systemctl enable NetworkManager [root@archiso /]# sudo systemctl start NetworkManager -
安装
openssh并设置为开机启动[root@archiso /]# pacman -S openssh [root@archiso /]# sudo systemctl enable sshd Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service. [root@archiso /]# sudo systemctl start sshd Running in chroot, ignoring request: start -
用户及权限配置
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设置 root 用户密码
[root@archiso /]# passwd New password: Retype new password: passwd: password updated successfully -
配置 sudoers 文件
[root@archiso /]# vim /etc/sudoers将
# %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL语句前边的注释符#删掉，:wq!强制保存退出。 -
添加一个与 root 同一个组的用户，并给该用户创建密码
[root@archiso /]# useradd -m -G wheel eric [root@archiso /]# id eric uid=1000(eric) gid=1000(eric) groups=1000(eric),998(wheel) [root@archiso /]# passwd eric New password: Retype new password: passwd: password updated successfully [root@archiso /]#
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再次配置
grub[root@archiso /]# grub-install /dev/sda Installing for i386-pc platform. grub-install: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible. grub-install: warning: Embedding is not possible. GRUB can only be installed in this setup by using blocklists. However, blocklists are UNRELIABLE and their use is discouraged.. grub-install: error: will not proceed with blocklists.发现执行错误。参考此帖，这里也是解释了为什么步骤 19-1 我们要分配 2M 的分区
/dev/sda1。执行：
[root@archiso /]# pacman -S parted [root@archiso /]# parted /dev/sda set 1 bios_grub on Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. [root@archiso /]# parted /dev/sda print Model: ATA Lenovo SSD SL700 (scsi) Disk /dev/sda: 128GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: gpt Disk Flags: Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 1049kB 3146kB 2097kB ext4 bios_grub 2 3146kB 213MB 210MB ext2 3 213MB 8803MB 8590MB linux-swap(v1) 4 8803MB 128GB 119GB ext4 [root@archiso /]#再次执行下列语句
[root@archiso /]# grub-install /dev/sda Installing for i386-pc platform. Installation finished. No error reported. [root@archiso /]# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-linux Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-linux.img Found fallback initrd image(s) in /boot: initramfs-linux-fallback.img done [root@archiso /]#成功。
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安装
neofetch[root@archiso /]# pacman -S neofetch通过下边这条命令我们发现 arch Linux 基本已经安装好了：
[root@archiso /]# neofetch -` root@archiso .o+` ------------ `ooo/ OS: Arch Linux x86_64 `+oooo: Host: IdeaPad Y460 Rev 1.0 `+oooooo: Kernel: 4.20.6-arch1-1-ARCH -+oooooo+: Uptime: 2 hours, 9 mins `/:-:++oooo+: Packages: 186 (pacman) `/++++/+++++++: Shell: bash 5.0.0 `/++++++++++++++: Terminal: /dev/pts/0 `/+++ooooooooooooo/` CPU: Intel i3 M 380 (4) @ 2.533GHz ./ooosssso++osssssso+` GPU: Intel Core Processor .oossssso-````/ossssss+` GPU: NVIDIA GeForce GT 425M -osssssso. :ssssssso. Memory: 247MiB / 3743MiB :osssssss/ osssso+++. /ossssssss/ +ssssooo/- `/ossssso+/:- -:/+osssso+- `+sso+:-` `.-/+oso: `++:. `-/+/ .` `/ [root@archiso /]# -
退出
arch-chroot环境。配置NetworkManager和openssh开机自启[root@archiso /]# exit exit arch-chroot /mnt 9.40s user 4.36s system 0% cpu 1:02:26.92 total root@archiso ~ # sudo systemctl start NetworkManager Failed to start NetworkManager.service: Unit NetworkManager.service not found. 5 root@archiso ~ # sudo systemctl start sshd :( root@archiso ~ # -
关闭
/mnt下的所有挂载点，重启计算机root@archiso ~ # umount -R /mnt root@archiso ~ # reboot注：
reboot命令执行会关闭待装主机，主机关机时（重启前）拔下 U 盘。如果没来得及拔掉，直接用物理关机键强制关机，拔下 U 盘，然后开机。
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留作扩充
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参考帖子
